Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Exhibiting Decrease Vertical Ground Reaction Force Compared to Healthy Individuals during Weight Bearing Tasks: A Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis
,
Abstract
Background: Vertical ground reaction force (VGRF) can lead to the development knee osteoarthritis. This review systematic and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the VGRF in patellofemoral pain patients (PFP) during weight bearing tasks.
Methods: Search strategy was conducted in databases: Science Direct, Scopus, PubMed and Google Scholar from Sep 2020 to Jun 2021. The VGRF components we measured were passive impact (Fz1)/peak and propulsion/active peak (Fz2). The quality of the studies was evaluated with Down and Black index and it was divided into three groups: low quality (LQ), medium quality (MQ) and high quality (HQ). The standardized mean difference between PFP and healthy individuals was used to calculate the effect size.
Results: Nine articles were selected for systematic review and meta-analysis of which 5 studies was HQ, 3 studies were MQ and 1 study was LQ were classified. PFP compared to healthy individuals with moderate and small effect size have reduced impact and propulsion respectively.
Conclusion: The in PFP, VGRF is influenced psychological, behavioral and biomechanical factors. Therefore, psychosomatic therapeutic approaches may have a long time effectiveness on the rehabilitation of PFP.
1. Gwynne CR, Curran SA (2018). Two-dimensional frontal plane projection angle can identify subgroups of patellofemoral pain patients who demonstrate dynamic knee valgus. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon(,1(58):44–48.
2. Cheung RTH, Davis IS (2011). Landing pattern modification to improve patellofemoral pain in runners: A case series. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, 41(12):914–919.
3. Waiteman MC, Briani RV, Pazzinatto MF, et al (2018). Relationship between knee abduction moment with patellofemoral joint reaction force, stress and self-reported pain during stair descent in women with patellofemoral pain. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon),1(59):110–116.
4. Sinclair JK, Selfe J, Taylor PJ, Shore HF, Richards JD (2016). Influence of a knee brace intervention on perceived pain and patellofemoral loading in recreational athletes. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon), 1(37):7-12.
5. Motealleh A, Mohamadi M, Moghadam MB, Nejati N, Arjang N, Ebrahimi N (2019). Effects of Core Neuromuscular Training on Pain, Balance, and Functional Performance in Women With Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome: A Clinical Trial. J Chiropr Med, 18(1):9–18.
6. Ahmadi M, Yalfani A, Gandomi F (2020). The Effect of Twelve-Week Neurofeedback Training on Pain, Proprioception, Strength and Postural Balance in Men with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome: A Double-Blind Randomized Control Trial. J Rehabil Sci Res,10(1):1–13.
7. Bonacci J, Hall M, Fox A, Saunders N, Shipsides T, Vicenzino B (2018). The influence of cadence and shoes on patellofemoral joint kinetics in runners with patellofemoral pain. J Sci Med Sport, 21(6):574-578.
8. Ahmadi M, Yalfani A, Gandomi F (2020). The Effect of Twelve Week Neurofeedback Training on Perceptual Pain Intensity, Fear of Pain, Pelvic Drop, and Dynamic Knee Valgus Index in Men with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome: A Randomized Double-Blind Clinical Trial. Sadra Med J, 8(2):151–164.
9. Yalfani A, Ahmadi M, Gandomi F, Bigdeli N (2021). An Investigation of the Lower Extremity Kinematics During stair ambulation in people with âpatellofemoral pain syndrome: A Systematic Review. J Paramed Sci Rehabil, 9(4):115–125.
10. De Oliveira Silva D, Briani R, Pazzinatto M, Ferrari D, Aragão F, De Azevedo F (2015). Vertical ground reaction forces are associated with pain and self-reported functional status in recreational athletes with patellofemoral pain. J Appl Biomech, 31(6):409–414.
11. Paoloni M, Mangone M, Fratocchi G, Murgia M, Maria V, Santilli V (2010). Kinematic and kinetic features of normal level walking in patellofemoral pain syndrome : More than a sagittal plane alteration. J Biomech, 43(9):1794–1798.
12. Yalfani A, Ahmadi M (2022). Do patellofemoral pain patients have higher loading rate compared to healthy indivalues? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Phys Treat Phys Ther, 12(1):13–22.
13. Vaughan CL (1996). Are joint torques the Holy Grail of human gait analysis?. Hum Mov Sci, 15(3):423–443.
14. Jafarnezhadgero AA, Majlesi M, Azadian E (2017). Gait ground reaction force characteristics in deaf and hearing children. Gait Posture,1(53):236–240.
15. Saad MC, Felício LR, Masullo C de L, Liporaci RF, Bevilaqua-Grossi D (2011). Analysis of the center of pressure displacement, ground reaction force and muscular activity during step exercises. J Electromyogr Kinesiol, 21(5):712–718.
16. Van Der Worp H, Vrielink JW, Bredeweg SW (2016). Do runners who suffer injuries have higher vertical ground reaction forces than those who remain injury-free? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med, 50(8):450–457.
17. Frederick EC (1986). Factors Affecting Peak Vertical Ground Reaction Forces in Running. Int J Sport Biomech, 2(1):41-49.
18. De Oliveira Silva D, Briani RV, Pazzinatto MF, Ferrari D, Aragão FA, De Azevedo FM (2015). Reduced knee flexion is a possible cause of increased loading rates in individuals with patellofemoral pain. Clin Biomech, 30(9):971–975.
19. Briani RV, Cannon J, Waiteman MC, et al (2021). Influence of the exacerbation of patellofemoral pain on trunk kinematics and lower limb mechanics during stair negotiation. Gait Posture, 1(83):83–87.
20. Powers CM, Heino JG, Rao S, Perry J (1999). The influence of patellofemoral pain on lower limb loading during gait. Clin Biomech, 14(10):722–728.
21. Yalfani A, Ahmadi M, Asgarpoor A (2022). Investigate the plantar pressure distribution in PFP patients: A systematic review. J Res Sport Rehabil, 9(17):73–83.
22. Nunes GS, Barton CJ, Viadanna Serrão F (2018). Females with patellofemoral pain have impaired impact absorption during a single-legged drop vertical jump. Gait Posture, 1(68):346–351.
23. Radin EL, Yang KH, Riegger C, Kish VL, O’Connor JJ (1991). Relationship between lower limb dynamics and knee joint pain. J Orthop Res, 9(3):398–405.
24. Mullally EM, Atack AC, Glaister M, Clark NC (2021). Physical Therapy in Sport Situations and mechanisms of non-contact knee injury in adult netball : A systematic review. Phys Ther Sport, 1(47):193–200.
25. Jena S, Panda SK, Arunachalam T (2018). Pattern Recognition for Identification of Gender of Individuals from Ground Reaction Force Parameters. iEECON 2018 - 6th Int Electr Eng Congr, 1–4.
26. Pauk J, Griškevičius J (2011). Ground reaction force and support moment in typical and flat-feet children. Mechanika, 17(1):93–96.
27. Downs SH, Black N (1998) The feasibility of creating a checklist for the assessment of the methodological quality both of randomised and non-randomised studies of health. J Epidemiol Community Health, 52(6):377-384.
28. Ahmadi M, Yalfani A (2022). Interlimb Asymmetry of Vertical Ground Reaction Force as a Risk Factor for Re-injury and Knee Oseteoarthritis Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Systematic Review. J Res Orthop Sci, 9(1):15–24.
29. Desmyttere G, Hajizadeh M, Bleau J, Begon M (2018). Effect of foot orthosis design on lower limb joint kinematics and kinetics during walking in flexible pes planovalgus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Biomech, 1(59):117-129.
30. Drevon D, Fursa SR, Malcolm AL (2017). Intercoder Reliability and Validity of WebPlotDigitizer in Extracting Graphed Data. Behav Modif, 41(2):323–339.
31. Cronström A, Creaby MW, Nae J, Ageberg E (2016). Gender differences in knee abduction during weight-bearing activities: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Gait Posture, 1(49):315–328.
32. Iijima H, Shimoura K, Ono T, Aoyama T, Takahashi M (2019). Proximal gait adaptations in individuals with knee osteoarthritis : A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Biomech, 18 (87):127–141.
33. López López L, Torres JR, Rubio AO, et al (2019). Effects of neurodynamic treatment on hamstrings flexibility: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Phys Ther Sport, 1(40):244–250.
34. Sancho I, Malliaras P, Barton C, Willy RW, Morrissey D (2019). Biomechanical alterations in individuals with Achilles tendinopathy during running and hopping: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Gait Posture, 73(1):189–201.
35. Esculier JF, Roy JS, Bouyer LJ (2015). Lower limb control and strength in runners with and without patellofemoral pain syndrome. Gait Posture, 41(3):813–819.
36. Levinger P, Gilleard W (2007). Tibia and rearfoot motion and ground reaction forces in subjects with patellofemoral pain syndrome during walking. Gait Posture, 25(1):2–8.
37. Duffey MJ, Martin DF, Cannon DW, Craven T, Messier SP (2000). Etiologic factors associated with anterior knee pain in distance runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 32(11):1825–1832.
38. Messier SP, Davis SE, Curl WW, Lowery RB, Pack RJ (1991). Etiologic factors associated with patellofemoral pain in runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 23(9):1008–1015.
39. Boozari S, Jamshidi AA, Sanjari MA, Jafari H (2013). Effect of functional fatigue on vertical ground-reaction force in individuals with flat feet. J Sport Rehabil, 22(3):177–183.
40. Selhorst M, Fernandez-Fernandez A, Schmitt L, Hoehn J (2020). Adolescent psychological beliefs, but not parent beliefs, associated with pain and function in adolescents with patellofemoral pain. Phys Ther Sport,1(45):155–160.
41. Oliveira Silva D, Barton CJ, Briani RV, et al (2019). Kinesiophobia, but not strength is associated with altered movement in women with patellofemoral pain. Gait Posture,1(68) 1–5.
42. Stensdotter AK, Guerra JB, Häger-Ross C (2009). Limb support in response to balance provocations in women with patellofemoral pain. Adv Physiother, 11(2):97–103.
43. Yalfani A, Ahmadi M, Gandomi F (2020). The Effects of 12-Weeks of Senso- rimotor Exercise on Pain, Strength, Pelvic Drop, and Dynamic Knee Valgus in Males With Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome. Physical Treatments-Specific Physical Therapy Journal, 10(3):159–168.
44. Yalfani A, Ahmadi M, Gandomi F (2020). The effect of twelve weeks of sensorimotor exercises on distribution plantar pressure variables and symmetry index in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome: a randomized double-blind clinical trial. Stud Med Sci, 31(6):445–458.
45. Aliberti S, Costa M de SX, de Campos Passaro A, Arnone AC, Hirata R, Sacco ICN (2011). Influence of patellofemoral pain syndrome on plantar pressure in the foot rollover process during gait. Clinics, 66(3):367–372.
46. Salsich GB, Brechter JH, Powers CM (2001). Lower extremity kinetics during stair ambulation in patients with and without patellofemoral pain. Clin Biomech, 16(10):906–912.
47. Winter DA (1984). Kinematic and kinetic patterns in human gait: Variability and compensating effects. Hum Mov Sci, 3(1–2):51–76.
48. Levinger P, Gilleard W (2005). The heel strike transient during walking in subjects with patellofemoral pain syndrome. Phys Ther Sport, 6(2):83–88.
49. Mølgaard C, Rathleff MS, Simonsen O (2011). Patellofemoral pain syndrome and its association with hip, ankle, and foot function in 16- to 18-year-old high school students. J Am Pod Med Assn, 101(3):215–222.
50. Liu MQ, Anderson FC, Pandy MG, Delp SL (2006). Muscles that support the body also modulate forward progression during walking. J Biomech, 39(14):2623–3260.
2. Cheung RTH, Davis IS (2011). Landing pattern modification to improve patellofemoral pain in runners: A case series. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, 41(12):914–919.
3. Waiteman MC, Briani RV, Pazzinatto MF, et al (2018). Relationship between knee abduction moment with patellofemoral joint reaction force, stress and self-reported pain during stair descent in women with patellofemoral pain. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon),1(59):110–116.
4. Sinclair JK, Selfe J, Taylor PJ, Shore HF, Richards JD (2016). Influence of a knee brace intervention on perceived pain and patellofemoral loading in recreational athletes. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon), 1(37):7-12.
5. Motealleh A, Mohamadi M, Moghadam MB, Nejati N, Arjang N, Ebrahimi N (2019). Effects of Core Neuromuscular Training on Pain, Balance, and Functional Performance in Women With Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome: A Clinical Trial. J Chiropr Med, 18(1):9–18.
6. Ahmadi M, Yalfani A, Gandomi F (2020). The Effect of Twelve-Week Neurofeedback Training on Pain, Proprioception, Strength and Postural Balance in Men with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome: A Double-Blind Randomized Control Trial. J Rehabil Sci Res,10(1):1–13.
7. Bonacci J, Hall M, Fox A, Saunders N, Shipsides T, Vicenzino B (2018). The influence of cadence and shoes on patellofemoral joint kinetics in runners with patellofemoral pain. J Sci Med Sport, 21(6):574-578.
8. Ahmadi M, Yalfani A, Gandomi F (2020). The Effect of Twelve Week Neurofeedback Training on Perceptual Pain Intensity, Fear of Pain, Pelvic Drop, and Dynamic Knee Valgus Index in Men with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome: A Randomized Double-Blind Clinical Trial. Sadra Med J, 8(2):151–164.
9. Yalfani A, Ahmadi M, Gandomi F, Bigdeli N (2021). An Investigation of the Lower Extremity Kinematics During stair ambulation in people with âpatellofemoral pain syndrome: A Systematic Review. J Paramed Sci Rehabil, 9(4):115–125.
10. De Oliveira Silva D, Briani R, Pazzinatto M, Ferrari D, Aragão F, De Azevedo F (2015). Vertical ground reaction forces are associated with pain and self-reported functional status in recreational athletes with patellofemoral pain. J Appl Biomech, 31(6):409–414.
11. Paoloni M, Mangone M, Fratocchi G, Murgia M, Maria V, Santilli V (2010). Kinematic and kinetic features of normal level walking in patellofemoral pain syndrome : More than a sagittal plane alteration. J Biomech, 43(9):1794–1798.
12. Yalfani A, Ahmadi M (2022). Do patellofemoral pain patients have higher loading rate compared to healthy indivalues? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Phys Treat Phys Ther, 12(1):13–22.
13. Vaughan CL (1996). Are joint torques the Holy Grail of human gait analysis?. Hum Mov Sci, 15(3):423–443.
14. Jafarnezhadgero AA, Majlesi M, Azadian E (2017). Gait ground reaction force characteristics in deaf and hearing children. Gait Posture,1(53):236–240.
15. Saad MC, Felício LR, Masullo C de L, Liporaci RF, Bevilaqua-Grossi D (2011). Analysis of the center of pressure displacement, ground reaction force and muscular activity during step exercises. J Electromyogr Kinesiol, 21(5):712–718.
16. Van Der Worp H, Vrielink JW, Bredeweg SW (2016). Do runners who suffer injuries have higher vertical ground reaction forces than those who remain injury-free? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med, 50(8):450–457.
17. Frederick EC (1986). Factors Affecting Peak Vertical Ground Reaction Forces in Running. Int J Sport Biomech, 2(1):41-49.
18. De Oliveira Silva D, Briani RV, Pazzinatto MF, Ferrari D, Aragão FA, De Azevedo FM (2015). Reduced knee flexion is a possible cause of increased loading rates in individuals with patellofemoral pain. Clin Biomech, 30(9):971–975.
19. Briani RV, Cannon J, Waiteman MC, et al (2021). Influence of the exacerbation of patellofemoral pain on trunk kinematics and lower limb mechanics during stair negotiation. Gait Posture, 1(83):83–87.
20. Powers CM, Heino JG, Rao S, Perry J (1999). The influence of patellofemoral pain on lower limb loading during gait. Clin Biomech, 14(10):722–728.
21. Yalfani A, Ahmadi M, Asgarpoor A (2022). Investigate the plantar pressure distribution in PFP patients: A systematic review. J Res Sport Rehabil, 9(17):73–83.
22. Nunes GS, Barton CJ, Viadanna Serrão F (2018). Females with patellofemoral pain have impaired impact absorption during a single-legged drop vertical jump. Gait Posture, 1(68):346–351.
23. Radin EL, Yang KH, Riegger C, Kish VL, O’Connor JJ (1991). Relationship between lower limb dynamics and knee joint pain. J Orthop Res, 9(3):398–405.
24. Mullally EM, Atack AC, Glaister M, Clark NC (2021). Physical Therapy in Sport Situations and mechanisms of non-contact knee injury in adult netball : A systematic review. Phys Ther Sport, 1(47):193–200.
25. Jena S, Panda SK, Arunachalam T (2018). Pattern Recognition for Identification of Gender of Individuals from Ground Reaction Force Parameters. iEECON 2018 - 6th Int Electr Eng Congr, 1–4.
26. Pauk J, Griškevičius J (2011). Ground reaction force and support moment in typical and flat-feet children. Mechanika, 17(1):93–96.
27. Downs SH, Black N (1998) The feasibility of creating a checklist for the assessment of the methodological quality both of randomised and non-randomised studies of health. J Epidemiol Community Health, 52(6):377-384.
28. Ahmadi M, Yalfani A (2022). Interlimb Asymmetry of Vertical Ground Reaction Force as a Risk Factor for Re-injury and Knee Oseteoarthritis Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Systematic Review. J Res Orthop Sci, 9(1):15–24.
29. Desmyttere G, Hajizadeh M, Bleau J, Begon M (2018). Effect of foot orthosis design on lower limb joint kinematics and kinetics during walking in flexible pes planovalgus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Biomech, 1(59):117-129.
30. Drevon D, Fursa SR, Malcolm AL (2017). Intercoder Reliability and Validity of WebPlotDigitizer in Extracting Graphed Data. Behav Modif, 41(2):323–339.
31. Cronström A, Creaby MW, Nae J, Ageberg E (2016). Gender differences in knee abduction during weight-bearing activities: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Gait Posture, 1(49):315–328.
32. Iijima H, Shimoura K, Ono T, Aoyama T, Takahashi M (2019). Proximal gait adaptations in individuals with knee osteoarthritis : A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Biomech, 18 (87):127–141.
33. López López L, Torres JR, Rubio AO, et al (2019). Effects of neurodynamic treatment on hamstrings flexibility: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Phys Ther Sport, 1(40):244–250.
34. Sancho I, Malliaras P, Barton C, Willy RW, Morrissey D (2019). Biomechanical alterations in individuals with Achilles tendinopathy during running and hopping: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Gait Posture, 73(1):189–201.
35. Esculier JF, Roy JS, Bouyer LJ (2015). Lower limb control and strength in runners with and without patellofemoral pain syndrome. Gait Posture, 41(3):813–819.
36. Levinger P, Gilleard W (2007). Tibia and rearfoot motion and ground reaction forces in subjects with patellofemoral pain syndrome during walking. Gait Posture, 25(1):2–8.
37. Duffey MJ, Martin DF, Cannon DW, Craven T, Messier SP (2000). Etiologic factors associated with anterior knee pain in distance runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 32(11):1825–1832.
38. Messier SP, Davis SE, Curl WW, Lowery RB, Pack RJ (1991). Etiologic factors associated with patellofemoral pain in runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 23(9):1008–1015.
39. Boozari S, Jamshidi AA, Sanjari MA, Jafari H (2013). Effect of functional fatigue on vertical ground-reaction force in individuals with flat feet. J Sport Rehabil, 22(3):177–183.
40. Selhorst M, Fernandez-Fernandez A, Schmitt L, Hoehn J (2020). Adolescent psychological beliefs, but not parent beliefs, associated with pain and function in adolescents with patellofemoral pain. Phys Ther Sport,1(45):155–160.
41. Oliveira Silva D, Barton CJ, Briani RV, et al (2019). Kinesiophobia, but not strength is associated with altered movement in women with patellofemoral pain. Gait Posture,1(68) 1–5.
42. Stensdotter AK, Guerra JB, Häger-Ross C (2009). Limb support in response to balance provocations in women with patellofemoral pain. Adv Physiother, 11(2):97–103.
43. Yalfani A, Ahmadi M, Gandomi F (2020). The Effects of 12-Weeks of Senso- rimotor Exercise on Pain, Strength, Pelvic Drop, and Dynamic Knee Valgus in Males With Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome. Physical Treatments-Specific Physical Therapy Journal, 10(3):159–168.
44. Yalfani A, Ahmadi M, Gandomi F (2020). The effect of twelve weeks of sensorimotor exercises on distribution plantar pressure variables and symmetry index in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome: a randomized double-blind clinical trial. Stud Med Sci, 31(6):445–458.
45. Aliberti S, Costa M de SX, de Campos Passaro A, Arnone AC, Hirata R, Sacco ICN (2011). Influence of patellofemoral pain syndrome on plantar pressure in the foot rollover process during gait. Clinics, 66(3):367–372.
46. Salsich GB, Brechter JH, Powers CM (2001). Lower extremity kinetics during stair ambulation in patients with and without patellofemoral pain. Clin Biomech, 16(10):906–912.
47. Winter DA (1984). Kinematic and kinetic patterns in human gait: Variability and compensating effects. Hum Mov Sci, 3(1–2):51–76.
48. Levinger P, Gilleard W (2005). The heel strike transient during walking in subjects with patellofemoral pain syndrome. Phys Ther Sport, 6(2):83–88.
49. Mølgaard C, Rathleff MS, Simonsen O (2011). Patellofemoral pain syndrome and its association with hip, ankle, and foot function in 16- to 18-year-old high school students. J Am Pod Med Assn, 101(3):215–222.
50. Liu MQ, Anderson FC, Pandy MG, Delp SL (2006). Muscles that support the body also modulate forward progression during walking. J Biomech, 39(14):2623–3260.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 52 No 2 (2023) | |
| Section | Review Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v52i2.11879 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Kinetic Vertical loading Patellofemoral pain Movement | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Yalfani A, Ahmadi M. Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Exhibiting Decrease Vertical Ground Reaction Force Compared to Healthy Individuals during Weight Bearing Tasks: A Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis. Iran J Public Health. 2023;52(2):254-264.
