Health Belief Model in Predicting Screening Behavior among Population at Risk of Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review
Abstract
Background: We aimed to review systematically the role of Health Belief Model (HBM) in predicting the health behaviors of patients at risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) and to evaluate the effectiveness of HBM-based educational program on the knowledge and intention of individuals for preventive actions.
Methods: A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed, Scopus, Ovid, Science Direct, Embase, and Google Scholar from1980 up to June 2023 using CRC and HBM as the search words with all their similar terms. All available data were then extracted and described qualitatively.
Results: Overall, 37 articles with 24286 study populations were collected for data extraction. Findings showed that perceived benefit was the most important component of HBM and community-based education can play an important role in improving the awareness and intention of individuals for preventive actions such as screening behaviors. In addition, culture is an important factor in health belief of individuals, so culture-based modified HBM may help to enhance the efficiency of HBM in predicting the knowledge and intention rate among the population.
Conclusion: Preventive actions can minimize the risk of developing cancer, and consequent quality of life. HBM provides a valuable framework for understanding health behaviors by considering the perceptions of individuals about the disease.
1. Siegel RL, Wagle NS, Cercek A, et al (2023). Colorectal cancer statistics, 2023. CA Cancer J Clin, 73 (3):233-254.
2. Arnold M, Sierra MS, Laversanne M, et al (2017). Global patterns and trends in colorectal cancer incidence and mortality. Gut, 66 (4):683-691.
3. Brenner H, Kloor M, Pox CP (2014). Colorectal cancer. Lancet, 383 (9927):1490-1502.
4. Jalali F, Fakhari F, Sepehr A, et al (2024). Synergistic anticancer effects of doxorubicin and metformin combination therapy: A systematic review. Transl Oncol, 45:101946.
5. Asoodeh A, Sepahi S, Ghorani-Azam A (2014). Purification and modeling amphipathic alpha helical antimicrobial peptides from skin secretions of Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis. Chem Biol Drug Des, 83 (4):411-7.
6. Ghorani-Azam A, Balali-Mood M, Aryan E, et al (2018). Effect of amino acid substitution on biological activity of cyanophlyctin-β and brevinin-2R. J Mol Struct, 1158:14-18.
7. Tekiner S, Peker GC, Dogan MC (2021). Colorectal cancer screening behaviors. PeerJ, 9:e10951.
8. Estebsari F, Kandi ZRK, Latifi M, et al (2023). Protection motivation theory and prevention of breast cancer: a systematic review. Clin Breast Cancer, 23(4):e239-e246.
9. Janz NK, Becker MH (1984). The Health Belief Model: a decade later. Health Educ Q, 11 (1):1-47.
10. Jones CL, Jensen JD, Scherr CL, et al (2015). The Health Belief Model as an explanatory framework in communication research: exploring parallel, serial, and moderated mediation. Health Commun, 30 (6):566-76.
11. Khodaveisi M, Azizpour B, Jadidi A, et al (2021). Education based on the health belief model to improve the level of physical activity. Phys Act Nutr, 25 (4):17-23.
12. Estebsari F, Filabadi ZR, Matbouei M, et al (2023). Application of a risk management program based on the health belief model for preventing home accidents. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res, 28 (1):78-84.
13. Sanaeinasab H, Saffari M, Taghavi H, et al (2022). An educational intervention using the health belief model for improvement of oral health behavior in grade-schoolers: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Oral Health, 22 (1):94.
14. Naz MSG, Simbar M, Fakari FR, et al (2018). Effects of model-based interventions on breast cancer screening behavior of women: a systematic review. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 19 (8):2031-2041.
15. Zhang X, Li P, Guo P, et al (2020). Culturally tailored intervention to promote mammography screening practice among Chinese American women: a systematic review. J Cancer Educ, 35:1052-1060.
16. Gebru T, Lentiro K, Jemal A (2018). Perceived behavioural predictors of late initiation to HIV/AIDS care in Gurage zone public health facilities: a cohort study using health belief model. BMC Res Notes, 11:336.
17. Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, et al (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, 372:n71.
18. Gu J, Jia S, Chao H, et al (2023). Predictive factors based on the health belief model on cancer screening behaviour in first degree relatives of patients with Lynch syndrome-associated colorectal cancer. Int J Nurs Sci, 10 (2):251-257.
19. Du Q, Chen J, Meng Y, et al (2022). Factors Associated With Colorectal Cancer Screening Among First-Degree Relatives of Patients With Colorectal Cancer in China. Cancer Nurs, 45 (2):E447-E453.
20. Minutolo G, Immordino P, Dolce A, Valenza M, Amodio E, Mazzucco W, Casuccio A, Restivo V (2022). Could a Behavioral Model Explain Adherence to Second-Level Colonoscopy for Colon Cancer Screening? Results of a Cross-Sectional Study of the Palermo Province Population. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 19 (5):2782.
21. Khazaei S, Salmani F, Moodi M (2022). Evaluation of health belief model-based educational intervention on colorectal cancer screening behavior at South Khorasan, Iran. J Educ Health Promot, 11:52.
22. Torosian T, Abrami EA, Massoumi RL, et al (2021). Assessing Knowledge and Perceptions of Colorectal Cancer Screening in Armenia. J Surg Res, 257:616-624.
23. Rakhshanderou S, Maghsoudloo M, Safari-Moradabadi A, et al (2020). Theoretically designed interventions for colorectal cancer prevention: a case of the health belief model. BMC Med Educ, 20 (1):270.
24. O'Reilly SM, Hughes KN, Mooney T, et al (2020). Characteristics and attitudes of first round invitees in the Irish National Colorectal Cancer Screening Programme. Frontline Gastroenterol, 12 (5):374-379.
25. He L, Gao S, Tao S, Li W, et al (2020). Factors Associated With Colonoscopy Compliance Based on Health Belief Model in a Community-Based Colorectal Cancer Screening Program Shanghai, China. Int Q Community Health Educ, 41 (1):25-33.
26. Lee SY, Lee EE, Rhee YS, et al (2020). Adaptation and validation of the health belief model scale for colorectal cancer screening. Nurs Health Sci, 22 (2):355-363.
27. Lin IP, Chung DT, Lee LY, et al (2020). Health Belief, Behavior Intention, and Health Behaviors Related to Colorectal Cancer Screening in Taiwan. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17 (12): 4246.
28. Bai Y, Wong CL, Peng X, So WKW (2020). Colonoscopy Screening Behaviour and Associated Factors Amongst First-Degree Relatives of People with Colorectal Cancer in China: Testing the Health Belief Model Using a Cross-Sectional Design. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17 (14): 4927.
29. Almadi MA, Alghamdi F (2019). The gap between knowledge and undergoing colorectal cancer screening using the Health Belief Model: A national survey. Saudi J Gastroenterol, 25 (1):27-39.
30. Tas F, Kocaoz S, Cirpan R (2019). The effect of knowledge and health beliefs about colorectal cancer on screening behaviour. J Clin Nurs, 28 (23-24):4471-4477.
31. von Wagner C, Bonello B, Stoffel ST, et al (2019). Predictors of intention translation in flexible sigmoidoscopy screening for colorectal cancer. Health Psychol, 38 (12):1083-1095.
32. Lee SY, Lee EE (2018). Access to Health Care, Beliefs, and Behaviors about Colorectal Cancer Screening among Korean Americans. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 19 (7):2021-2027.
33. Williams RM, Wilkerson T, Holt CL (2018). The role of perceived benefits and barriers in colorectal cancer screening in intervention trials among African Americans. Health Educ Res, 33 (3):205-217.
34. Hatami T, Noroozi A, Tahmasebi R, Rahbar A (2018). Effect of Multimedia Education on Nutritional Behaviour for Colorectal Cancer Prevention: An Application of Health Belief Model. Malays J Med Sci, 25 (6):110-120.
35. Gholampour Y, Jaderipour A, Khani Jeihooni A, et al (2018). The Effect of Educational Intervention Based on Health Belief Model and Social Support on the Rate of Participation of Individuals in Performing Fecal Occult Blood Test for Colorectal Cancer Screening. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 19 (10):2777-2787.
36. Khani Jeihooni A, Kashfi SM, Shokri A, et al (2017). Investigating Factors Associated with FOBT Screening for Colorectal Cancer Based on the Components of Health Belief Model and Social Support. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 18 (8):2163-2169.
37. Sohler NL, Jerant A, Franks P (2015). Socio-psychological factors in the Expanded Health Belief Model and subsequent colorectal cancer screening. Patient Educ Couns, 98 (7):901-7.
38. Almadi MA, Mosli MH, Bohlega MS, Al Essa MA, AlDohan MS, Alabdallatif TA, AlSagri TY, Algahtani FA, Mandil A (2015). Effect of public knowledge, attitudes, and behavior on willingness to undergo colorectal cancer screening using the health belief model. Saudi J Gastroenterol, 21 (2):71-7.
39. Koc S, Esin MN (2014). Screening behaviors, health beliefs, and related factors of first-degree relatives of colorectal cancer patients with ongoing treatment in Turkey. Cancer Nurs, 37 (6):E51-60.
40. Le TD, Carney PA, Lee-Lin F, et al (2014). Differences in knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and perceived risks regarding colorectal cancer screening among Chinese, Korean, and Vietnamese sub-groups. J Community Health, 39 (2):248-65.
41. Tavassoli E, Reisi M, Javadzad SH, et al (2014). The effect of education on the improvement of fruits and vegetables consumption aiming to preventing colorectal cancer. Gastroenterol Hepatol Bed Bench, 7 (2):94-100.
42. Wong RK, Wong ML, Chan YH, et al (2013). Gender differences in predictors of colorectal cancer screening uptake: a national cross sectional study based on the health belief model. BMC Public Health, 13:677.
43. Javadzade SH, Reisi M, Mostafavi F, et al (2012). Factors associated with the fecal occult blood testing for colorectal cancer screening based on health belief model structures in moderate risk individuals, Isfahan, 2011. J Educ Health Promot, 1:18.
44. Holt CL, Scarinci IC, Debnam K, et al (2012). Spiritually based intervention to increase colorectal cancer awareness among african americans: intermediate outcomes from a randomized trial. J Health Commun, 17 (9):1028-49.
45. Rawl SM, Skinner CS, Perkins SM, et al (2012). Computer-delivered tailored intervention improves colon cancer screening knowledge and health beliefs of African-Americans. Health Educ Res, 27 (5):868-85.
46. Causey C, Greenwald B (2011). Promoting community awareness of the need for colorectal cancer prevention and screening: a replication study. Gastroenterol Nurs, 34 (1):34-40.
47. Cyr A, Dunnagan TA, Haynes G (2010). Efficacy of the health belief model for predicting intention to pursue genetic testing for colorectal cancer. J Genet Couns, 19 (2):174-86.
48. Salz T, Brewer NT, Sandler RS, et al (2009). Association of health beliefs and colonoscopy use among survivors of colorectal cancer. J Cancer Surviv, 3 (4):193-201.
49. Sung JJ, Choi SY, Chan FK, et al (2008). Obstacles to colorectal cancer screening in Chinese: a study based on the health belief model. Am J Gastroenterol, 103 (4):974-81.
50. Greenwald B (2006). Promoting community awareness of the need for colorectal cancer screening: a pilot study. Cancer Nurs, 29 (2):134-41.
51. James AS, Campbell MK, Hudson MA (2002). Perceived barriers and benefits to colon cancer screening among African Americans in North Carolina: how does perception relate to screening behavior? Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 11 (6):529-34.
52. Jacobs LA (2002). Health beliefs of first-degree relatives of individuals with colorectal cancer and participation in health maintenance visits: a population-based survey. Cancer Nurs, 25 (4):251-65.
53. Harewood GC, Wiersema MJ, Melton LJ (2002). A prospective, controlled assessment of factors influencing acceptance of screening colonoscopy. Am J Gastroenterol, 97 (12):3186-94.
54. Macrae FA, Hill DJ, St John DJ, et al (1984). Predicting colon cancer screening behavior from health beliefs. Prev Med, 13 (1):115-26.
55. Asoodeh A, Azam AG, Chamani J (2012). Identification and Characterization of Novel Antibacterial Peptides from Skin Secretions of Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis. Int J Pept Res Ther, 18 (2):107-115.
56. Tahmasebi R, Noroozi A, Dashdebi KG (2016). Psychometric Evaluation of the Colorectal Cancer Screening Belief Scale Based on Health Belief Model's Constructs for the Fecal Occult Blood Test. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 17 (1):225-9.
2. Arnold M, Sierra MS, Laversanne M, et al (2017). Global patterns and trends in colorectal cancer incidence and mortality. Gut, 66 (4):683-691.
3. Brenner H, Kloor M, Pox CP (2014). Colorectal cancer. Lancet, 383 (9927):1490-1502.
4. Jalali F, Fakhari F, Sepehr A, et al (2024). Synergistic anticancer effects of doxorubicin and metformin combination therapy: A systematic review. Transl Oncol, 45:101946.
5. Asoodeh A, Sepahi S, Ghorani-Azam A (2014). Purification and modeling amphipathic alpha helical antimicrobial peptides from skin secretions of Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis. Chem Biol Drug Des, 83 (4):411-7.
6. Ghorani-Azam A, Balali-Mood M, Aryan E, et al (2018). Effect of amino acid substitution on biological activity of cyanophlyctin-β and brevinin-2R. J Mol Struct, 1158:14-18.
7. Tekiner S, Peker GC, Dogan MC (2021). Colorectal cancer screening behaviors. PeerJ, 9:e10951.
8. Estebsari F, Kandi ZRK, Latifi M, et al (2023). Protection motivation theory and prevention of breast cancer: a systematic review. Clin Breast Cancer, 23(4):e239-e246.
9. Janz NK, Becker MH (1984). The Health Belief Model: a decade later. Health Educ Q, 11 (1):1-47.
10. Jones CL, Jensen JD, Scherr CL, et al (2015). The Health Belief Model as an explanatory framework in communication research: exploring parallel, serial, and moderated mediation. Health Commun, 30 (6):566-76.
11. Khodaveisi M, Azizpour B, Jadidi A, et al (2021). Education based on the health belief model to improve the level of physical activity. Phys Act Nutr, 25 (4):17-23.
12. Estebsari F, Filabadi ZR, Matbouei M, et al (2023). Application of a risk management program based on the health belief model for preventing home accidents. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res, 28 (1):78-84.
13. Sanaeinasab H, Saffari M, Taghavi H, et al (2022). An educational intervention using the health belief model for improvement of oral health behavior in grade-schoolers: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Oral Health, 22 (1):94.
14. Naz MSG, Simbar M, Fakari FR, et al (2018). Effects of model-based interventions on breast cancer screening behavior of women: a systematic review. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 19 (8):2031-2041.
15. Zhang X, Li P, Guo P, et al (2020). Culturally tailored intervention to promote mammography screening practice among Chinese American women: a systematic review. J Cancer Educ, 35:1052-1060.
16. Gebru T, Lentiro K, Jemal A (2018). Perceived behavioural predictors of late initiation to HIV/AIDS care in Gurage zone public health facilities: a cohort study using health belief model. BMC Res Notes, 11:336.
17. Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, et al (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, 372:n71.
18. Gu J, Jia S, Chao H, et al (2023). Predictive factors based on the health belief model on cancer screening behaviour in first degree relatives of patients with Lynch syndrome-associated colorectal cancer. Int J Nurs Sci, 10 (2):251-257.
19. Du Q, Chen J, Meng Y, et al (2022). Factors Associated With Colorectal Cancer Screening Among First-Degree Relatives of Patients With Colorectal Cancer in China. Cancer Nurs, 45 (2):E447-E453.
20. Minutolo G, Immordino P, Dolce A, Valenza M, Amodio E, Mazzucco W, Casuccio A, Restivo V (2022). Could a Behavioral Model Explain Adherence to Second-Level Colonoscopy for Colon Cancer Screening? Results of a Cross-Sectional Study of the Palermo Province Population. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 19 (5):2782.
21. Khazaei S, Salmani F, Moodi M (2022). Evaluation of health belief model-based educational intervention on colorectal cancer screening behavior at South Khorasan, Iran. J Educ Health Promot, 11:52.
22. Torosian T, Abrami EA, Massoumi RL, et al (2021). Assessing Knowledge and Perceptions of Colorectal Cancer Screening in Armenia. J Surg Res, 257:616-624.
23. Rakhshanderou S, Maghsoudloo M, Safari-Moradabadi A, et al (2020). Theoretically designed interventions for colorectal cancer prevention: a case of the health belief model. BMC Med Educ, 20 (1):270.
24. O'Reilly SM, Hughes KN, Mooney T, et al (2020). Characteristics and attitudes of first round invitees in the Irish National Colorectal Cancer Screening Programme. Frontline Gastroenterol, 12 (5):374-379.
25. He L, Gao S, Tao S, Li W, et al (2020). Factors Associated With Colonoscopy Compliance Based on Health Belief Model in a Community-Based Colorectal Cancer Screening Program Shanghai, China. Int Q Community Health Educ, 41 (1):25-33.
26. Lee SY, Lee EE, Rhee YS, et al (2020). Adaptation and validation of the health belief model scale for colorectal cancer screening. Nurs Health Sci, 22 (2):355-363.
27. Lin IP, Chung DT, Lee LY, et al (2020). Health Belief, Behavior Intention, and Health Behaviors Related to Colorectal Cancer Screening in Taiwan. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17 (12): 4246.
28. Bai Y, Wong CL, Peng X, So WKW (2020). Colonoscopy Screening Behaviour and Associated Factors Amongst First-Degree Relatives of People with Colorectal Cancer in China: Testing the Health Belief Model Using a Cross-Sectional Design. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17 (14): 4927.
29. Almadi MA, Alghamdi F (2019). The gap between knowledge and undergoing colorectal cancer screening using the Health Belief Model: A national survey. Saudi J Gastroenterol, 25 (1):27-39.
30. Tas F, Kocaoz S, Cirpan R (2019). The effect of knowledge and health beliefs about colorectal cancer on screening behaviour. J Clin Nurs, 28 (23-24):4471-4477.
31. von Wagner C, Bonello B, Stoffel ST, et al (2019). Predictors of intention translation in flexible sigmoidoscopy screening for colorectal cancer. Health Psychol, 38 (12):1083-1095.
32. Lee SY, Lee EE (2018). Access to Health Care, Beliefs, and Behaviors about Colorectal Cancer Screening among Korean Americans. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 19 (7):2021-2027.
33. Williams RM, Wilkerson T, Holt CL (2018). The role of perceived benefits and barriers in colorectal cancer screening in intervention trials among African Americans. Health Educ Res, 33 (3):205-217.
34. Hatami T, Noroozi A, Tahmasebi R, Rahbar A (2018). Effect of Multimedia Education on Nutritional Behaviour for Colorectal Cancer Prevention: An Application of Health Belief Model. Malays J Med Sci, 25 (6):110-120.
35. Gholampour Y, Jaderipour A, Khani Jeihooni A, et al (2018). The Effect of Educational Intervention Based on Health Belief Model and Social Support on the Rate of Participation of Individuals in Performing Fecal Occult Blood Test for Colorectal Cancer Screening. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 19 (10):2777-2787.
36. Khani Jeihooni A, Kashfi SM, Shokri A, et al (2017). Investigating Factors Associated with FOBT Screening for Colorectal Cancer Based on the Components of Health Belief Model and Social Support. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 18 (8):2163-2169.
37. Sohler NL, Jerant A, Franks P (2015). Socio-psychological factors in the Expanded Health Belief Model and subsequent colorectal cancer screening. Patient Educ Couns, 98 (7):901-7.
38. Almadi MA, Mosli MH, Bohlega MS, Al Essa MA, AlDohan MS, Alabdallatif TA, AlSagri TY, Algahtani FA, Mandil A (2015). Effect of public knowledge, attitudes, and behavior on willingness to undergo colorectal cancer screening using the health belief model. Saudi J Gastroenterol, 21 (2):71-7.
39. Koc S, Esin MN (2014). Screening behaviors, health beliefs, and related factors of first-degree relatives of colorectal cancer patients with ongoing treatment in Turkey. Cancer Nurs, 37 (6):E51-60.
40. Le TD, Carney PA, Lee-Lin F, et al (2014). Differences in knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and perceived risks regarding colorectal cancer screening among Chinese, Korean, and Vietnamese sub-groups. J Community Health, 39 (2):248-65.
41. Tavassoli E, Reisi M, Javadzad SH, et al (2014). The effect of education on the improvement of fruits and vegetables consumption aiming to preventing colorectal cancer. Gastroenterol Hepatol Bed Bench, 7 (2):94-100.
42. Wong RK, Wong ML, Chan YH, et al (2013). Gender differences in predictors of colorectal cancer screening uptake: a national cross sectional study based on the health belief model. BMC Public Health, 13:677.
43. Javadzade SH, Reisi M, Mostafavi F, et al (2012). Factors associated with the fecal occult blood testing for colorectal cancer screening based on health belief model structures in moderate risk individuals, Isfahan, 2011. J Educ Health Promot, 1:18.
44. Holt CL, Scarinci IC, Debnam K, et al (2012). Spiritually based intervention to increase colorectal cancer awareness among african americans: intermediate outcomes from a randomized trial. J Health Commun, 17 (9):1028-49.
45. Rawl SM, Skinner CS, Perkins SM, et al (2012). Computer-delivered tailored intervention improves colon cancer screening knowledge and health beliefs of African-Americans. Health Educ Res, 27 (5):868-85.
46. Causey C, Greenwald B (2011). Promoting community awareness of the need for colorectal cancer prevention and screening: a replication study. Gastroenterol Nurs, 34 (1):34-40.
47. Cyr A, Dunnagan TA, Haynes G (2010). Efficacy of the health belief model for predicting intention to pursue genetic testing for colorectal cancer. J Genet Couns, 19 (2):174-86.
48. Salz T, Brewer NT, Sandler RS, et al (2009). Association of health beliefs and colonoscopy use among survivors of colorectal cancer. J Cancer Surviv, 3 (4):193-201.
49. Sung JJ, Choi SY, Chan FK, et al (2008). Obstacles to colorectal cancer screening in Chinese: a study based on the health belief model. Am J Gastroenterol, 103 (4):974-81.
50. Greenwald B (2006). Promoting community awareness of the need for colorectal cancer screening: a pilot study. Cancer Nurs, 29 (2):134-41.
51. James AS, Campbell MK, Hudson MA (2002). Perceived barriers and benefits to colon cancer screening among African Americans in North Carolina: how does perception relate to screening behavior? Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 11 (6):529-34.
52. Jacobs LA (2002). Health beliefs of first-degree relatives of individuals with colorectal cancer and participation in health maintenance visits: a population-based survey. Cancer Nurs, 25 (4):251-65.
53. Harewood GC, Wiersema MJ, Melton LJ (2002). A prospective, controlled assessment of factors influencing acceptance of screening colonoscopy. Am J Gastroenterol, 97 (12):3186-94.
54. Macrae FA, Hill DJ, St John DJ, et al (1984). Predicting colon cancer screening behavior from health beliefs. Prev Med, 13 (1):115-26.
55. Asoodeh A, Azam AG, Chamani J (2012). Identification and Characterization of Novel Antibacterial Peptides from Skin Secretions of Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis. Int J Pept Res Ther, 18 (2):107-115.
56. Tahmasebi R, Noroozi A, Dashdebi KG (2016). Psychometric Evaluation of the Colorectal Cancer Screening Belief Scale Based on Health Belief Model's Constructs for the Fecal Occult Blood Test. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 17 (1):225-9.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 54 No 7 (2025) | |
| Section | Review Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v54i7.19147 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Colorectal cancer Health belief model Screening behavior Educational program Systematic review | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Estebsari F, Latifi M, Ghorbanzadeh S, Rahimi Khalifeh Kandi Z. Health Belief Model in Predicting Screening Behavior among Population at Risk of Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review. Iran J Public Health. 2025;54(7):1411-1423.
