Risk Factors for Primary Pulmonary TB in Almaty Region, Kazakhstan: A Matched Case-Control Study
-
Baurzhan ZHUSSUPOV
,
Sabrina HERMOSILLA
,
Assel TERLIKBAYEVA
,
Angela AIFAH
,
Xin MA
,
Zhaxybay ZHUMADILOV
,
Tleukhan ABILDAYEV
,
Meruyert DARISHEVA
,
Kulzhan BERIKKHANOVA
Abstract
Background: This study examined the association between incident pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) and social and behavioral characteristics in Almaty Oblast, Kazakhstan from 2012 to 2013.
Methods: We used a matched case-control design to estimate the role of factors for acquiring pulmonary TB. Totally 324 individuals were recruited from Sep 2012 to Mar 2013. Participants included 110 TB index cases with newly detected pulmonary TB. Each case was matched with one household and one community control. A total of 107 household and 107 community controls were included to the study. Adjusted odds ratios measuring associations between TB and risk factors were calculated by using a conditional multiple logistic regression analysis.
Results: TB cases were more likely to be younger, recent smokers and have diabetes, when compared to household controls. Between TB cases and community controls, TB was significantly associated with age, non-married family status, living in a rented home, recent smoker, and having diabetes. Comparing TB cases with community controls, we found that foreign birth was marginally associated with incident TB case status.
Conclusion: Our findings confirm the role of modifiable risk factors for TB in Kazakhstan; highlighting the importance of developing interventions addressing social determinants and proximate risk factors for high TB burden regions.
WHO (2015). Global TB Control Report, Geneva. Available from:
www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/en/
Ríos M, Monleón-Getino T (2009). A graphical study of TB incidence and trends in the WHO’s European region (1980–2006). Eur J Epidemiol, 24(7):381-7.
Schluger NW, El-Bassel N, Hermosilla S, Terlikbayeva A, Darisheva M, Aifah A, Galea S (2013). TB, drug use and HIV infection in Central Asia: an urgent need for attention. Drug Alcohol Depend, 132 Suppl 1:S32-6.
Terlikbayeva A, Hermosilla S, Galea S, et al. (2012). TB in Kazakhstan: analysis of risk de¬ter¬minants in national surveillance data. BMC Infect Dis, 12:262.
Falzon D, Jaramillo E, Wares F, Zignol M, Floyd K, Raviglione MC (2013). Universal access to care for multidrug-resistant tu-berculosis: an analysis of surveillance data. . Lancet Infect Dis, 13(8):690-7.
Balabanova Y, Nikolayevskyy V, Ignatyeva O, et al. (2011). Survival of civilian and prisoner drug-sen¬sitive, multi- and exten-sive drug-resistant TB co¬horts prospec-tively followed in Russia. PLoS One, 6(6):e20531.
Baussano I, Williams BG, Nunn P, Beggiato M, Fedeli U, Scano F (2010). TB inci-dence in pris¬ons: a systematic review. PLoS Med, 7(12):e1000381.
PLoS Medicine Editors (2010). The health crisis of TB in pris¬ons extends beyond the prison walls. PLoS Med, 7(12):e1000383.
Stuckler D, Basu S, McKee M, King L (2008). Mass incarceration can explain population in¬creases in TB and Multi-drug-resistant TB in European and Cen-tral Asian countries. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 105(36):13280-5.
Vagenas P, Azbel L, Polonsky M, et al. (2013). A re¬view of medical and sub-stance use co-mor¬bidi¬ties in Central Asian prisons: implications for HIV pre-vention and treatment. Drug Alco¬hol De-pend, 132 Suppl 1:S25-31.
Van den Hof S, Tursynbayeva A, Abildaev T, et al. (2013). Converging risk factors but no associa¬tion between HIV infection and multidrug-re¬sistant TB in Kazakh-stan. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 17(4):526-31.
Vinkeles Melchers NV, van Elsland SL, Lange JM, Borgdorff MW, van den Hombergh J (2013).State of Affairs of TB in prison facilities: a systematic review of screening practices and rec¬ommendations for Best TB control. PLoS One, 8(1):e53644.
Huffman SA, Veen J, Hennink MM, McFar-land DA (2012). Exploitation, vulnerabil-ity to TB and access to treatment among Uzbek labor migrants in Kazakhstan. Soc Sci Med, 74(6):864-72.
Rhodes T, Ball A, Stimson GV, et al. (1999). HIV in¬fection associated with drug inject-ing in the newly independent states, East-ern Europe: the social and economic context of epidemics. Ad¬diction, 94(9):1323-36.
Altet-Gômez MN, Alcaide J, Godoy P, Romero MA, Hernández del Rey I (2005). Clinical and ep¬idemiological aspects of smoking and TB: a study of 13,038 cases. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 9(4):430-6.
den Boon S, van Lill SW, Borgdorff MW, et al. (2005). Association between smoking and TB in¬fection: a population survey in a high TB in¬ci¬dence area. Thorax, 60(7):555-7.
Lin HH, Ezzati M, Chang HY, Murray M (2009). Association between tobacco smoking and ac¬tive TB in Taiwan: pro-spective cohort study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 180(5):475-80.
Maurya V, Vijayan VK, Shah A (2002). Smoking and TB: an association over-looked. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 6(11):942-51.
Pednekar MS, Gupta PC (2007). Prospective study of smoking and TB in India. Prev Med, 44(6):496-8.
Bumburidi E, Ajeilat S, Dadu A, et al. (2006). Cen¬ters for Disease Control and Preven-tion (CDC). Pro¬gress toward TB control and deter¬minants of treatment outcomes--Kazakhstan, 2000-2002. MMWR Suppl, 55(1):11-5.
Fox GJ, Menzies D (2013). Epidemiology of TB im¬munology. Adv Exp Med Biol, 783:1-32.
Murray M, Oxlade O, Lin HH (2011). Mod-eling so¬cial, environmental and biological determi¬nants of TB. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 15 Suppl 2:S64-70.
Raviglione M, Marais B, Floyd K, et al. (2012). Scaling up interventions to achieve global TB control: progress and new de-velopments. Lan¬cet, 379(9829):1902-13.
Waitt CJ, Squire SB (2011). A systematic re-view of risk factors for death in adults during and after TB treatment. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 15(7):871-85.
Mor Z, Pinsker G, Cedar N, Lidji M, Grotto I (2012). Adult TB in Israel and migration: trends and challenges between 1999 and 2010. Int J Tu¬berc Lung Dis, 16(12):1613-8.
Baker MA, Harries AD, Jeon CY, et al. (2011). The impact of diabetes on TB treatment outcomes: a systematic review. BMC Med, 9:81.
Dooley KE, Chaisson RE (2009). TB and diabe¬tes mellitus: convergence of two ep-idemics. Lancet Infect Dis, 9(12):737-46.
Goldhaber-Fiebert JD, Jeon CY, Cohen T, Mur¬ray MB (2011). Diabetes mellitus and TB in countries with high TB burdens: individual risks and social determinants. Int J Epidemiol, 40(2):417- 28.
Lönnroth K, Jaramillo E, Williams BG, Dye C, Ravi¬glione M (2009). Drivers of TB epidemics: the role of risk factors and so-cial determinants. Soc Sci Med, 68(12):2240-6.
Doherty AM, Kelly J, McDonald C, O'Dy-wer AM, Keane J, Cooney J (2013). A re-view of the inter¬play between TB and mental health. Gen Hosp Psychiatry, 35(4):398-406.
WHO (2010). Treatment of TB: Guidelines - 4th ed, Geneva. Available from:
www.who.int/tb/publications/2010/9789241547833/en/
Kish L (1949). A procedure for objective re-spondent selection within the household. J Am Stat Assoc, 44 (247):380–387.
Ewing JA (1984). Detecting alcoholism. The CAGE questionnaire. JAMA, 252(14):1905-7.
Lönnroth K, Williams BG, Cegielski P, Dye C (2010). A consistent log-linear relation-ship be¬tween TB incidence and body mass index. Int J Epidemiol, 39(1):149-55.
Lienhardt C, Rowley J, Manneh K, et al. (2001). Fac¬tors affecting time delay to treatment in a TB con¬trol programme in a sub-Saharan Afri¬can coun¬try: the expe-rience of The Gambia. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 5(3):233-9.
Rocha C, Montoya R, Zevallos K, et al. (2011). The Innovative Socio-economic Interventions against TB (ISIAT) project: an operational as¬sess¬ment. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 15(Suppl 2):S50-7.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 45 No 4 (2016) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| Keywords | ||
| Tuberculosis Risk factors Kazakhstan | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
