Epidemiology of Traumatic Brain Injury in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
-
Mohsen Saheban maleki
,
Seyed Amirhossein Mazaheri
,
Seyed Hossein Hosseini
,
Hesamodin Askari Majdabadi
,
Mohsen Poursadeghiyan
,
Aboalfazl Faghihi
,
Zeinab Naderi
,
Tayebeh Ilaghinezhad Bardsiri
,
Behzad Khedri
,
Nasir Amanat
,
Farahnaz Khajehnasiri
,
Reyhaneh Ivanbagha
Abstract
Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of leading cause of death and disability in Iran that has serious consequences on people’s health. Understanding of epidemiology of TBI can be helpful for policy making in health care management. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the epidemiology of TBI in Iran.
Methods: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Google scholar, and internal databases including, SID, Magiran, and IranMedex were searched to identify the relevant published studies up to Feb 2022. Moreover, the references list of key studies was scanned to find more records. The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) tool was used to assess the quality of included studies. The Excel and Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software were to analyze the data.
Results: Overall, 23,446 patients from 15 studies were included in the study. The overall mean age of the patients was 31.36 ± 0.13 yr (95%CI: 31.10 to 31.61). The majority of the patients were male (74.37%), with a male to female ratio of 3:1. The incidence rate of TBI was 15.3 to 144 per 100,000 population. The mortality rate of TBI was estimated to be 10.4% (95%CI: 5% to 19%). The most common causes of injury were road traffic accidents (RTAs) (60%; 95%CI: 49% to 70%), and falling (20%; 95%CI: 16% to 26%), respectively. The most frequent type of head injury was subdural hematoma.
Conclusion: Our findings highlight that appropriate control and prevention strategies should be focused on male, road traffic accidents, and the group under 40 yr.
1. Taylor CA, Bell JM, Breiding MJ, et al (2017). Traumatic brain injury–related emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and deaths—United States, 2007 and 2013. MMWR Surveill Summ, 66(9):1-16.
2. Hyder AA, Wunderlich CA, Puvanachandra P, et al (2007). The impact of traumatic brain injuries: a global perspective. NeuroRehabilitation, 22(5):341-53.
3. World Health Organization (2006). Neurological disorders: public health challenges.available from https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/43605
4. Timofeev I, Santarius T, Kolias A, et al (2012). Decompressive craniectomy—operative technique and perioperative care. Adv Tech Stand Neurosurg, Springer, Vienna, pp. 115-36.
5. Hawryluk GW, Manley GT (2015). Classification of traumatic brain injury: past, present, and future. Handb Clin Neurol, 127:15-21.
6. Dewan MC, Mummareddy N, Wellons III JC, et al (2016). Epidemiology of global pediatric traumatic brain injury: qualitative review. World Neurosurg, 91:497-509. e1.
7. Harvey LA, Close JCT (2012). Traumatic brain injury in older adults: characteristics, causes and consequences. Injury, 43(11):1821-6.
8. Coronado VG, Xu L, Basavaraju SV, et al (2011). Surveillance for traumatic brain injury-related deaths; United States, 1997-2007. available from https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/6014
9. Fu TS, Jing R, McFaull SR, et al (2015). Recent trends in hospitalization and in-hospital mortality associated with traumatic brain injury in Canada: a nationwide, population-based study. J Trauma Acute Care Surg, 79(3):449-54.
10. Khalili H, Sadraei N, Niakan A, et al (2016). Role of intracranial pressure monitoring in management of patients with severe traumatic brain injury: results of a large level I trauma center in Southern Iran. World Neurosurg, 94:120-5.
11. Kavosi Z, Jafari A, Hatam N, et al (2015). The economic burden of traumatic brain injury due to fatal traffic accidents in Shahid Rajaei Trauma Hospital, Shiraz, Iran. Arch Trauma Res, 4(1):e22594.
12. Faul M, Wald MM, Xu L, et al (2010). Traumatic brain injury in the United States; emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and deaths, 2002-2006. avaiable from https://www.cdc.gov/traumaticbraininjury/tbi_ed.html
13. Peeters W, van den Brande R, Polinder S, et al (2015). Epidemiology of traumatic brain injury in Europe. Acta Neurochir, 157(10):1683-96.
14. Bruns Jr J, Hauser WA (2003). The epidemiology of traumatic brain injury: a review. Epilepsia, 44(10):2-10.
15. Khan A, Prince M, Brayne C, Prina AM (2015). Lifetime prevalence and factors associated with head injury among older people in low and middle income countries: a 10/66 study. PLoS One, 10(7):e0132229.
16. Rahimi-Movaghar V, Saadat S, Rasouli MR, et al (2011). The incidence of traumatic brain injury in Tehran, Iran: a population based study. Am Surg, 77(6):112-4.
17. Zhang J, Zhang Y, Zou J, et al (2021). A meta-analysis of cohort studies: Traumatic brain injury and risk of Alzheimer’s Disease. PLoS One. 2021;16(6):e0253206.
18. Gardner RC, Burke JF, Nettiksimmons J, et al (2015). Traumatic brain injury in later life increases risk for Parkinson disease. Ann Neurol, 77(6):987-95.
19. Snowden TM, Hinde AK, Reid HM, et al (2020). Does mild traumatic brain injury increase the risk for dementia? A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Alzheimers Dis, 78(2):757-75.
20. Davari M, Amani B, Amani B, et al (2020). Pregabalin and gabapentin in neuropathic pain management after spinal cord injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Korean J Pain, 33(1):3-12.
21. Perry DC, Sturm VE, Peterson MJ, et al (2016). Association of traumatic brain injury with subsequent neurological and psychiatric disease: a meta-analysis. J Neurosurg, 124(2):511-26.
22. Grima N, Ponsford J, Rajaratnam SM, et al (2016). Sleep disturbances in traumatic brain injury: a meta-analysis. J Clin Sleep Med, 12(3):419-28.
23. Saatian M, Ahmadpoor J, Mohammadi Y, et al (2018). Epidemiology and pattern of traumatic brain injury in a developing country regional trauma center. Bull Emerg Trauma, 6(1):45-53.
24. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, et al (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Ann Intern Med, 151(4):264-9.
25. Munn Z, Moola S, Riitano D, et al (2014). The development of a critical appraisal tool for use in systematic reviews addressing questions of prevalence. Int J Health Policy Manag, 3(3):123-8.
26. Zhang Y, Coello PA, Guyatt GH, et al (2019). GRADE guidelines: Assessing the certainty of evidence in the importance of outcomes or values and preferences—inconsistency, imprecision, and other domains. J Clin Epidemiol, 111:83-93.
27. Badebarin D, Abadi SA, Farhadi E, et al (2021). Head Trauma in Children: An Epidemiological Study. Iran J Pediatr Surg, 7(1):15-21.
28. Farzaneh E, Fattahzadeh-Ardalani G, Abbasi V, et al (2017). The epidemiology of hospital-referred head injury in Ardabil City. Emerg Med Int, 2017: 1439486.
29. Gilani N, Kazemnejad A, Zayeri F, et al (2017). Predicting outcomes in traumatic brain injury using the glasgow coma scale: a joint modeling of longitudinal measurements and time to event. Iran Red Crescent Med J, 19(2):1-7.
30. Hejini Nejad M, Hadavi M, Esmaeilzadeh S (2017). Assessment of epidemiology of traumatic brain injuries and its consequences in Rafsanjan: A descriptive study. Community Health J, 9(3):37-46.
31. Hosseininejad SM, Jahanian F, Goli-Khatir I, et al (2019). Minor head trauma and its short-term outcomes among elderly patients: a prospective epidemiological study in North of Iran. Materia Socio Medica, 31(3): 186-189.
32. Kasmaei VM, Asadi P, Zohrevandi B, et al (2015). An epidemiologic study of traumatic brain injuries in emergency department. Emergency, 3(4): 141–145.
33. Khalili H, Niakan A, Ghaffarpasand F, et al (2017). Outcome determinants of decompressive craniectomy in patients with traumatic brain injury; a single center experience from southern Iran. Bull Emerg Trauma, 5(3): 190–196.
34. Ahadi R, Riahi E, Daneshi A, et al (2018). The incidence of traumatic brain injury in Tehran, Iran. Brain Inj, 32(4):487-92.
35. Rezaei S, Moghadam AD, Khodadadi N, et al (2015). Functional independence measure in Iran: A confirmatory factor analysis and evaluation of ceiling and floor effects in traumatic brain injury patients. Arch Trauma Res, 4(4):1-8.
36. Saadat S, Akbari H, Khorramirouz R, et al (2012). Determinants of mortality in patients with traumatic brain injury. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg, 18(3):219-24.
37. Sharbafshaaer M (2021). Epidemiology, Reported Injury Characteristics of Brain Trauma: Evidences Collected from a Level-One-Trauma Center in Zahedan City, Iran. Hospital Practices and Research, 6(1):7-10.
38. Vafaee R, Vafaei A, Forouzanfar MM, et al (2013). Epidemiology of traumatic brain injury in Iranian population: the results of a multicenter study. Wulfenia, 20(9):257-63.
39. Ziaeirad M, Alimohammadi N, Irajpour A, et al (2018). Association between outcome of severe traumatic brain injury and demographic, clinical, injury-related variables of patients. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res, 23(3):211 -216.
40. Elshahidi MH, Monir NY, Elzhery MA, et al (2018). Epidemiological characteristics of traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) in the Middle-East and North-Africa (MENA) Region: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Bull Emerg Trauma, 6(2): 75–89.
41. Kamal VK, Agrawal D, Pandey RM (2016). Epidemiology, clinical characteristics and outcomes of traumatic brain injury: Evidences from integrated level 1 trauma center in India. J Neurosci Rural Pract, 7(04):515-25.
42. Sun D, Jiang B, Ru X, et al (2020). Prevalence and altered causes of traumatic brain injury in China: a nationwide survey in 2013. Neuroepidemiology, 54(2):106-13.
43. Shinoda J, Nagamine Y, Kobayashi S, et al (2019). Multidisciplinary attentive treatment for patients with chronic disorders of consciousness following severe traumatic brain injury in the NASVA of Japan. Brain Inj, 33(13-14):1660-70.
44. Massenburg BB, Veetil DK, Raykar NP, et al (2017). A systematic review of quantitative research on traumatic brain injury in India. Neurol India, 65(2):305-14.
45. Brazinova A, Rehorcikova V, Taylor MS, et al (2021). Epidemiology of traumatic brain injury in Europe: a living systematic review. J Neurotrauma, 38(10):1411-40..
46. Tagliaferri F, Compagnone C, Korsic M, et al (2006). A systematic review of brain injury epidemiology in Europe. Acta Neurochir, 148(3):255-68.
47. El-Menyar A, Mekkodathil A, Al-Thani H, et al (2017). Latifi R. Incidence, Demographics, and Outcome of Traumatic Brain Injury in The Middle East: A Systematic Review. World Neurosurg, 107:6-21.
48. Al-Hajj S, Hammoud Z, Colnaric J, et al (2021). Characterization of traumatic brain injury research in the Middle East and North Africa region: a systematic review. Neuroepidemiology, 55(1):1-12.
49. Nguyen R, Fiest KM, McChesney J, et al (2016). The international incidence of traumatic brain injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Can J Neurol Sci, 43(6):774-85.
50. Ortiz-Prado E, Mascialino G, Paz C, et al (2020). A nationwide study of incidence and mortality due to traumatic brain injury in Ecuador (2004–2016). Neuroepidemiology, 54(1):33-44.
51. Li M, Zhao Z, Yu G, et al (2016). Epidemiology of traumatic brain injury over the world: a systematic review. Gen Med, 4(5):e275-e.
52. Dewan MC, Rattani A, Gupta S, et al (2018). Estimating the global incidence of traumatic brain injury. J Neurosurg, 130(4):1080-97.
53. Karpova G, Sigova M, Kruglova I, et al (2017). Conditions and current trends for improving road safety in federal highways in Russia. Transp Res Proc, 20:272-6.
54. Okidi R, Ogwang DM, Okello TR, et al (2020). Factors affecting mortality after traumatic brain injury in a resource-poor setting. BJS Open, 4(2):320-5.
55. Lecky FE, Russell W, McClelland G, et al (2017). Bypassing nearest hospital for more distant neuroscience care in head-injured adults with suspected traumatic brain injury: findings of the head injury transportation straight to neurosurgery (HITS-NS) pilot cluster randomised trial. BMJ Open, 7(10):e016355.
56. Martins ET, Linhares MN, Sousa DS, et al (2009). Mortality in severe traumatic brain injury: a multivariated analysis of 748 Brazilian patients from Florianópolis City. J Trauma, 67(1):85-90.
57. Hukkelhoven CW, Steyerberg EW, Rampen AJ, et al (2003). Patient age and outcome following severe traumatic brain injury: an analysis of 5600 patients. J Neurosurg, 99(4):666-73.
58. De Silva MJ, Roberts I, Perel P, et al (2009). Patient outcome after traumatic brain injury in high-, middle- and low-income countries: analysis of data on 8927 patients in 46 countries. Int J Epidemiol, 38(2):452-8.
59. Roozenbeek B, Maas AI, Menon DK (2013). Changing patterns in the epidemiology of traumatic brain injury. Nat Rev Neurol, 9(4):231-6.
60. Staton CA, Msilanga D, Kiwango G, et al (2017). A prospective registry evaluating the epidemiology and clinical care of traumatic brain injury patients presenting to a regional referral hospital in Moshi, Tanzania: challenges and the way forward. Int J Inj Contr Saf Promot, 24(1):69-77.
61. Shams M, Mohebi F, Gohari K, et al (2021). The level and trend of road traffic injuries attributable mortality rate in Iran, 1990–2015: a story of successful regulations and a roadmap to design future policies. BMC Public Health, 21(1):1-12.
62. Entezami N, Hashemi-Nazari SS, Soori H, et al (2015). Epidemiology of fatal road traffic accidents in Northern provinces of Iran during 2009 to 2010. Safety Promot Inj Prev, 3(1):1-8.
63. Sadeghi-Bazargani H, Ayubi E, Azami-Aghdash S, et al (2016). Epidemiological patterns of road traffic crashes during the last two decades in Iran: a review of the literature from 1996 to 2014. Arch Trauma Res, 5(3):e32985.
64. Montazeri A (2004). Road-traffic-related mortality in Iran: a descriptive study. Public Health, 118(2):110-3.
65. Yousefifard M, Toloui A, Ahmadzadeh K, et al (2021). Risk Factors for Road Traffic Injury-Related Mortality in Iran; a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Arch Acad Emerg Med, 9(1):e61-e.
66. Hu J, Ugiliweneza B, Meyer K, et al (2013). Trend and geographic analysis for traumatic brain injury mortality and cost based on MarketScan database. J Neurotrauma, 30(20):1755-61.
2. Hyder AA, Wunderlich CA, Puvanachandra P, et al (2007). The impact of traumatic brain injuries: a global perspective. NeuroRehabilitation, 22(5):341-53.
3. World Health Organization (2006). Neurological disorders: public health challenges.available from https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/43605
4. Timofeev I, Santarius T, Kolias A, et al (2012). Decompressive craniectomy—operative technique and perioperative care. Adv Tech Stand Neurosurg, Springer, Vienna, pp. 115-36.
5. Hawryluk GW, Manley GT (2015). Classification of traumatic brain injury: past, present, and future. Handb Clin Neurol, 127:15-21.
6. Dewan MC, Mummareddy N, Wellons III JC, et al (2016). Epidemiology of global pediatric traumatic brain injury: qualitative review. World Neurosurg, 91:497-509. e1.
7. Harvey LA, Close JCT (2012). Traumatic brain injury in older adults: characteristics, causes and consequences. Injury, 43(11):1821-6.
8. Coronado VG, Xu L, Basavaraju SV, et al (2011). Surveillance for traumatic brain injury-related deaths; United States, 1997-2007. available from https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/6014
9. Fu TS, Jing R, McFaull SR, et al (2015). Recent trends in hospitalization and in-hospital mortality associated with traumatic brain injury in Canada: a nationwide, population-based study. J Trauma Acute Care Surg, 79(3):449-54.
10. Khalili H, Sadraei N, Niakan A, et al (2016). Role of intracranial pressure monitoring in management of patients with severe traumatic brain injury: results of a large level I trauma center in Southern Iran. World Neurosurg, 94:120-5.
11. Kavosi Z, Jafari A, Hatam N, et al (2015). The economic burden of traumatic brain injury due to fatal traffic accidents in Shahid Rajaei Trauma Hospital, Shiraz, Iran. Arch Trauma Res, 4(1):e22594.
12. Faul M, Wald MM, Xu L, et al (2010). Traumatic brain injury in the United States; emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and deaths, 2002-2006. avaiable from https://www.cdc.gov/traumaticbraininjury/tbi_ed.html
13. Peeters W, van den Brande R, Polinder S, et al (2015). Epidemiology of traumatic brain injury in Europe. Acta Neurochir, 157(10):1683-96.
14. Bruns Jr J, Hauser WA (2003). The epidemiology of traumatic brain injury: a review. Epilepsia, 44(10):2-10.
15. Khan A, Prince M, Brayne C, Prina AM (2015). Lifetime prevalence and factors associated with head injury among older people in low and middle income countries: a 10/66 study. PLoS One, 10(7):e0132229.
16. Rahimi-Movaghar V, Saadat S, Rasouli MR, et al (2011). The incidence of traumatic brain injury in Tehran, Iran: a population based study. Am Surg, 77(6):112-4.
17. Zhang J, Zhang Y, Zou J, et al (2021). A meta-analysis of cohort studies: Traumatic brain injury and risk of Alzheimer’s Disease. PLoS One. 2021;16(6):e0253206.
18. Gardner RC, Burke JF, Nettiksimmons J, et al (2015). Traumatic brain injury in later life increases risk for Parkinson disease. Ann Neurol, 77(6):987-95.
19. Snowden TM, Hinde AK, Reid HM, et al (2020). Does mild traumatic brain injury increase the risk for dementia? A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Alzheimers Dis, 78(2):757-75.
20. Davari M, Amani B, Amani B, et al (2020). Pregabalin and gabapentin in neuropathic pain management after spinal cord injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Korean J Pain, 33(1):3-12.
21. Perry DC, Sturm VE, Peterson MJ, et al (2016). Association of traumatic brain injury with subsequent neurological and psychiatric disease: a meta-analysis. J Neurosurg, 124(2):511-26.
22. Grima N, Ponsford J, Rajaratnam SM, et al (2016). Sleep disturbances in traumatic brain injury: a meta-analysis. J Clin Sleep Med, 12(3):419-28.
23. Saatian M, Ahmadpoor J, Mohammadi Y, et al (2018). Epidemiology and pattern of traumatic brain injury in a developing country regional trauma center. Bull Emerg Trauma, 6(1):45-53.
24. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, et al (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Ann Intern Med, 151(4):264-9.
25. Munn Z, Moola S, Riitano D, et al (2014). The development of a critical appraisal tool for use in systematic reviews addressing questions of prevalence. Int J Health Policy Manag, 3(3):123-8.
26. Zhang Y, Coello PA, Guyatt GH, et al (2019). GRADE guidelines: Assessing the certainty of evidence in the importance of outcomes or values and preferences—inconsistency, imprecision, and other domains. J Clin Epidemiol, 111:83-93.
27. Badebarin D, Abadi SA, Farhadi E, et al (2021). Head Trauma in Children: An Epidemiological Study. Iran J Pediatr Surg, 7(1):15-21.
28. Farzaneh E, Fattahzadeh-Ardalani G, Abbasi V, et al (2017). The epidemiology of hospital-referred head injury in Ardabil City. Emerg Med Int, 2017: 1439486.
29. Gilani N, Kazemnejad A, Zayeri F, et al (2017). Predicting outcomes in traumatic brain injury using the glasgow coma scale: a joint modeling of longitudinal measurements and time to event. Iran Red Crescent Med J, 19(2):1-7.
30. Hejini Nejad M, Hadavi M, Esmaeilzadeh S (2017). Assessment of epidemiology of traumatic brain injuries and its consequences in Rafsanjan: A descriptive study. Community Health J, 9(3):37-46.
31. Hosseininejad SM, Jahanian F, Goli-Khatir I, et al (2019). Minor head trauma and its short-term outcomes among elderly patients: a prospective epidemiological study in North of Iran. Materia Socio Medica, 31(3): 186-189.
32. Kasmaei VM, Asadi P, Zohrevandi B, et al (2015). An epidemiologic study of traumatic brain injuries in emergency department. Emergency, 3(4): 141–145.
33. Khalili H, Niakan A, Ghaffarpasand F, et al (2017). Outcome determinants of decompressive craniectomy in patients with traumatic brain injury; a single center experience from southern Iran. Bull Emerg Trauma, 5(3): 190–196.
34. Ahadi R, Riahi E, Daneshi A, et al (2018). The incidence of traumatic brain injury in Tehran, Iran. Brain Inj, 32(4):487-92.
35. Rezaei S, Moghadam AD, Khodadadi N, et al (2015). Functional independence measure in Iran: A confirmatory factor analysis and evaluation of ceiling and floor effects in traumatic brain injury patients. Arch Trauma Res, 4(4):1-8.
36. Saadat S, Akbari H, Khorramirouz R, et al (2012). Determinants of mortality in patients with traumatic brain injury. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg, 18(3):219-24.
37. Sharbafshaaer M (2021). Epidemiology, Reported Injury Characteristics of Brain Trauma: Evidences Collected from a Level-One-Trauma Center in Zahedan City, Iran. Hospital Practices and Research, 6(1):7-10.
38. Vafaee R, Vafaei A, Forouzanfar MM, et al (2013). Epidemiology of traumatic brain injury in Iranian population: the results of a multicenter study. Wulfenia, 20(9):257-63.
39. Ziaeirad M, Alimohammadi N, Irajpour A, et al (2018). Association between outcome of severe traumatic brain injury and demographic, clinical, injury-related variables of patients. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res, 23(3):211 -216.
40. Elshahidi MH, Monir NY, Elzhery MA, et al (2018). Epidemiological characteristics of traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) in the Middle-East and North-Africa (MENA) Region: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Bull Emerg Trauma, 6(2): 75–89.
41. Kamal VK, Agrawal D, Pandey RM (2016). Epidemiology, clinical characteristics and outcomes of traumatic brain injury: Evidences from integrated level 1 trauma center in India. J Neurosci Rural Pract, 7(04):515-25.
42. Sun D, Jiang B, Ru X, et al (2020). Prevalence and altered causes of traumatic brain injury in China: a nationwide survey in 2013. Neuroepidemiology, 54(2):106-13.
43. Shinoda J, Nagamine Y, Kobayashi S, et al (2019). Multidisciplinary attentive treatment for patients with chronic disorders of consciousness following severe traumatic brain injury in the NASVA of Japan. Brain Inj, 33(13-14):1660-70.
44. Massenburg BB, Veetil DK, Raykar NP, et al (2017). A systematic review of quantitative research on traumatic brain injury in India. Neurol India, 65(2):305-14.
45. Brazinova A, Rehorcikova V, Taylor MS, et al (2021). Epidemiology of traumatic brain injury in Europe: a living systematic review. J Neurotrauma, 38(10):1411-40..
46. Tagliaferri F, Compagnone C, Korsic M, et al (2006). A systematic review of brain injury epidemiology in Europe. Acta Neurochir, 148(3):255-68.
47. El-Menyar A, Mekkodathil A, Al-Thani H, et al (2017). Latifi R. Incidence, Demographics, and Outcome of Traumatic Brain Injury in The Middle East: A Systematic Review. World Neurosurg, 107:6-21.
48. Al-Hajj S, Hammoud Z, Colnaric J, et al (2021). Characterization of traumatic brain injury research in the Middle East and North Africa region: a systematic review. Neuroepidemiology, 55(1):1-12.
49. Nguyen R, Fiest KM, McChesney J, et al (2016). The international incidence of traumatic brain injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Can J Neurol Sci, 43(6):774-85.
50. Ortiz-Prado E, Mascialino G, Paz C, et al (2020). A nationwide study of incidence and mortality due to traumatic brain injury in Ecuador (2004–2016). Neuroepidemiology, 54(1):33-44.
51. Li M, Zhao Z, Yu G, et al (2016). Epidemiology of traumatic brain injury over the world: a systematic review. Gen Med, 4(5):e275-e.
52. Dewan MC, Rattani A, Gupta S, et al (2018). Estimating the global incidence of traumatic brain injury. J Neurosurg, 130(4):1080-97.
53. Karpova G, Sigova M, Kruglova I, et al (2017). Conditions and current trends for improving road safety in federal highways in Russia. Transp Res Proc, 20:272-6.
54. Okidi R, Ogwang DM, Okello TR, et al (2020). Factors affecting mortality after traumatic brain injury in a resource-poor setting. BJS Open, 4(2):320-5.
55. Lecky FE, Russell W, McClelland G, et al (2017). Bypassing nearest hospital for more distant neuroscience care in head-injured adults with suspected traumatic brain injury: findings of the head injury transportation straight to neurosurgery (HITS-NS) pilot cluster randomised trial. BMJ Open, 7(10):e016355.
56. Martins ET, Linhares MN, Sousa DS, et al (2009). Mortality in severe traumatic brain injury: a multivariated analysis of 748 Brazilian patients from Florianópolis City. J Trauma, 67(1):85-90.
57. Hukkelhoven CW, Steyerberg EW, Rampen AJ, et al (2003). Patient age and outcome following severe traumatic brain injury: an analysis of 5600 patients. J Neurosurg, 99(4):666-73.
58. De Silva MJ, Roberts I, Perel P, et al (2009). Patient outcome after traumatic brain injury in high-, middle- and low-income countries: analysis of data on 8927 patients in 46 countries. Int J Epidemiol, 38(2):452-8.
59. Roozenbeek B, Maas AI, Menon DK (2013). Changing patterns in the epidemiology of traumatic brain injury. Nat Rev Neurol, 9(4):231-6.
60. Staton CA, Msilanga D, Kiwango G, et al (2017). A prospective registry evaluating the epidemiology and clinical care of traumatic brain injury patients presenting to a regional referral hospital in Moshi, Tanzania: challenges and the way forward. Int J Inj Contr Saf Promot, 24(1):69-77.
61. Shams M, Mohebi F, Gohari K, et al (2021). The level and trend of road traffic injuries attributable mortality rate in Iran, 1990–2015: a story of successful regulations and a roadmap to design future policies. BMC Public Health, 21(1):1-12.
62. Entezami N, Hashemi-Nazari SS, Soori H, et al (2015). Epidemiology of fatal road traffic accidents in Northern provinces of Iran during 2009 to 2010. Safety Promot Inj Prev, 3(1):1-8.
63. Sadeghi-Bazargani H, Ayubi E, Azami-Aghdash S, et al (2016). Epidemiological patterns of road traffic crashes during the last two decades in Iran: a review of the literature from 1996 to 2014. Arch Trauma Res, 5(3):e32985.
64. Montazeri A (2004). Road-traffic-related mortality in Iran: a descriptive study. Public Health, 118(2):110-3.
65. Yousefifard M, Toloui A, Ahmadzadeh K, et al (2021). Risk Factors for Road Traffic Injury-Related Mortality in Iran; a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Arch Acad Emerg Med, 9(1):e61-e.
66. Hu J, Ugiliweneza B, Meyer K, et al (2013). Trend and geographic analysis for traumatic brain injury mortality and cost based on MarketScan database. J Neurotrauma, 30(20):1755-61.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 52 No 9 (2023) | |
| Section | Review Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v52i9.13565 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Brain injuries Epidemiology Prevalence Incidence Risk factors | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Saheban maleki M, Mazaheri SA, Hosseini SH, Askari Majdabadi H, Poursadeghiyan M, Faghihi A, Naderi Z, Ilaghinezhad Bardsiri T, Khedri B, Amanat N, Khajehnasiri F, Ivanbagha R. Epidemiology of Traumatic Brain Injury in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Iran J Public Health. 2023;52(9):1818-1831.
