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pISSN: 2251-6085
eISSN: 2251-6093
Chairman & Editor-in-Chief:
Dariush D. Farhud, MD, Ph.D., MG.
This journal is a member of, and subscribes to the principles of, the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). 
Vol 27 No 3-4 (1998)
Articles
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Qualitative and quantitative analyses of hospital and municipal solid waste are necessary for selecting the best and most appropriate method of health care collection, storage, transportation and disposal of this kind of wastes. Quantitative and qualitative analyses of hospital and municipal wastes have been studied in Ahwaz city during spring 1996. The amount of solid wastes in five regions of the city was 560,000 Kg perday (0.648 Kg per capita). Also, the rate of waste production in 6 hospitals of Ahwaz was 2.54 Kg per bed. The average density of hospital and municipal solid wastes were 443 and 284.5 Kg/m3 respectively. Physical contents of municipal and hospital solid wastes were also investigated. The results were as follows Plastic & rubber (%7.7 , %16.57) ; wood and paper (%11.3, %14.35); textiles (%5.32, %13.76) ; metals (%4.7 , %9.48) ; glass (%4.26 , %4.12). Also degradable materials in hospital and municipal wastes were %29.38 and %64.24 of total sample waste, respectively.
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In this study, 16 eligible dogs were randomly divided in to 4 groups. Group 1, 2, 3 and 4 received autoclaved Leishmania infantum with BCG (ALI+BCG), autoclaved Leishmania major + BCG (ALM + BCG), BCG alone and normal saline, respectively. Dogs received the vaccines intradermally 3 times at 30 days intervals. All dogs were followed up 2 months intervals by Leishmanin skin test and Anti -Leishmania immunoenzymatic assay (ELISA) and Direct Agglutination Test (DAT) for detection of IgG and 1gM antibodies in collected blood samples. Ninety days after third dose, all dogs received an intraperitoneal challenge of 2.5 x 106 infective promastigotes of Leishmania infantum. After 7 months of follow up, necropsy was performed in all dogs to detect the parasites. Result of this study showed that all the dogs in unvaccinated groups were infected with L.infantum but in vaccinated groups, only one dog was infected.
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A total of 250 mothers were interviewed in Kashan health centers in 1995 to obtain information on their Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice (K.A.P) regarding supplementary feeding (SF) of their 6-24 month old children. The K, A and P regarding the kind of the first SF. were desirable in 29.2%, 72.8% and 31.6% of the mothers respectively. The corresponding percentages for the time of introduction of SF., the amount of the first SF, methods of feeding, and keeping left-over food were; 92.4% , 90.4% and 80.4% (K.A.P) ; 41.2%, 69.2% and 39.6% (K.A.P); 84.0%, 56.8% and 72.4% (K.A.P); and 100% , 97.2% and 97.2% (K.A.P); respectively. There was a statistically significant relation between the knowledge and attitude of mothers and mothers’ age and education; knowledge of mothers and occupation and their sources of information. The relation between K.A.P and all other independent variable were statistically nonsignificant, but there was a statistically significant relation between the mothers’ attitude and birth order of a child. There was no correlation between knowledge and attitude or between attitude and practice in general, but there was a significant correlation between knowledge and practice.
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The membrane separation technology by relying on microfiltration ultrafiltration, and reverse osmosis methods are becoming more important among consulting engineers, designers of environmental pollution control system, and industrial factories. The advantages of this technology together with its emphasis on recycling the fluid to the system and reusing the membranes have caused the membranes to be utilized in many industrial applications. This paper describes the technical details of the membrane systems in relation to purifying the industrial pollutants and contaminants various applied examples will be presented. One of the most important examples is the reusing of the drinking water in the case of water shortage.
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Fungal conidia and spores are among various organisms found in the air, causing different types of mycoses. In this study (from February 1994 until March 1995) fungal spores and conidia were collected by their settlement on to petri - dishes from 33 locations in Babol city during 4 seasons. Plates of sabouraud dextrose agar were laid 1.5 M. from the ground and then sent to mycology laboratory where they were incubated at room temperature. The fungi were examined by microscop and gross examination. 1520 colonies including 24 genera (Hyphomycetes 27.54% and yeast 25.46%) grew on 132 plates (11.5 colonies I plate). The most prevalent fungi isolated in this study were Cladosporiurn, yeast and Penicilliwn, Most of the colonies detected observed in summer (704 colonies), and there had been the least number of colonies isolated in winter (187 colonies).
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The quality control of microbial contamination in meats consumed in restaurants of University of Tehran was taken into consideration. For this reason, 100 sterile samples were taken from 4 central restaurants, from May until October 1995, the samples were as follows: 12 samples of meat, 50 samples of chopped meat and 38 samples of minced meat. All of the samples were examined to search for Mesophils, Coliforms, E.coli and pathogenous Staphiloccocus aureus. In 20 percent of the samples, the number of total microorganisms was more than the standard. The number of cliforms in 99 percent and Staphiloccoucus aureus in 22 percent of the samples was more than the standard level. From 21 samples (21%), E.coli was isolated. Most of the contamination was related to chopped meat followed by the minced meat.
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IHD as a modern epidemic of our age is one of the main causes of mortality in Iran. This research was done in order to determine the relationship between place of residence and place of occupation (as indicator of air pollution exposures) and other risk factors with IHD. This is a case- control study of IHD involving 191 men aged 45 -70 years. The cases were 91 male patients with myocardial infarction hospitalized at Bu Ali hospital, and their diagnosis confirmed with enzymatic and electrocardiography. Controls were 100 male patients without myocardial infarction being attended at other wards of Bu Ali hospital. Data on set of risk factors, age, place of residence, place of occupation, cigarette smoking, hypercholestrolemia. Diabetes mellitus and hypertension were obtained from case and controls by questionnaire and physical examination and laboratory tests. Results indicated that hypertension (P<0.001), diabetes mellitus (P<0.0015) hyper cholestrolemia (P<0.0086), cigarette smoking (P<0.002 1) have a significant relations with the disease. It is noteworthy that place of residence and place of occupation do not have a significant statistical relations with IHD.
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The bacterial population found in the gingival sulcus region in periodontitis consists of gram negative microorganisms; most of them are obligate anaerobes and capnophil, including Porphyromonas, Prevotella, Fusobaclenuin, Welinella, Actinobacillus actinomycetem comitans, Eiknella and Capnocytohaga. This study has been carried out to investigate anaerobic and capnophilic bacteria from 206 specimens of patients with periodontitis and 145 specimens of control group. Different bacteria isolated from total specimens were obtained as follows: Actinobacillus actinomycetem comitans (patients group 36.9%, control group 4.1 %), Capnocytophaga (47.9%), Eikenella corodens (34.5% , 10.3%), Porphyryromonas gingivaIis (35% , 11%), Prevotella intermedius25.7%, 6.7%) and Prevotella melaninogenicus (13.6% , 3.4%).
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Toxoplasma gondii is an interacellular parasite that can produce infection in many species of warm blooded vertebrates. Human infection which is caused by Toxoplasma gondii is worldwide. In this survey, for determining the infection in the region Total of 2017 serum samples were collected from persons who were referred to Karaj health centers and were examined by indirect Flourescent Antibody Technique. The results showed that 917 persons (45.5 percent) had antibody titer between 1:20 and 1:1600 that 1.8 percent had titer 1:400 or higher. In this study it was revealed that, there is a relationship between age, family size, occupation, education, and Toxoplasma infection. We could find statistical significant relationship between Toxoplasma seropositivity and sex, age, occupation, abortion and immunosuppressive drugs consumed.
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In order to standardize sustainable status of environmental management in productive and industrial activities and commercial and economical relationship, the ISO 14000 standards series guarantee the minimization of the costs, growth accoptancy of society and trade and environmental quality improvement and natural resources. In fact, these standards will help any organization to improve and solve these standards and help to improve and solve their environmental remarks of executive activities in the best way. Environmental auditing is one of the environmental tools. In the early 1970, most organization was searching ways to match their regulations with environmental needs. Although in some case, environmental auditing had been compulsory by the legal authorities, directors, were doing environmental auditing by their own ways, in order to escape from liabi1ities and punishments. At a large scale, efficiency and proportion of environmental management system are evaluated through a periodical management review, by the acquired environmental programmed progress. Thus, environmental system performance output connects and evaluates to the input of organization management review process. In the meantime, one of the important inputs to management review process in environmental auditing.
