Zika Virus Infection, Basic and Clinical Aspects: A Review Article
-
Farshid NOORBAKHSH
,
Kamal ABDOLMOHAMMADI
,
Yousef FATAHI
,
Hossein DALILI
,
Mehrnaz RASOOLINEJAD
,
Farshid REZAEI
,
Mostafa SALEHI-VAZIRI
,
Nazanin Zahra SHAFIEI-JANDAGHI
,
Ehsan Shamsi GOOSHKI
,
Morteza ZAIM
,
Mohammad Hossein NICKNAM
Abstract
Background: Zika virus infection has recently attracted the attention of medical community. While clinical manifestations of the infection in adult cases are not severe and disease is not associated with high mortality rates, Zika virus infection can have an impact on fetal development and lead to severe neurodevelopmental abnormalities.
Methods: To gain insight into different aspects of Zika virus infection, a comprehensive literature review was performed. With regard to epidemiology and geographical distribution of Zika virus infection, relevant information was extracted from CDC and WHO websites.
Results: In this review, we discuss different basic and clinical aspects of Zika virus infection including virology, epidemiology and pathogenesis of disease. Laboratory methods required for the diagnosis of disease together with ethical issues associated with Zika virus infection will also be discussed in detail.
Conclusion: Herein, we have tried to provide a multi-faceted view of Zika virus infection, with greater emphasis on disease status in Eastern Mediterranean Region.
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11. Marano G, Pupella S, Vaglio S, et al (2016). Zika virus and the never-ending story of emerging pathogens and transfusion medicine. Blood Transfus, 14(2):95-100.
12. Muller DA, Young PR (2013). The flavivirus NS1 protein: molecular and structural biology, immunology, role in pathogenesis and application as a diagnostic biomarker. Antiviral Res, 98(2):192-208.
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32. Tappe D, Pérez-Girón JV, Zammarchi L, et al (2016). Cytokine kinetics of Zika virus-infected patients from acute to reconvalescent phase. Med Microbiol Immunol, 205(3):269-73.
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36. Dick GW, Kitchen SF, Haddow AJ (1952). Zika virus (I). Isolations and serological specificity. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 46(5):509-20.
37. Hancock WT, Marfel M, Bel M (2014). Zika virus, French polynesia, South pacific, 2013. Emerg Infect Dis, 20(6):1085-6.
38. Kutsuna S, Kato Y, Takasaki T, et al (2014). Two cases of Zika fever imported from French Polynesia to Japan, December 2013 to January 2014. Euro Surveill, 19(4):20683.
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40. Musso D, Roche C, Robin E, et al (2015). Potential sexual transmission of Zika virus. Emerg Infect Dis, 21(2):359-61.
41. Martines RB, Bhatnagar J, Keating MK, et al (2016). Notes from the field: evidence of Zika virus infection in brain and placental tissues from two congenitally infected newborns and two fetal losses—Brazil, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 65(6):159-60.
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43. Lum FM, Lin C, Susova OY, et al (2017). A Sensitive Method for Detecting Zika Virus Antigen in Patients' Whole-Blood Specimens as an Alternative Diagnostic Approach. J Infect Dis, 216(2):182-190.
44. Lee KH, Zeng H (2017). Aptamer-Based ELISA Assay for Highly Specific and Sensitive Detection of Zika NS1 Protein. Anal Chem, 89(23):12743-12748.
45. Balmaseda A, Stettler K, Medialdea-Carrera R, et al (2017). Antibody-based assay discriminates Zika virus infection from other flaviviruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 114(31):8384-8389.
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52. Musso D, Roche C, Nhan TX, et al (2015). Detection of Zika virus in saliva. J Clin Virol, 68:53-5.
53. Tan JJL, Balne PK, Leo YS, et al (2017). Persistence of Zika virus in conjunctival fluid of convalescence patients. Sci Rep, 7:11194.
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2. Simpson D (1964). Zika virus infection in man. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 58:335-8.
3. Dick GW (1952). Zika Virus (II). Pathogenicity and physical Properties. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 46 (5): 521-34.
4. Wikan N, Smith DR (2016). Zika virus: history of a newly emerging arbovirus. Lancet Infect Dis, 16(7):e119-e126.
5. Mlakar J, Korva M, Tul N, et al (2016). Zika virus associated with microcephaly. N Engl J Med, 374(10): 951-8.
6. Sikka V, Chattu VK, Popli RK, et al (2016). The emergence of Zika virus as a global health security threat: a review and a consensus statement of the INDUSEM Joint Working Group (JWG). J Glob Infect Dis, 8(1):3-15.
7. WHO (2016). WHO Director-General summarizes the outcome of the Emergency Committee regarding clusters of microcephaly and Guillain-Barré syndrome.
8. Heymann DL, Hodgson A, Sall AA, et al (2016). Zika virus and microcephaly: why is this situation a PHEIC? Lancet, 387(10020):719-21.
9. Hamel R, Dejarnac O, Wichit S, et al (2015). Biology of Zika virus infection in human skin cells. J Virol, 89(17):8880-96.
10. Paul D, Bartenschlager R (2015). Flaviviridae replication organelles: oh, what a tangled web we weave. Annu Rev Virol, 2(1):289-310.
11. Marano G, Pupella S, Vaglio S, et al (2016). Zika virus and the never-ending story of emerging pathogens and transfusion medicine. Blood Transfus, 14(2):95-100.
12. Muller DA, Young PR (2013). The flavivirus NS1 protein: molecular and structural biology, immunology, role in pathogenesis and application as a diagnostic biomarker. Antiviral Res, 98(2):192-208.
13. Musso D, Gubler DJ (2016). Zika virus. Clin Microbiol Rev, 29(3):487-524.
14. Pierson TC, Diamond MS (2012). Degrees of maturity: the complex structure and biology of flaviviruses. Curr Opin Virol, 2(2):168-75.
15. Saiz J-C, Martín-Acebes MA (2017). The race to find antivirals for Zika virus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 61(6):e00411-17.
16. Munjal A, Khandia R, Dhama K, et al (2017). Advances in developing therapies to combat Zika virus: current knowledge and future perspectives. Front Microbiol, 8:1469.
17. Khodakhah F, Mokhtari Azad T (2018). A review on Zika virus, a re-emerging arbovirus. Tehran Univ Med J, 75(11):779-89.
18. Tian H, Ji X, Yang X, et al (2016). The crystal structure of Zika virus helicase: basis for antiviral drug design. Protein Cell, 7(6):450-4.
19. Sahoo M, Jena L, Daf S, et al (2016). Virtual screening for potential inhibitors of NS3 protein of Zika virus. Genomics Inform, 14(3):104-111.
20. Duffy MR, Chen T-H, Hancock WT, et al (2009). Zika virus outbreak on Yap Island, federated states of Micronesia. N Engl J Med, 360(24):2536-43.
21. Fagbami AH (1979). Zika virus infections in Nigeria: virological and seroepidemiological investigations in Oyo State. J Hyg (Lond), 83(2):213-9.
22. Moore DL, Causey OR, Carey DE, et al (1975). Arthropod-borne viral infections of man in Nigeria, 1964–1970. Ann Trop Med Parasitol, 69(1):49-64.
23. Oehler E, Watrin L, Larre P, et al (2014). Zika virus infection complicated by Guillain-Barre syndrome--case report, French Polynesia, December 2013. Euro Surveill, 19(9):20720.
24. PAHO (2016). Timeline of Emergence of Zika virus in the Americas. Pan American Health Organization. https://www.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=11959:timeline-of-emergence-of-zika-virus-in-the-americas&Itemid=41711&lang=en
25. Campos GS, Bandeira AC, Sardi SI (2015). Zika virus outbreak, Bahia, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis, 21(10):1885-6.
26. Zanluca C, Melo VC, Mosimann AL, et al (2015). First report of autochthonous transmission of Zika virus in Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, 110(4):569-72.
27. Musso D (2015). Zika virus transmission from French Polynesia to Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis, 21(10):1887.
28. WHO (2016). Zika situation report 5 February 2016. https://www.who.int/emergencies/zika-virus/situation-report/5-february-2016/en/
29. WHO (2017). Zika preparedness plan for the Eastern Mediterranean Region. http://www.emro.who.int/health-topics/zika/zika-preparedness-plan-for-the-eastern-mediterranean-region.html
30. Gavlak D (2015). Health system in Yemen close to collapse: Yemen is facing a growing humanitarian catastrophe as health workers there risk their lives to help civilians caught up in the deadly conflict. Bull World Health Organ, 93(10):670-671.
31. Shrivastava S, Shrivastava P, Ramasamy J (2017). World Health Organization raises concern over the urgent need to respond to the multiple outbreaks of infectious diseases reported in South Sudan amidst the ongoing conflict. ATMPH, 10(6):1407-8.
32. Tappe D, Pérez-Girón JV, Zammarchi L, et al (2016). Cytokine kinetics of Zika virus-infected patients from acute to reconvalescent phase. Med Microbiol Immunol, 205(3):269-73.
33. Niemeyer B, Niemeyer R, Borges R, et al (2017). Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis Following Zika Virus Infection. Eur Neurol, 77(1-2):45-46.
34. Noorbakhsh F, Johnson RT, Emery D, et al (2008). Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: clinical and pathogenesis features. Neurol Clin, 26(3):759-80.
35. Zanluca C, dos Santos CND (2016). Zika virus–an overview. Microbes Infect, 18(5):295-301.
36. Dick GW, Kitchen SF, Haddow AJ (1952). Zika virus (I). Isolations and serological specificity. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 46(5):509-20.
37. Hancock WT, Marfel M, Bel M (2014). Zika virus, French polynesia, South pacific, 2013. Emerg Infect Dis, 20(6):1085-6.
38. Kutsuna S, Kato Y, Takasaki T, et al (2014). Two cases of Zika fever imported from French Polynesia to Japan, December 2013 to January 2014. Euro Surveill, 19(4):20683.
39. Bonaldo MC, Ribeiro IP, Lima NS, et al (2016). Isolation of Infective Zika Virus from Urine and Saliva of Patients in Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 10(6):e0004816.
40. Musso D, Roche C, Robin E, et al (2015). Potential sexual transmission of Zika virus. Emerg Infect Dis, 21(2):359-61.
41. Martines RB, Bhatnagar J, Keating MK, et al (2016). Notes from the field: evidence of Zika virus infection in brain and placental tissues from two congenitally infected newborns and two fetal losses—Brazil, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 65(6):159-60.
42. Martines RB, Bhatnagar J, de Oliveira Ramos AM, et al (2016). Pathology of congenital Zika syndrome in Brazil: a case series. Lancet, 388(10047):898-904.
43. Lum FM, Lin C, Susova OY, et al (2017). A Sensitive Method for Detecting Zika Virus Antigen in Patients' Whole-Blood Specimens as an Alternative Diagnostic Approach. J Infect Dis, 216(2):182-190.
44. Lee KH, Zeng H (2017). Aptamer-Based ELISA Assay for Highly Specific and Sensitive Detection of Zika NS1 Protein. Anal Chem, 89(23):12743-12748.
45. Balmaseda A, Stettler K, Medialdea-Carrera R, et al (2017). Antibody-based assay discriminates Zika virus infection from other flaviviruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 114(31):8384-8389.
46. Bosch I, de Puig H, Hiley M, et al (2017). Rapid antigen tests for dengue virus serotypes and Zika virus in patient serum. Sci Transl Med, 9(409):1589.
47. Zammarchi L, Stella G, Mantella A, et al (2015). Zika virus infections imported to Italy: clinical, immunological and virological findings, and public health implications. J Clin Virol, 63:32-5.
48. Waehre T, Maagard A, Tappe D, et al (2014). Zika virus infection after travel to Tahiti, December 2013. Emerg Infect Dis, 20(8):1412-4.
49. Besnard M, Lastere S, Teissier A, et al (2014). Evidence of perinatal transmission of Zika virus, French Polynesia, December 2013 and February 2014. Euro Surveill, 19(13):20751.
50. Lanciotti RS, Kosoy OL, Laven JJ, et al (2008). Genetic and Serologic Properties of Zika Virus Associated with an Epidemic, Yap State, Micronesia, 2007. Emerg Infect Dis, 14(8):1232-9.
51. Gourinat AC, O'Connor O, Calvez E, et al (2015). Detection of Zika virus in urine. Emerg Infect Dis, 21(1):84-6.
52. Musso D, Roche C, Nhan TX, et al (2015). Detection of Zika virus in saliva. J Clin Virol, 68:53-5.
53. Tan JJL, Balne PK, Leo YS, et al (2017). Persistence of Zika virus in conjunctival fluid of convalescence patients. Sci Rep, 7:11194.
54. Oliveira Melo AS, Malinger G, Ximenes R, et al (2016). Zika virus intrauterine infection causes fetal brain abnormality and microcephaly: tip of the iceberg? Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 47(1):6-7.
55. Mauk MG, Song J, Bau HH, et al (2017). Point-of-Care Molecular Test for Zika Infection. Clin Lab Int, 41:25-27.
56. Tappe D, Rissland J, Gabriel M, et al (2014). First case of laboratory-confirmed Zika virus infection imported into Europe, November 2013. Euro Surveill, 19(4):20685.
57. Faye O, Faye O, Diallo D, et al (2013). Quantitative real-time PCR detection of Zika virus and evaluation with field-caught mosquitoes. Virol J, 10:311.
58. Faye O, Faye O, Dupressoir A, et al (2008). One-step RT-PCR for detection of Zika virus. J Clin Virol, 43(1):96-101.
59. Balm MN, Lee CK, Lee HK, et al (2012). A diagnostic polymerase chain reaction assay for Zika virus. J Med Virol, 84(9):1501-5.
60. Theel ES, Hata DJ (2018). Diagnostic Testing for Zika Virus: a Postoutbreak Update. J Clin Microbiol, 56(4):e01972-17.
61. CDC (2017). Diagnostic Tests for Zika Virus. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/types-of-tests.html
62. Bingham AM, Cone M, Mock V, et al (2016). Comparison of Test Results for Zika Virus RNA in Urine, Serum, and Saliva Specimens from Persons with Travel-Associated Zika Virus Disease - Florida, 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 65(18):475-8.
63. Paz-Bailey G, Rosenberg ES, Doyle K, et al (2017). Persistence of Zika Virus in Body Fluids - Final Report. N Engl J Med, 379(13):1234-1243.
64. Brasil P, Pereira JP Jr, Moreira ME, et al (2016). Zika Virus Infection in Pregnant Women in Rio de Janeiro. N Engl J Med, 375(24):2321-2334.
65. Singh RK, Dhama K, Karthik K, et al (2018). Advances in Diagnosis, Surveillance, and Monitoring of Zika Virus: An Update. Front Microbiol, 8:2677.
66. Rabe IB, Staples JE, Villanueva J, et al (2016). Interim guidance for interpretation of Zika virus antibody test results. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 65(21):543-6.
67. Chernesky M, Castriciano S, Mahony J, et al (1985). Examination of the Rotazyme II enzyme immunoassay for the diagnosis of rotavirus gastroenteritis. J Clin Microbiol, 22(3):462-4.
68. Blumel J, Musso D, Teitz S, et al (2017). Inactivation and removal of Zika virus during manufacture of plasma-derived medicinal products. Transfusion, 57(3pt2):790-796.
69. Muller JA, Harms M, Schubert A, et al (2016). Inactivation and Environmental Stability of Zika Virus. Emerg Infect Dis, 22(9):1685-7.
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| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 48 No 1 (2019) | |
| Section | Review Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v48i1.779 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Zika virus Flaviviridae Neurological infections Fetal development Microcephaly | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
NOORBAKHSH F, ABDOLMOHAMMADI K, FATAHI Y, DALILI H, RASOOLINEJAD M, REZAEI F, SALEHI-VAZIRI M, SHAFIEI-JANDAGHI NZ, GOOSHKI ES, ZAIM M, NICKNAM MH. Zika Virus Infection, Basic and Clinical Aspects: A Review Article. Iran J Public Health. 2019;48(1):20-31.
