Impact of Dietary Risks on Noncommunicable Disease Mortality between 2000 and 2021: Which Noncommunicable Disease Is Most Affected by Dietary Risks?
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Abstract
Background: This study aimed to analyze trends in the population attributable fraction (PAF) for mortality attributable to dietary risks over a 22-year period between 2000 and 2021 and to determine which type of dietary risk has a significant effect on mortality from which NCDs.
Methods: In this descriptive and ecological study, data were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease Study, 2021. Age-standardized and sex-specific PAFs for mortality attributable to dietary risks and PAFs for mortality attributable to selected and specific dietary risks were calculated for six noncommunicable diseases worldwide for the 22-year period. The trend of PAFs over time was assessed by joinpoint regression analysis.
Results: The two diseases with the highest mean PAF for mortality attributable to dietary risks were hypertensive heart disease followed by ischemic heart disease (0.63±0.01 and 0.45±0.01, respectively). The mean PAF for mortality attributable to dietary risks differed between sexes for four diseases. All six diseases had dietary risk-attributable mortality starting at a young age. Over a 22-year period, PAF for mortality attributable to dietary risks followed a significant decreasing trend for all six diseases. When the PAFs for mortality attributable to selected and specific dietary risks were examined, the majority showed a decreasing trend.
Conclusion: It is essential to clarify the relationship between NCDs and dietary risks. This is because the human body is exposed to nutritional and dietary risks every day, both as individuals and as a community.
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31. Liu Y, Liu G, Wu H, et al (2017). Sex differ-ences in non-communicable disease prevalence in China: a cross-sectional analysis of the China health and retire-ment longitudinal study in 2011. BMJ Open, 7(12): e017450.
32. Hoare E, Dash SR, Jennings GL, et al (2018). Sex-specific associations in nutri-tion and activity-related risk factors for chronic disease: Australian evidence from childhood to emerging adulthood. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 15(2):214.
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35. Melaku YA, Gill TK, Taylor AW, et al (2019). Trends of mortality attributable to child and maternal undernutrition, overweight/obesity and dietary risk fac-tors of non-communicable diseases in sub-Saharan Africa, 1990-2015: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Public Health Nutr, 22(5):827-840.
2. World Health Organization (2023). Non-communicable diseases. Fact Sheets. 2023 Sep 16 [cited 2024 Nov 7].
3. Budreviciute A, Damiati S, Sabir DK, et al (2020). Management and prevention strategies for non-communicable dis-eases (NCDs) and their risk factors. Front Public Health, 8:574111.
4. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) (2024a). GBD results. Seattle, WA: IHME, University of Washington [cited 2024 Nov 7]. Available from: https://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-results
5. Pervin R, Hossain MA, Debnath D, Nath BD (2020). Epidemiological perspectives of die-tary sugars, salts and fats. In: Preuss HG, Bagchi D, editors. Dietary sugar, salt and fat in human health. 1st ed. Academic Press. p. 3-23.
6. Woodside JV, Nugent AP, Moore RE, McKinley MC (2023). Fruit and vegetable consumption as a preventative strategy for non-communicable diseases. Proc Nutr Soc, 82(2):186-199.
7. Passi SJ (2017). Prevention of non-communicable diseases by balanced nu-trition: population-specific effective public health approaches in developing countries. Curr Diabetes Rev, 13(5):461-476.
8. Dominguez LJ, Di Bella G, Veronese N, Barbagallo M (2021). Impact of mediter-ranean diet on chronic non-communicable diseases and longevity. Nutrients, 13(6):2028.
9. García-Montero C, Fraile-Martínez O, Gómez-Lahoz AM, et al (2021). Nutri-tional components in western diet ver-sus mediterranean diet at the gut micro-biota-immune system interplay. Implica-tions for health and disease. Nutrients, 13(2):699.
10. Pan A, Sun Q, Bernstein AM, et al (2012). Red meat consumption and mortality: results from 2 prospective cohort stud-ies. Arch Intern Med, 172(7):555-563.
11. Jayedi A, Soltani S, Abdolshahi A, et al (2020). Healthy and unhealthy dietary patterns and the risk of chronic disease: an umbrella review of meta-analyses of prospective cohort studies. Br J Nutr, 124(11):1133-1144.
12. Wang ZQ, Zhang L, Zheng H, et al (2021). Burden and trend of ischemic heart dis-ease and colorectal cancer attributable to a diet low in fiber in China, 1990-2017: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Eur J Nutr, 60(7): 3819-3827.
13. Parajára MC, Colombet Z, Machado ÍE, et al (2023). Mortality attributable to diets low in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains in Brazil in 2019: evidencing re-gional health inequalities. Public Health, 224: 123-130.
14. Meier T, Gräfe K, Senn F, et al (2019). Car-diovascular mortality attributable to die-tary risk factors in 51 countries in the WHO European Region from 1990 to 2016: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study. Eur J Epidemi-ol, 34(1): 37-55.
15. Pan S, Lin Z, Guo X, X, et al (2023). Global burden of non-communicable chronic diseases associated with a diet low in fruits from 1990 to 2019. Front Nutr, 10: 1202763.
16. von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, et al (2007). Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for re-porting observational studies. BMJ, 335(7624): 806-808.
17. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) (2024b). Data sources. Seattle, WA: IHME, University of Washington [cited 2024 Nov 7]. Available from: https://www.healthdata.org/data-tools-practices/data-sources
18. GBD 2021 Diseases and Injuries Collabo-rators (2024). Global incidence, preva-lence, years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 coun-tries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990-2021: a systematic analy-sis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet, 403(10440):2133-2161.
19. GBD 2021 Diabetes Collaborators (2023). Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with pro-jections of prevalence to 2050: a system-atic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet, 402(10397):203-234.
20. Porta M, editor (2014). A dictionary of epidemi-ology. 6th ed. New York: Oxford Univer-sity Press.
21. Madsen H, Sen A, Aune D (2023). Fruit and vegetable consumption and the risk of hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Eur J Nutr, 62(5):1941-1955.
22. Grillo A, Salvi L, Coruzzi P, et al (2019). Sodium intake and hypertension. Nutri-ents, 11(9):1970.
23. Challa HJ, Ameer MA, Uppaluri KR (2023). DASH diet to stop hypertension. In: StatPearls [Internet]. 1st ed. Treasure Is-land (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan [updated 2024 Jan].
24. Sundrani DP, Roy SS, Jadhav AT, et al (2017). Sex-specific differences and de-velopmental programming for diseases in later life. Reprod Fertil Dev, 29(11):2085-2099.
25. Varì R, Scazzocchio B, D'Amore A, et al (2016). Gender-related differences in lifestyle may affect health status. Ann Ist Super Sanita, 52(2):158-166.
26. DeJarnett N, Pathak N (2021). Avoiding risky substances and environmental exposures. In: Improving women’s health across the lifespan. 1st ed. CRC Press. p. 125-144.
27. Qiao J, Lin X, Wu Y, et al (2022). Global burden of non-communicable diseases attributable to dietary risks in 1990-2019. J Hum Nutr Diet, 35(1):202-213.
28. GBD 2017 Diet Collaborators (2019). Health effects of dietary risks in 195 countries, 1990-2017: a systematic analy-sis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet, 393(10184):1958-1972.
29. Zhang J, Jin Y, Jia P, et al (2021). Global gender disparities in premature death from cardiovascular disease, and their associations with country capacity for noncommunicable disease prevention and control. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 18(19):10389.
30. Fatollahzade M, Bastan MM, Shaabanian M, et al (2024). Sex disparity in the bur-den of NCDs and its four main sub-groups in Iran 1990–2019: a systematic analysis from the global burden of dis-ease study 2019. J Diabetes Metab Disord, 23(2):2207-2224.
31. Liu Y, Liu G, Wu H, et al (2017). Sex differ-ences in non-communicable disease prevalence in China: a cross-sectional analysis of the China health and retire-ment longitudinal study in 2011. BMJ Open, 7(12): e017450.
32. Hoare E, Dash SR, Jennings GL, et al (2018). Sex-specific associations in nutri-tion and activity-related risk factors for chronic disease: Australian evidence from childhood to emerging adulthood. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 15(2):214.
33. Pedroso CF, Pereira CC, Cavalcante AMRZ, et al (2023). Magnitude of risk factors for chronic noncommunicable diseases in adolescents and young adults in Brazil: a population-based study. PLoS One, 18(10): e0292612.
34. Mwenda V, Mwangi M, Nyanjau L, et al (2018). Dietary risk factors for non-communicable diseases in Kenya: find-ings of the STEPS survey, 2015. BMC Public Health, 18(Suppl 3):1218.
35. Melaku YA, Gill TK, Taylor AW, et al (2019). Trends of mortality attributable to child and maternal undernutrition, overweight/obesity and dietary risk fac-tors of non-communicable diseases in sub-Saharan Africa, 1990-2015: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Public Health Nutr, 22(5):827-840.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 54 No 12 (2025) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| Keywords | ||
| Noncommunicable disease Chronic disease Diet Risk factors Mortality | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Yıldırım Öztürk EN, Ozturk M. Impact of Dietary Risks on Noncommunicable Disease Mortality between 2000 and 2021: Which Noncommunicable Disease Is Most Affected by Dietary Risks?. Iran J Public Health. 2025;54(12):2680-2689.
