The Assessment of Muscle Strength for Standing Long Jump and Vertical Jump: Focusing on Muscle-Strengthening Programs: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Abstract
Background: Grip strength is often used as a proxy for systemic muscle strength due to its ease of measurement, but varying errors may occur due to measurement factors. Standing long jump and vertical jump are components of physical fitness, considered to reflect lower extremity muscle power. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the suitability of grip strength as a measure of muscle strength and its relationship to standing long jump and vertical jump performance following muscle-strengthening exercises.
Methods: Articles were selected using the PICOSD framework through a search of PubMed, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect up to Dec 6, 2024, including studies involving young, healthy adults, muscle strength improvement, and key terms such as grip strength, standing long jump, vertical jump, and resistance or plyometric training. Thirteen studies were included, comprising 496 participants. Effect sizes for grip strength, standing long jump, and vertical jump were calculated, with internal validity confirmed via publication bias and qualitative assessment.
Results: Meta-analysis of 13 articles with 32 data points revealed a significant improvement in grip strength after muscle-strengthening programs (I²=60%, P<.01), with an effect size (ES) of -1.36 (95% CI: -2.11, -0.62). However, standing long jump and vertical jump showed no significant differences post-training (long jump: I²=0%, P<.65; vertical jump: I²=4%, P<.41), with small effect sizes (long jump, ES: -0.28 [95% CI: -0.51, -0.05]; vertical jump, ES: -0.35 [95% CI: -0.52, -0.19]).
Conclusion: Grip strength is a more reliable indicator of muscle strength than standing long jump and vertical jump, which mainly assess muscle strength rather than muscle strength.
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12. Mandalidis, D O'Brien M (2010). Relationship between hand-grip isometric strength and isokinetic moment data of the shoulder stabilisers. J Bodyw Mov Ther, 14 (1):19-26.
13. Markovic, G Mikulic P (2010). Neuro-musculoskeletal and performance adaptations to lower-extremity plyometric training. Sports Med, 40:859-895.
14. Maulder, P Cronin J (2005). Horizontal and vertical jump assessment: reliability, symmetry, discriminative and predictive ability. Phys Ther Sport, 6 (2):74-82.
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21. Ren, Z, Zhang X, Wei Y, et al (2024). Association between breakfast consumption frequency and handgrip strength and standing long jump: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Psychol, 15:1451799.
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23. Alvarez, M, Sedano S, Cuadrado G, Redondo JC (2012). Effects of an 18-week strength training program on low-handicap golfers' performance. J Strength Cond Res, 26 (4):1110-1121.
24. Quednow, J, Sedlak T, Meier J, et al (2015). The effects of high intensity interval-based kettlebells and battle rope training on grip strength and body composition in college-aged adults. Int J Exerc Sci, 8 (2):3.
25. Prasetyo, Y Nasrulloh A (2017). Weight training with pyramid systems to increase the leg and back muscular strength, grip strength, pull, and push strength. Man India, 97 (24):193-201.
26. Whitehead, MT, Scheett TP, McGuigan MR, et al (2018). A comparison of the effects of short-term plyometric and resistance training on lower-body muscular performance. J Strength Cond Res, 32 (10):2743-2749.
27. Dodd, DJ Alvar BA (2007). Analysis of acute explosive training modalities to improve lower-body power in baseball players. J Strength Cond Res, 21 (4):1177-1182.
28. Kibele, A Behm DG (2009). Seven weeks of instability and traditional resistance training effects on strength, balance and functional performance. J Strength Cond Res, 23 (9):2443-2450.
29. Chen, C-F Wu H-J (2022). The effect of an 8-week rope skipping intervention on standing long jump performance. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 19 (14):8472.
30. Khazaei, L, Parnow A, Amani-Shalamzari S (2023). Comparing the effects of traditional resistance training and functional training on the bio-motor capacities of female elite taekwondo athletes. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil, 15 (1):139.
31. Keerthi Kumar, M Sundar Raj U (2016). Effect of plyometric and weight training programs on vertical jump in female basketball players. Int J Phys Educ Sports Health, 3 (3):25-27.
32. Griffiths, B, Grant J, Langdown L, et al (2019). The effect of in-season traditional and explosive resistance training programs on strength, jump height, and speed in recreational soccer players. Res Q Exerc Sport, 90 (1):95-102.
33. Arabatzi, F, Kellis E, De Villarreal ES-S (2010). Vertical jump biomechanics after plyometric, weight lifting, and combined (weight lifting+ plyometric) training. J Strength Cond Res, 24 (9):2440-2448.
34. Bompa, TO Buzzichelli C, Periodization-: theory and methodology of training. 2019: Human kinetics.
35. Faigenbaum, AD, McFarland JE, Keiper FB, et al (2007). Effects of a short-term plyometric and resistance training program on fitness performance in boys age 12 to 15 years. J Sports Sci Med, 6 (4):519-25.
36. Fernandez-Fernandez, J, De Villarreal ES, Sanz-Rivas D, Moya M (2016). The effects of 8-week plyometric training on physical performance in young tennis players. Pediatr Exerc Sci, 28 (1):77-86.
37. Newton, RU, Häkkinen K, Häkkinen A, et al (2002). Mixed-methods resistance training increases power and strength of young and older men. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 34 (8):1367-1375.
38. Wathen, D (1993). Explosive/plyometric exercises. Training, 25 (2):122.
39. Davies, G, Riemann BL, Manske R (2015). Current concepts of plyometric exercise. Int J Sports Phys Ther, 10 (6):760-86.
40. Silva, AF, Clemente FM, Lima R, et al (2019). The effect of plyometric training in volleyball players: A systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 16 (16):2960.
2. Suchomel, TJ, Nimphius S, Stone MH (2016). The importance of muscular strength in athletic performance. Sports Med, 46:1419-1449.
3. Silva, JR, Nassis GP, Rebelo A (2015). Strength training in soccer with a specific focus on highly trained players. Sports Med Open, 1:17.
4. Thompson BJ, Stock MS, Shields JE, et al (2015). Barbell deadlift training increases the rate of torque development and vertical jump performance in novices. J Strength Cond Res, 29 (1):1-10.
5. Alam, MM (2021). The effectiveness of a week-long free weight training intervention for grip strength and grip endurance time in young adults. EC Clin Med Case Rep, 4:01-07.
6. Oh, YH, Moon JH, Kong MH, et al (2017). The association between hand grip strength and health-related quality of life in Korean adults. The Korean Journal of Sports Medicine, 35 (2):103-111.
7. Chang, H-Y, Chou K-Y, Lin J-J, et al (2010). Immediate effect of forearm kinesio taping on maximal grip strength and force sense in healthy collegiate athletes. Phys Ther Sport, 11 (4):122-127.
8. Bohannon, RW, Magasi SR, Bubela DJ, et al (2012). Grip and knee extension muscle strength reflect a common construct among adults. Muscle Nerve, 46 (4):555-558.
9. Innes, E (1999). Handgrip strength testing: A review of the literature. Aust Occup Ther J, 46 (3):120-140.
10. Kamarul, T, Ahmad TS, Loh W (2006). Hand grip strength in the adult malaysian population. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong), 14 (2):172-177.
11. Oh JW, Kim SM, Lee D, et al (2023). Reduced grip strength potentially indicates depression: Investigating multicontinental databases. J Affect Disord, 323:426-434.
12. Mandalidis, D O'Brien M (2010). Relationship between hand-grip isometric strength and isokinetic moment data of the shoulder stabilisers. J Bodyw Mov Ther, 14 (1):19-26.
13. Markovic, G Mikulic P (2010). Neuro-musculoskeletal and performance adaptations to lower-extremity plyometric training. Sports Med, 40:859-895.
14. Maulder, P Cronin J (2005). Horizontal and vertical jump assessment: reliability, symmetry, discriminative and predictive ability. Phys Ther Sport, 6 (2):74-82.
15. Nuzzo, JL, McBride JM, Cormie P, et al (2008). Relationship between countermovement jump performance and multijoint isometric and dynamic tests of strength. J Strength Cond Res, 22 (3):699-707.
16. Moher, D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, et al (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Ann Intern Med, 151 (4):264-269.
17. Kaur, M, Ribeiro DC, Theis J-C, Webster KE, Sole G (2016). Movement patterns of the knee during gait following ACL reconstruction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med, 46:1869-1895.
18. Xie, P-P, István B, Liang M (2022). Sex-specific differences in biomechanics among runners: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Front Physiol, 13:994076.
19. Cohen, J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. 2013: routledge.
20. Kim, H-Y Lee M-N (2019). Effects of non-pharmacological interventions for preoperative anxiety in surgical patient: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Korean Acad Fundam Nurs, 26 (4):248-259.
21. Ren, Z, Zhang X, Wei Y, et al (2024). Association between breakfast consumption frequency and handgrip strength and standing long jump: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Psychol, 15:1451799.
22. Torvinen, S, Kannus P, Sievänen H, et al (2002). Effect of four-month vertical whole body vibration on performance and balance. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 34 (9):1523-1528.
23. Alvarez, M, Sedano S, Cuadrado G, Redondo JC (2012). Effects of an 18-week strength training program on low-handicap golfers' performance. J Strength Cond Res, 26 (4):1110-1121.
24. Quednow, J, Sedlak T, Meier J, et al (2015). The effects of high intensity interval-based kettlebells and battle rope training on grip strength and body composition in college-aged adults. Int J Exerc Sci, 8 (2):3.
25. Prasetyo, Y Nasrulloh A (2017). Weight training with pyramid systems to increase the leg and back muscular strength, grip strength, pull, and push strength. Man India, 97 (24):193-201.
26. Whitehead, MT, Scheett TP, McGuigan MR, et al (2018). A comparison of the effects of short-term plyometric and resistance training on lower-body muscular performance. J Strength Cond Res, 32 (10):2743-2749.
27. Dodd, DJ Alvar BA (2007). Analysis of acute explosive training modalities to improve lower-body power in baseball players. J Strength Cond Res, 21 (4):1177-1182.
28. Kibele, A Behm DG (2009). Seven weeks of instability and traditional resistance training effects on strength, balance and functional performance. J Strength Cond Res, 23 (9):2443-2450.
29. Chen, C-F Wu H-J (2022). The effect of an 8-week rope skipping intervention on standing long jump performance. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 19 (14):8472.
30. Khazaei, L, Parnow A, Amani-Shalamzari S (2023). Comparing the effects of traditional resistance training and functional training on the bio-motor capacities of female elite taekwondo athletes. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil, 15 (1):139.
31. Keerthi Kumar, M Sundar Raj U (2016). Effect of plyometric and weight training programs on vertical jump in female basketball players. Int J Phys Educ Sports Health, 3 (3):25-27.
32. Griffiths, B, Grant J, Langdown L, et al (2019). The effect of in-season traditional and explosive resistance training programs on strength, jump height, and speed in recreational soccer players. Res Q Exerc Sport, 90 (1):95-102.
33. Arabatzi, F, Kellis E, De Villarreal ES-S (2010). Vertical jump biomechanics after plyometric, weight lifting, and combined (weight lifting+ plyometric) training. J Strength Cond Res, 24 (9):2440-2448.
34. Bompa, TO Buzzichelli C, Periodization-: theory and methodology of training. 2019: Human kinetics.
35. Faigenbaum, AD, McFarland JE, Keiper FB, et al (2007). Effects of a short-term plyometric and resistance training program on fitness performance in boys age 12 to 15 years. J Sports Sci Med, 6 (4):519-25.
36. Fernandez-Fernandez, J, De Villarreal ES, Sanz-Rivas D, Moya M (2016). The effects of 8-week plyometric training on physical performance in young tennis players. Pediatr Exerc Sci, 28 (1):77-86.
37. Newton, RU, Häkkinen K, Häkkinen A, et al (2002). Mixed-methods resistance training increases power and strength of young and older men. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 34 (8):1367-1375.
38. Wathen, D (1993). Explosive/plyometric exercises. Training, 25 (2):122.
39. Davies, G, Riemann BL, Manske R (2015). Current concepts of plyometric exercise. Int J Sports Phys Ther, 10 (6):760-86.
40. Silva, AF, Clemente FM, Lima R, et al (2019). The effect of plyometric training in volleyball players: A systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 16 (16):2960.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 54 No 11 (2025) | |
| Section | Review Article(s) | |
| Keywords | ||
| Grip strength Standing long jump Vertical jump Muscle strength Meta-analysis Training | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Moon J, So J, Jeon Y, Kim S. The Assessment of Muscle Strength for Standing Long Jump and Vertical Jump: Focusing on Muscle-Strengthening Programs: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Iran J Public Health. 2025;54(11):2298-2312.
