Selected Micronutrients: An Option to Boost Immunity against COVID-19 and Prevent Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes in Pregnant Women: A Narrative Review
-
. NAWSHERWAN
,
Suliman KHAN
,
Falak ZEB
,
Muhammad SHOAIB
,
Ghulam NABI
,
Ijaz Ul HAQ
,
Kang XU
,
Hui LI
Abstract
The coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) negatively affects immune system. It is linked with adverse pregnancy outcomes. These complications may be linked with the infections mediated deficiency of micronutrients in pregnant women. COVID-19 cause’s malabsorption of micronutrients thereby increases the risk of their deficiency. Both micronutrients deficiencies and poor micronutrients intake can compromise immune function and may increase the risk of pregnancy complications associated with COVID-19 infection. Vitamin A, C, D, E, and selected minerals iron (Fe), selenium (Se), and zinc (Zn) are the micronutrients essential for immuno-competency and play a significant role in the prevention of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Immune function and pregnancy outcomes can be improved by adequate intake of micronutrients in diet or in supplements form. Based on regulatory links between viral infection, micronutrients, immunity, and pregnancy outcomes, this review highlights the role of micronutrients in boosting immunity to reduce or prevent pregnancy complications in COVID-19 infected women.
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6. Zhu H, Wang L, Fang C, et al (2020). Clinical analysis of 10 neonates born to mothers with 2019-nCoV pneu-monia. Transl Pediatr, 9(1): 51–60.
7. Wong SF, Chow KM, Leung TN, et al (2004). Pregnancy and perinatal out-comes of women with severe acute respiratory syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 191:292–7.
8. Alfaraj SH, Al-Tawfiq JA, Memish ZA (2019). Middle East respiratory syn-drome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection during pregnancy: report of two cases & review of the litera-ture. J Microbiol Immunol Infect, 52(3):501–503.
9. Alpert P (2017). The role of vitamins and minerals on the immune sys-tem.
Home Health Care Management & Prac-tice, 29:199–202.
10. Calder P (2013). Conference on ‘Trans-forming the nutrition landscape in Africa’. Plenary Session 1: Feeding the immune system. Proc Nutr Soc, 72:299–309.
11. Rebecca LW, Jason AG, Dale M, et al (2018). Vitamin and mineral sup-plementation in pregnancy: evidence to practice. J Pharm Pract Res, 48:186–192.
12. Aghaeepour N, Ganio EA, Mcilwain D, et al (2017). An immune clock of human pregnancy. Sci Immunol, 2(15):eaan2946.
13. Giugliano S, Petroff MG, Warren BD, et al (2015). Hepatitis C virus sensing by human trophoblasts induces in-nate immune responses and re-cruitment of maternal NK cells: po-tential implications for limiting verti-cal transmission. J Immunol, 195: 3737-47.
14. Tian M, Zhang Y, Liu Z, et al (2016). The PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitory path-way is altered in pre-eclampsia and regulates T cell responses in pre-eclamptic rats. Sci Rep, 6:27683.
15. Olivadoti M, Toth LA, Weinberg J, et al (2007). Murine gammaherpesvirus 68: a model for the study of Ep-stein-Barr virus infections and relat-ed diseases. Comp Med, 57(1):44-50.
16. García-Sastre A, Biron CA (2006). Type 1 interferons and the virus-host rela-tionship: a lesson in detente. Science, 312(5775):879-82.
17. Cappelletti M, Presicce P, Lawson MJ, et al (2107). Type I interferons regu-late susceptibility to inflammation-induced preterm birth. JCI Insight, 2(5):e91288.
18. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al (2020). Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wu-han, China. The lancet, 395:497-506.
19. Mor G, Aldo P, Alvero AB (2017). The unique immunological and microbial aspects of pregnancy. Nature Reviews Immunology, 17:469-482.
20. Tetro JA (2020). Is COVID-19 receiv-ing ADE from other coronaviruses? Microbes and Infection, 22:72-73.
21. Shi L, Tu N, Patterson PH (2005). Ma-ternal influenza infection is likely to alter fetal brain development indi-rectly: the virus is not detected in the fetus. International Journal of Developmen-tal Neuroscience, 23:299–305.
22. Schwartz, DA. (2020). An analysis of 38 pregnant women with COVID-19, their newborn infants, and maternal-fetal transmission of SARS-CoV-2: maternal coronavirus infections and pregnancy outcomes. Arch Pathol Lab Med, doi: 10.5858/arpa.2020-0901-SA.
23. Katona P, Katona-Apte J (2008). The Interaction between Nutrition and Infection. Clin Infect Dis, 46(10):1582–8.
24. Castelo-Branco C, Soveral I (2014). The immune system and aging: a review. Gynecol Endocrinol, 30:16–22.
25. Gernand AD, Schulze KJ, Stewart CP, et al (2016). Micronutrient deficien-cies in pregnancy worldwide: health effects and prevention. Nat Rev En-docrinol, 12(5):274–289.
26. Black RE (2001). Micronutrients in pregnancy. Br J Nutr, 85:S193–7.
27. Mccullough FS, Northropclewes CA, Thurnham DI (1999). The effect of vitamin A on epithelial integrity. Proc Nutr Soc, 58:289-93.
28. Huang Z, Liu Y, Qi G, et al (2018). Role of vitamin A in the immune system. J Clin Med, 7(9):258.
29. Mora JR, Iwata M, Von Andrian UH (2008). Vitamin effects on the im-mune system: vitamins A and D take centre stage. Nat Rev Immunol, 8:685-698.
30. Semba RD (1999). Vitamin A and im-munity to viral, bacterial and proto-zoan infections. Proc Nutr Soc, 58:719-27.
31. Spíndola Garcêz L, De Sousa Paz Lima G, de Azevedo Paiva A, et al (2016). Serum retinol levels in pregnant ado-lescents and their relationship with habitual food intake, infection and obstetric, nutritional and socioeco-nomic variables. Nutrients, 8(11):669.
32. Hammouda SA, Abd Al-Halim OA, Mohamadin AM (2013). Serum lev-els of some micronutrients and congenital malformations: A pro-spective cohort study in healthy Saudi-Arabian first-trimester preg-nant women. Int J Vitam Nutr Res, 83:346–54.
33. Lakshmy R (2013). Metabolic syn-drome: Role of maternal undernutri-tion and fetal programming. Rev En-docr Metab Disord, 14(3):229–40.
34. Bao Y, Ibram G, Blaner WS, et al (2012). Low maternal retinol as a risk factor for schizophrenia in adult offspring. Schizophr Res, 137:159–165.
35. Lira LQ, Dimenstein R (2010). Vitamin A and gestational diabetes. Rev Assoc Med Bras, 56:355–9.
36. Huang Y, Zheng S (2011). The effect of vitamin A deficiency during preg-nancy on anorectal malformations. J Pediatr Surg, 46:1400–5.
37. Batista Filho M, Bastos Maia S, Rolland Souza AS, et al (2019). Vitamin A and pregnancy: A narrative review. Nutrients, 11(3):681.
38. Duerbeck NB, Dowling DD (2012). Vitamin A: too much of a good thing? Obstet Gynecol Surv, 67(2):122-8.
39. Harrison FE, Bowman GL, Polidori MC (2014). Ascorbic acid and the brain: rationale for the use against cognitive decline. Nutrients, 6(4):1752–1781.
40. Hemilä H (1992). Vitamin C and the common cold. Br J Nutr, 67:3–16.
41. Jafari D, Esmaeilzadeh A, Moham-madi-Kordkhayli M, et al (2019). Vitamin C and the Immune System. Nutrition and Immunity,81-102.
42. Hunt C, Chakravorty NK, Annan G, et al (1994). The clinical effects of vit-amin C supplementation in elderly hospitalised patients with acute res-piratory infections. Int J Vitam Nutr Res, 64(3):212–9.
43. Hemila H (2003). Vitamin C and SARS coronavirus. J Antimicrob Chemother, 52(6):1049-1050.
44. Hemila H (1997). Vitamin C intake and susceptibility to pneumonia. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 16(9):836-7.
45. Biondi C, Pavan B, Dalpiaz A, et al (2007). Expression and characteriza-tion of vitamin C transporter in the human trophoblast cell line HTR‑8/SVneo: Effect of steroids, flavonoids and NSAIDs. Mol Hum Reprod, 13(1): 77‑83.
46. Chen YH, Xu DX, Xhao L, et al (2006). Ascorbic acid protects against lipopolysaccharide‑induced intra‑uterine fetal death and in-tra‑uterine growth retardation in mice. Toxicology, 217:39‑45.
47. Hassan GI, Onu AB (2006). Total se-rum vitamin C concentration in pregnant women: Implications for a healthy pregnancy. Rev Bras Saude Mater Infant, 6:293‑296.
48. Kalaiselvi VS, Birundha S, Devi AJ, et al (2014). Estimation of ascorbic acid status in normal pregnancy. World Journal of Medical Sciences, 10 (2): 150-152.
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| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 49 No 11 (2020) | |
| Section | Review Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v49i11.4717 | |
| PMCID | PMC7917498 | |
| PMID | 33708724 | |
| Keywords | ||
| COVID-19 Micronutrients Immune function Pregnancy outcomes | ||
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How to Cite
1.
NAWSHERWAN ., KHAN S, ZEB F, SHOAIB M, NABI G, HAQ I, XU K, LI H. Selected Micronutrients: An Option to Boost Immunity against COVID-19 and Prevent Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes in Pregnant Women: A Narrative Review. Iran J Public Health. 2020;49(11):2032-2043.
