Health Literacy in Iranian Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
-
Elham CHAROGHCHIAN KHORASANI
,
Seyedeh Belin TAVAKOLY SANY
,
Arezoo OROOJI
,
Gordon FERNS
,
Nooshin PEYMAN
Abstract
Background: Inadequate health literacy (HL) is associated with poorer health outcomes and worse health care. Up to one-half of Iranian women have difficulty in interpreting medical information, and national HL assessment has been limited in Iran. We have undertaken a systematic review of the literature and used a meta-analysis to examine the situation of HL status in Iranian women, and determine the relationship between HL and self-efficacy, and self-care behaviors.
Methods: Six databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, Scientific Information Database) and other non-indexed citations were searched using a variety of keywords regarding HL and Iranian women. The bias risk was decreased by the involvement of two independent reviewers assessing study quality and eligibility of included articles.
Results: The average HL scores were in the range of marginal or limited (63.08; 95% CI, 59.83–66.32) in the Iranian women. The HL score was significantly higher among pregnant women (67.55; 95% CI, 32.54– 82.57) and was lower in women with chronic disease (57.79; CI, 48.34-67.24). There was a significant association between HL and self-efficacy and self-care behaviors.
Conclusion: The average level of HL in the period of the review was marginal among Iranian women. The relationship of HL with self-efficacy and self-care behaviors was statistically significant but moderate.
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2. Kharazi SS, Peyman N, Esmaily H (2016). Association between maternal health literacy level with pregnancy care and its outcomes. Iran J Obstet Gynecol Infertil,19(37):40-50.
3. Charoghchian Khorasani E, Peyman N, Esmaily H (2018). Measuring Mater-nal Health Literacy in Pregnant Wom-en Referred to the Healthcare Centers of Mashhad, Iran, in 2015. J Midwifery Reprod Health, 6(1):1157-1162.
4. Shieh C, Halstead JA (2009). Understanding the impact of health literacy on women's health. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs, 38(5):601-10.
5. Corrarino JE (2013). Health literacy and women's health: challenges and opportunities. J Midwifery Womens Health, 58(3):257-64.
6. Siuki Alizade H, Peyman N, Vahedian-Shahroodi M, et al (2019). Health education intervention on HIV/AIDS prevention behaviors among health volunteers in healthcare centers: An applying the theory of planned behavior. J Soc Serv Res, 45(4): 582-588.
7. Ghoreishi MS, Vahedian Shahroodi M, Jafari A, et al (2019). Self-care behaviors in patients with type 2 diabetes: Education intervention base on social cognitive theory. Diabetes Metab Syndr, 13(3):2049-56.
8. Peyman N, Alipour Anbarani M (2015). The effect of training diabetes prevention behaviors on promotion of knowledge, attitude and practice of students for prevention of diabetes in Mashhad city. Iran J Pediatr, 3(2.2):501-7.
9. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, et al (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med, 6(7): e1000097.
10. Banihashemi SA, Amirkhani M, Haghdoost AA, et al (2007). Health Literacy and the Influencing Factors: A Study in Five Provinces of Iran. Strides Dev Med Educ, 4(1):1-9.
11. Ansari H, Almasi Z, Ansari-Moghaddam A, et al (2016). Health literacy in older adults and its related factors: a cross-sectional study in Southeast Iran. J Health Scope, 5(4):e37453.
12. Nekoei-Moghadam M, Parva S, Amiresmaili M, et al (2012). Health Literacy and Utilization of health Services in Kerman urban Area 2011. Toloo e Behdasht, 11(14):123-34.
13. Sajjadi H, Hosseinpour N, Sharifian Sani M, et al (2016). Association between health literacy and life style in married rural women in Izeh, Iran. J Health,7(4):479-89.
14. Peyman N, Amani M, Esmaili H (2016). The Relationship between Health Literacy and Constructs of Theory of Planned Behavior and Breast Cancer Screening Tests Performance among Women Referred to Health Care Centers in Roshtkhar, 2015. Iran J Breast Dis, 9(3):60-9.
15. Peyman N, Samiee-Roudi Kh (2016). Investigating the status of health literacy among health providers of rural area. J Health Literacy,1(1):46-52.
16. Ahmadi FZ, Mehr-Mohammadi M, Talaee E, et al(2018). Health Literacy among students of Farhangian University. Payesh, 17(3):257-66.
17. Tavousi M, Haeri Mehrizi A, Rafiefar Sh, et al (2016). Health literacy in Iran: findings from a national study. Payesh,15(1):95-102.
18. Najimi A, Golshiri P, Amini S, et al (2017). Health literacy and self-care in reproductive age: The role of reading and numeracy skills. Journal of Nursing Education,6(5):19-24.
19. Askarian-Tavandari P, Hashemian M, Joveini H, et al(2018). A Survey on the Level of Health Literacy among the Women in Bardaskan City, Iran, in Year 2016: A Cross-Sectional Study. J Health Syst Res,14(1):35-40.
20. Ghaffarzadeh Khoei M, Lamyaian M, Lotfi R, et al(2017). The relationship between postpartum depression and health literacy among nulliparous women. Payesh,16(6):797-805.
21. Panahi R, Ramezankhani A, Tavousi M, et al (2018). Studying and comparison of health literacy among smokers and non-smokers students in Shahid BeheshtiUniversity of Medical Sciences in 2016. J Health Literacy,2(4):255-65.
22. Soltani R, Eslami AA, Akhlaghi N, et al(2017). Does health literacy affect women’s oral health self-care behavior? A cross-sectional study in health centers of Tabriz, North West of Iran. J Oral Health Oral Epidemiol,6(3):138-44.
23. Peyman N, Abdollahi M (2016). The relationship between health literacy and self-efficacy physical activity in postpartum women. J Health Literacy,1(1):5-12.
24. Mahdizadeh M, Solhi M (2018). Relationship between self-care behaviors and health literacy among elderly women in Iran, 2015. Electron Physician,10(3):6462-69.
25. Khodabandeh M, Avarasin SM, Nikniaz L, et al(2017). The Relationship between Health Literacy, Perceived Self-efficacy and Self-care Performance of Female Senior High School Students in Health Promoting Schools of Miyaneh, 2016-2017. J Health Literacy,2(3):164-76.
26. Tira M, Rahvar M(2018). The influence of health literacy on self-care in women aged between 69-17 years, who visited municipality cultural centers. J Health Literacy,2(4):224-37.
27. Safari Moradabadi A, Aghamolaei T, Ramezankhani A, et al (2017). The Health Literacy of Pregnant Women in Bandar Abbas, Iran. J School Public Health and Institute Public Health Res,15(2):121-32.
28. Baghaei R, Najarzadeh M, Saei M, et al (2017). Functional health literacy in pregnant women in health centers of Urima city-2015. J Urmia Nurs Midwifery Fac,15(5):368-75.
29. Izadirad H, Niknami S, Zareban I, et al(2017). Relationship between health literacy and prenatal care in young pregnant women. J Health Literacy,2(3):141-7.
30. Izadirad H, Niknami S, Zareban I, et al(2018). Health literacy and prenatal care adequacy index on the outcome of birth weight in pregnant women in Balochistan, Iran. Payesh,17(2):191-8.
31. Charoghchian Khorasani E, Peyman N, Esmaily H, et al(2017). Relations between breastfeeding self-efficacy and maternal health literacy among pregnant women. Evidence Based Care, 6(4):18-25.
32. Kharrazi S, Peyman N, Esmaily H(2018). Correlation between Maternal Health Literacy and Dietary Self-Efficacy in Pregnant Mothers. Health Education and Health Promotion,6(1):9-16.
33. Mahmoodi H, Negarandeh R, Javaheri M (2014). Examining the relation of health literacy with outcomes of diabetes among type 2 diabetes patients in Saqez, western Iran, 2011. J Urmia Nurs Midwifery Fac,12(1):56-62.
34. Khosravi A, Ahmadzadeh K, Zareivenovel M(2018). Evaluating the Health Literacy Level among Diabetic Patients Referring to Shiraz Health Centers. International Journal of Information Science and Management,16(1):137-51.
35. Rafiezadeh Gharrehtapeh S, Tabarsy B, Hojjati H (2015). Relationship between the health literacy with selfefficacy of the diabetic patient's type 2 referred to Gorgan city clinic in 2014. J Diabetes Nurs,3(2):30-42.
36. Rezaee Esfahrood Z, Haerian ardekani A, Rahmanian M, et al(2016). A Survey on Health Literacy of Referred Diabetic Patients to Yazd Diabetes Research Center.Toloo e Behdasht,15(3):176-86.
37. Charoghchian Khorasani E, Peyman N, Moghzi M, et al(2017). Investigating health literacy in patients with type2 diabets referring to the health houses of Chenaran in 2016. J North Khorasan Univ Med Sci,9(2):191-83.
38. Mohammadi Z, Banihashemi Tehrani A, Asgharifard H, et al(2015). Health literacy and its influencing factors in Iranian diabetic patients. Med J Islam Repub Iran,29(1):566-571.
39. Miri A, Ghanbari MA, Najafi A(2016). The relationship between health literacy and the recovery rate of cardiovascular patients after bypass surgery. J Health Literacy,1(2):83-91.
40. Ghaedi M, Banihashemi F, Latifi M, et al(2016). The relationship between health literacy and self-care among patients with type 2 diabetes residing in the city of Bastak. Iran J Endocrinol Metab,18(2):90-6.
41. Mollakhalili H, Papi A, Zare-Farashbandi Z, et al(2014). A survey on health literacy of inpatient's educational hospitals of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences in 2012. J Educ Health Promot,3:66.
42. Khosravi A, Ahmadzadeh K (2016). Investigating health literacy Level of patients referred to Bushehr hospitals and recognizing its effective factors. Iran South Med J,18(6):1245-53.
43. Fadaiyan Arani A, Amin Shokravi F, Tavakoli Ghouchani H, et al(2018). The Relationship between Health Literacy and Nutrition Behaviors in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. J North Khorasan Univ Med Sci,9(4):49-55.
44. Kobayashi LC, Wardle J, Wolf MS, et al (2016). Aging and Functional Health Literacy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci,71(3):445–57.
45. Tavakoly Sany SB, Peyman N, Behzhad F, et al(2018). Health providers’ communication skills training affects hypertension outcomes. Med Teach,40(2):154-63.
46. Tavakoly Sany SB, Peyman N, Zadehahmad Z, et al(2019). Effect of educational interventions on health literacy in patients with heart failure. International Journal of Health Promotion and Education, 57:23-36.
47. Shieh C, Mays R, McDaniel A, et al(2009). Health literacy and its association with the use of information sources and with barriers to information seeking in clinic-based pregnant women. Health Care Women Int,30(11):971-88.
48. Cotten SR, Gupta SS (2004). Characteristics of online and offline health information seekers and factors that discriminate between them. Soc Sci Med,59(9):1795-806.
49. Cutilli C, Bennett IM (2009). Understanding the Health Literacy of America Results of the National Assessment of Adult Literacy. Orthop Nurs,28(1):27-32.
50. World Health Organization (2017). Health literacy. The solid facts. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/128703/e96854.pdf
51. Marques SRL, Lemos SMA (2017). Health literacy assessment instruments: literature review. Audiology-Communication Research,22.
52. Montazeri A, Tavousi M, Rakhshani F, et al(2014). Health Literacy for Iranian Adults (HELIA): development and psychometric properties. Payesh,13(5):589-599.
53. Tavakolikia N, Kheiltash A, Shojaeefar E, et al(2017). The most well-known health literacy questionnaires: a narrative review. Social Determinants of Health,3(2):104-13.
54. World Health Organisation(2014).Malaria in the Eastern Mediterranean Region 2013. http://applications.emro.who.int/dsaf/emropub_2014_EN_1778.pdf
55. World Health Organisation (2014). Global health observatory data repository: Neglected tropical diseases.
56. World Health Organisation (2014). Global health observatory data repository: Immunization.
57. World Health Organisation(2015). Trends in maternal mortality: 1990 to 2015. Estimates by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, the World Bank and the United Nations Population Division.
58. World Health Organisation(2015). Levels and trends in child mortality. Estimates developed by the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation.
59. UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2012). Welcome to UIS.Stat. Available from: http://data.uis.unesco.org
60. Ghanbari S, Majlessi F, Ghaffari M, et al(2012). Evaluation of health literacy of pregnant women in urban health centers of Shahid Beheshti Medical University. Daneshvar Med,19(97):1-12.
61. Amini B, Baghchesaraie H, Torabi Z (2009). Prevalence of bacterial vaginosis and impact of genital hygiene practices in non-pregnant women in Zanjan, Iran. Oman Med J, 24(4):288-93.
2. Kharazi SS, Peyman N, Esmaily H (2016). Association between maternal health literacy level with pregnancy care and its outcomes. Iran J Obstet Gynecol Infertil,19(37):40-50.
3. Charoghchian Khorasani E, Peyman N, Esmaily H (2018). Measuring Mater-nal Health Literacy in Pregnant Wom-en Referred to the Healthcare Centers of Mashhad, Iran, in 2015. J Midwifery Reprod Health, 6(1):1157-1162.
4. Shieh C, Halstead JA (2009). Understanding the impact of health literacy on women's health. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs, 38(5):601-10.
5. Corrarino JE (2013). Health literacy and women's health: challenges and opportunities. J Midwifery Womens Health, 58(3):257-64.
6. Siuki Alizade H, Peyman N, Vahedian-Shahroodi M, et al (2019). Health education intervention on HIV/AIDS prevention behaviors among health volunteers in healthcare centers: An applying the theory of planned behavior. J Soc Serv Res, 45(4): 582-588.
7. Ghoreishi MS, Vahedian Shahroodi M, Jafari A, et al (2019). Self-care behaviors in patients with type 2 diabetes: Education intervention base on social cognitive theory. Diabetes Metab Syndr, 13(3):2049-56.
8. Peyman N, Alipour Anbarani M (2015). The effect of training diabetes prevention behaviors on promotion of knowledge, attitude and practice of students for prevention of diabetes in Mashhad city. Iran J Pediatr, 3(2.2):501-7.
9. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, et al (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med, 6(7): e1000097.
10. Banihashemi SA, Amirkhani M, Haghdoost AA, et al (2007). Health Literacy and the Influencing Factors: A Study in Five Provinces of Iran. Strides Dev Med Educ, 4(1):1-9.
11. Ansari H, Almasi Z, Ansari-Moghaddam A, et al (2016). Health literacy in older adults and its related factors: a cross-sectional study in Southeast Iran. J Health Scope, 5(4):e37453.
12. Nekoei-Moghadam M, Parva S, Amiresmaili M, et al (2012). Health Literacy and Utilization of health Services in Kerman urban Area 2011. Toloo e Behdasht, 11(14):123-34.
13. Sajjadi H, Hosseinpour N, Sharifian Sani M, et al (2016). Association between health literacy and life style in married rural women in Izeh, Iran. J Health,7(4):479-89.
14. Peyman N, Amani M, Esmaili H (2016). The Relationship between Health Literacy and Constructs of Theory of Planned Behavior and Breast Cancer Screening Tests Performance among Women Referred to Health Care Centers in Roshtkhar, 2015. Iran J Breast Dis, 9(3):60-9.
15. Peyman N, Samiee-Roudi Kh (2016). Investigating the status of health literacy among health providers of rural area. J Health Literacy,1(1):46-52.
16. Ahmadi FZ, Mehr-Mohammadi M, Talaee E, et al(2018). Health Literacy among students of Farhangian University. Payesh, 17(3):257-66.
17. Tavousi M, Haeri Mehrizi A, Rafiefar Sh, et al (2016). Health literacy in Iran: findings from a national study. Payesh,15(1):95-102.
18. Najimi A, Golshiri P, Amini S, et al (2017). Health literacy and self-care in reproductive age: The role of reading and numeracy skills. Journal of Nursing Education,6(5):19-24.
19. Askarian-Tavandari P, Hashemian M, Joveini H, et al(2018). A Survey on the Level of Health Literacy among the Women in Bardaskan City, Iran, in Year 2016: A Cross-Sectional Study. J Health Syst Res,14(1):35-40.
20. Ghaffarzadeh Khoei M, Lamyaian M, Lotfi R, et al(2017). The relationship between postpartum depression and health literacy among nulliparous women. Payesh,16(6):797-805.
21. Panahi R, Ramezankhani A, Tavousi M, et al (2018). Studying and comparison of health literacy among smokers and non-smokers students in Shahid BeheshtiUniversity of Medical Sciences in 2016. J Health Literacy,2(4):255-65.
22. Soltani R, Eslami AA, Akhlaghi N, et al(2017). Does health literacy affect women’s oral health self-care behavior? A cross-sectional study in health centers of Tabriz, North West of Iran. J Oral Health Oral Epidemiol,6(3):138-44.
23. Peyman N, Abdollahi M (2016). The relationship between health literacy and self-efficacy physical activity in postpartum women. J Health Literacy,1(1):5-12.
24. Mahdizadeh M, Solhi M (2018). Relationship between self-care behaviors and health literacy among elderly women in Iran, 2015. Electron Physician,10(3):6462-69.
25. Khodabandeh M, Avarasin SM, Nikniaz L, et al(2017). The Relationship between Health Literacy, Perceived Self-efficacy and Self-care Performance of Female Senior High School Students in Health Promoting Schools of Miyaneh, 2016-2017. J Health Literacy,2(3):164-76.
26. Tira M, Rahvar M(2018). The influence of health literacy on self-care in women aged between 69-17 years, who visited municipality cultural centers. J Health Literacy,2(4):224-37.
27. Safari Moradabadi A, Aghamolaei T, Ramezankhani A, et al (2017). The Health Literacy of Pregnant Women in Bandar Abbas, Iran. J School Public Health and Institute Public Health Res,15(2):121-32.
28. Baghaei R, Najarzadeh M, Saei M, et al (2017). Functional health literacy in pregnant women in health centers of Urima city-2015. J Urmia Nurs Midwifery Fac,15(5):368-75.
29. Izadirad H, Niknami S, Zareban I, et al(2017). Relationship between health literacy and prenatal care in young pregnant women. J Health Literacy,2(3):141-7.
30. Izadirad H, Niknami S, Zareban I, et al(2018). Health literacy and prenatal care adequacy index on the outcome of birth weight in pregnant women in Balochistan, Iran. Payesh,17(2):191-8.
31. Charoghchian Khorasani E, Peyman N, Esmaily H, et al(2017). Relations between breastfeeding self-efficacy and maternal health literacy among pregnant women. Evidence Based Care, 6(4):18-25.
32. Kharrazi S, Peyman N, Esmaily H(2018). Correlation between Maternal Health Literacy and Dietary Self-Efficacy in Pregnant Mothers. Health Education and Health Promotion,6(1):9-16.
33. Mahmoodi H, Negarandeh R, Javaheri M (2014). Examining the relation of health literacy with outcomes of diabetes among type 2 diabetes patients in Saqez, western Iran, 2011. J Urmia Nurs Midwifery Fac,12(1):56-62.
34. Khosravi A, Ahmadzadeh K, Zareivenovel M(2018). Evaluating the Health Literacy Level among Diabetic Patients Referring to Shiraz Health Centers. International Journal of Information Science and Management,16(1):137-51.
35. Rafiezadeh Gharrehtapeh S, Tabarsy B, Hojjati H (2015). Relationship between the health literacy with selfefficacy of the diabetic patient's type 2 referred to Gorgan city clinic in 2014. J Diabetes Nurs,3(2):30-42.
36. Rezaee Esfahrood Z, Haerian ardekani A, Rahmanian M, et al(2016). A Survey on Health Literacy of Referred Diabetic Patients to Yazd Diabetes Research Center.Toloo e Behdasht,15(3):176-86.
37. Charoghchian Khorasani E, Peyman N, Moghzi M, et al(2017). Investigating health literacy in patients with type2 diabets referring to the health houses of Chenaran in 2016. J North Khorasan Univ Med Sci,9(2):191-83.
38. Mohammadi Z, Banihashemi Tehrani A, Asgharifard H, et al(2015). Health literacy and its influencing factors in Iranian diabetic patients. Med J Islam Repub Iran,29(1):566-571.
39. Miri A, Ghanbari MA, Najafi A(2016). The relationship between health literacy and the recovery rate of cardiovascular patients after bypass surgery. J Health Literacy,1(2):83-91.
40. Ghaedi M, Banihashemi F, Latifi M, et al(2016). The relationship between health literacy and self-care among patients with type 2 diabetes residing in the city of Bastak. Iran J Endocrinol Metab,18(2):90-6.
41. Mollakhalili H, Papi A, Zare-Farashbandi Z, et al(2014). A survey on health literacy of inpatient's educational hospitals of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences in 2012. J Educ Health Promot,3:66.
42. Khosravi A, Ahmadzadeh K (2016). Investigating health literacy Level of patients referred to Bushehr hospitals and recognizing its effective factors. Iran South Med J,18(6):1245-53.
43. Fadaiyan Arani A, Amin Shokravi F, Tavakoli Ghouchani H, et al(2018). The Relationship between Health Literacy and Nutrition Behaviors in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. J North Khorasan Univ Med Sci,9(4):49-55.
44. Kobayashi LC, Wardle J, Wolf MS, et al (2016). Aging and Functional Health Literacy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci,71(3):445–57.
45. Tavakoly Sany SB, Peyman N, Behzhad F, et al(2018). Health providers’ communication skills training affects hypertension outcomes. Med Teach,40(2):154-63.
46. Tavakoly Sany SB, Peyman N, Zadehahmad Z, et al(2019). Effect of educational interventions on health literacy in patients with heart failure. International Journal of Health Promotion and Education, 57:23-36.
47. Shieh C, Mays R, McDaniel A, et al(2009). Health literacy and its association with the use of information sources and with barriers to information seeking in clinic-based pregnant women. Health Care Women Int,30(11):971-88.
48. Cotten SR, Gupta SS (2004). Characteristics of online and offline health information seekers and factors that discriminate between them. Soc Sci Med,59(9):1795-806.
49. Cutilli C, Bennett IM (2009). Understanding the Health Literacy of America Results of the National Assessment of Adult Literacy. Orthop Nurs,28(1):27-32.
50. World Health Organization (2017). Health literacy. The solid facts. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/128703/e96854.pdf
51. Marques SRL, Lemos SMA (2017). Health literacy assessment instruments: literature review. Audiology-Communication Research,22.
52. Montazeri A, Tavousi M, Rakhshani F, et al(2014). Health Literacy for Iranian Adults (HELIA): development and psychometric properties. Payesh,13(5):589-599.
53. Tavakolikia N, Kheiltash A, Shojaeefar E, et al(2017). The most well-known health literacy questionnaires: a narrative review. Social Determinants of Health,3(2):104-13.
54. World Health Organisation(2014).Malaria in the Eastern Mediterranean Region 2013. http://applications.emro.who.int/dsaf/emropub_2014_EN_1778.pdf
55. World Health Organisation (2014). Global health observatory data repository: Neglected tropical diseases.
56. World Health Organisation (2014). Global health observatory data repository: Immunization.
57. World Health Organisation(2015). Trends in maternal mortality: 1990 to 2015. Estimates by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, the World Bank and the United Nations Population Division.
58. World Health Organisation(2015). Levels and trends in child mortality. Estimates developed by the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation.
59. UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2012). Welcome to UIS.Stat. Available from: http://data.uis.unesco.org
60. Ghanbari S, Majlessi F, Ghaffari M, et al(2012). Evaluation of health literacy of pregnant women in urban health centers of Shahid Beheshti Medical University. Daneshvar Med,19(97):1-12.
61. Amini B, Baghchesaraie H, Torabi Z (2009). Prevalence of bacterial vaginosis and impact of genital hygiene practices in non-pregnant women in Zanjan, Iran. Oman Med J, 24(4):288-93.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 49 No 5 (2020) | |
| Section | Review Article(s) | |
| Keywords | ||
| Health literacy; Women; Meta-analysis; Self-efficacy; Self-care behaviors; Iran | ||
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How to Cite
1.
CHAROGHCHIAN KHORASANI E, TAVAKOLY SANY SB, OROOJI A, FERNS G, PEYMAN N. Health Literacy in Iranian Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Iran J Public Health. 2020;49(5):860-874.
