The Microbial Factors, Trace Elements, and Important Biologi-cal Indicators in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Meta-Analysis
Abstract
Background: We examined and compared microbiological variables, trace elements, and biological markers in autistic children.
Methods: Several databases, including the Cochrane Library, PubMed, OVID, Google Scholar, and Embase, were utilized for data collection and analysis. We studied meta-analysis data and used a continuous model with fixed or random effects to get mean differences (MD) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Twenty-seven studies involving 2557 children from 2014 to 2024 were analyzed.
Results: Autism spectrum disorder had significantly higher C-reactive protein (MD, 1.25; 95% CI, 0.11-2.39, P=0.03), interleukin 6 (MD: 2.80; 95%CI, 1.13-4.46, P=0.001), serotonin (MD, 111.92; 95%CI, 63.75-160.09, P<0.001), Faecalibacterium (MD, 0.48; 95%CI: 0.29-0.66, P<0.001), and Parabacteroides (MD, 0.20; 95%CI: 0.14-0.26, P<0.001), lower oxytocin (MD, -53.24; 95% CI, -73.39- -33.09, P<0.001), and serum iron (MD, -5.78; 95% CI, -9.43- -2.13, P=0.002) compared to control in children.
Conclusion: Autism spectrum disorder had significantly higher C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, serotonin, Faecalibacterium, Parabacteroides, lower oxytocin, and serum iron compared to control in children. Further research studies with larger sample sizes are needed.
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2. Messinger DS, Young GS, Webb SJ, et al (2015). Early sex differences are not autism-specific: A Baby Siblings Research Consortium (BSRC) study. Mol Autism, 6:32.
3. Lord C, Elsabbagh M, Baird G, et al (2018). Autism spectrum disorder. Lancet, 392(10146):508-20.
4. Kim JY, Son MJ, Son CY, et al (2019). Environmental risk factors and biomarkers for autism spectrum disorder: an umbrella review of the evidence. Lancet Psychiatry, 6(7):590-600.
5. Higazi AM, Kamel HM, Abdel-Naeem EA, et al (2021). Expression analysis of selected genes involved in tryptophan metabolic pathways in Egyptian children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and learning disabilities. Sci Rep, 11(1):6931.
6. Rashaid AHB, Nusair SD, Alqhazo MT, et al (2021). Heavy metals and trace elements in scalp hair samples of children with severe autism spectrum disorder: A case-control study on Jordanian children. J Trace Elem Med Biol, 67:126790.
7. Ning J, Xu L, Shen C-Q, et al (2019). Increased serum levels of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in autism spectrum disorders. Neurotoxicolog, 71:1-5.
8. Coretti L, Paparo L, Riccio MP, et al (2018). Gut microbiota features in young children with autism spectrum disorders. Front Microbiol, 9:3146.
9. Shen L, Liu X, Zhang H, et al (2020). Biomarkers in autism spectrum disorders: Current progress. Clin Chim Acta, 502:41-54.
10. Ma J, Wu J, Li H, et al (2022). Association between essential metal elements and the risk of autism in Chinese Han population. Biol Trace Elem Res, 200(2):505-515.
11. Taniya MA, Chung H-J, Al Mamun A, et al (2022). Role of gut microbiome in autism spectrum disorder and its therapeutic regulation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol, 12:915701.
12. Stroup DF, Berlin JA, Morton SC, et al (2000). Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: a proposal for reporting. JAMA, 283(15):2008-12.
13. Georg T. (2025). Effect of the decompression only compared to decompression with on lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis: A meta-analysis. Int J Clin Med Res, 3(4):64.
14. Gupta A, Das A, Majumder K, et al (2018). Obesity is Independently Associated With Increased Risk of Hepatocellular Cancer–related Mortality. Am J Clin Oncol, 41(9):874-81.
15. Mohamed BME. (2025). Treatment of non-small cell lung cancer with the nursing application of chemotherapy and traditional Chinese medicine: A meta-analysis. Int J Clin Med Res, 3(4):101-12.
16. Collaboration C. (2020). RoB 2: A revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials. (Accessed December 6, 2019): bias/resources/rob-2-revised-cochrane-risk-bias-tool-randomized-trials
17. Rabie SB, Kang H-C, Choi M, et al (2025). Assessing the efficacy of pharmacist-engaged interventions in influencing antibiotic prescribing behavior among general practitioners: meta-analysis. Int J Clin Med Res 3(3):52-65.
18. Li S-o, Wang J-l, Bjørklund G, et al (2014). Serum copper and zinc levels in individuals with autism spectrum disorders. Neuroreport, 25(15):1216-20.
19. Alabdali A, Al-Ayadhi L, El-Ansary A. (2014). Association of social and cognitive impairment and biomarkers in autism spectrum disorders. J Neuroinflammation, 11:4.
20. Zhao H-x, Yin S-s, Fan J-g. (2015). High plasma neopterin levels in Chinese children with autism spectrum disorders. Int J Dev Neurosci, 41:92-7.
21. Abdulamir HA, Abdul-Rasheed OF, Abdulghani EA. (2016). Low oxytocin and melatonin levels and their possible role in the diagnosis and prognosis in Iraqi autistic children. Saudi Med J, 37(1):29-36.
22. Bener A, Khattab AO, Bhugra D, et al (2017). Iron and vitamin D levels among autism spectrum disorders children. Ann Afr Med, 16(4):186-91.
23. Skalny AV, Simashkova NV, Klyushnik TP, et al (2017). Assessment of serum trace elements and electrolytes in children with childhood and atypical autism. J Trace Elem Med Biol, 43:9-14.
24. Abdulamir HA, Abdul-Rasheed OF, Abdulghani EA. (2018). Serotonin and serotonin transporter levels in autistic children. Saudi Med J, 39(5):487-494.
25. Alzghoul L, Abdelhamid S, Yanis A, et al (2019). The association between levels of inflammatory markers in autistic children compared to their unaffected siblings and unrelated healthy controls. Turk J Med Sci, 49(4):1047-53.
26. Wu L-l, Mao S-s, Lin X, et al (2019). Evaluation of whole blood trace element levels in Chinese children with autism spectrum disorder. Biol Trace Elem Res, 191:269-75.
27. Plaza-Díaz J, Gómez-Fernández A, Chueca N, et al (2019). Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) with and without mental regression is associated with changes in the fecal microbiota. Nutrients, 11(2):337.
28. Ma B, Liang J, Dai M, et al (2019). Altered gut microbiota in Chinese children with autism spectrum disorders. Front Cell Infect Microbiol, 9:40.
29. Sun H, You Z, Jia L, et al (2019). Autism spectrum disorder is associated with gut microbiota disorder in children. BMC Pediatr, 19:516.
30. Zurita MF, Cárdenas PA, Sandoval ME, et al (2020). Analysis of gut microbiome, nutrition and immune status in autism spectrum disorder: a case-control study in Ecuador. Gut Microbes, 11(3):453-64.
31. Zou R, Xu F, Wang Y, et al (2020). Changes in the gut microbiota of children with autism spectrum disorder. Autism Res, 13(9):1614-25.
32. Huang M, Liu K, Wei Z, et al (2021). Serum Oxytocin Level Correlates With Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder. Front Neurosci, 15: 721884.
33. El-Ansary A, Zayed N, Al-Ayadhi L, et al (2021). GABA synaptopathy promotes the elevation of caspases 3 and 9 as pro-apoptotic markers in Egyptian patients with autism spectrum disorder. Acta Neurol Belg, 121:489-501.
34. Mostafa GA, Meguid NA, Shehab AAS, et al (2021). Plasma levels of nerve growth factor in Egyptian autistic children: Relation to hyperserotonemia and autoimmunity. J Neuroimmunol, 358:577638.
35. Mehta SQ, Behl S, Day PL, et al (2021). Evaluation of Zn, Cu, and Se levels in the north american autism spectrum disorder population. Front Mol Neurosci, 14:665686.
36. Kartalcı G, Çalışkan Demir A, Kartalcı Ş, et al (2022). Evaluation of blood Zonulin levels, inflammatory processes and neuronal changes in children with autism spectrum disorder. Psychiatr Danub, 34(2):279-87.
37. Abd Wahil MS, Ja’afar MH, Md Isa Z. (2022). Assessment of urinary lead (Pb) and essential trace elements in autism spectrum disorder: a case-control study among preschool children in Malaysia. Biol Trace Elem Res, 200(1):97-121.
38. Islam K, Nayek K. (2023). Micronutrient Status in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Child Newborn, 27(4):5-8.
39. Miller K, Day PL, Behl S, et al (2023). Isotopic composition of serum zinc and copper in healthy children and children with autism spectrum disorder in North America. Front Mol Neurosci, 16:1133218.
40. Rexrode LE, Hartley J, Showmaker KC, et al (2024). Molecular profiling of the hippocampus of children with autism spectrum disorder. Mol Psychiatry, 29(7):1968-1979.
41. Matta SM, Hill-Yardin EL, Crack PJ. (2019). The influence of neuroinflammation in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Brain Behav Immun, 79:75-90.
42. Nadeem R, Hussain T, Sajid H. (2020). C reactive protein elevation among children or among mothers’ of children with autism during pregnancy, a review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry, 20:251.
43. Lambertsen KL, Soares CB, Gaist D, et al (2020). Neurofilaments: the C-reactive protein of neurology. Brain Sci, 10(1):56.
44. Huang J, Song Z, Wei B, et al (2023). Immunological evaluation of patients with Alzheimer's disease based on mitogen-stimulated cytokine productions and mitochondrial DNA indicators. BMC Psychiatry, 23(1):145.
45. Hsuchou H, Kastin AJ, Mishra PK, et al (2012). C-reactive protein increases BBB permeability: implications for obesity and neuroinflammation. Cell Physiol Biochem, 30(5):1109-19.
46. Gadient RA, Otten UH. (1997). Interleukin-6 (IL-6)—a molecule with both beneficial and destructive potentials. Prog Neurobiol, 52(5):379-90.
47. Majerczyk D, Ayad EG, Brewton KL, et al (2022). Systemic maternal inflammation promotes ASD via IL-6 and IFN-γ. Biosci Rep, 42(11):BSR20220713.
48. Teleanu RI, Niculescu A-G, Roza E, et al (2022). Neurotransmitters—key factors in neurological and neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system. Int J Mol Sci, 23(11):5954.
49. Walker MA. (2008). Treatment of autism spectrum disorders: neurotransmitter signaling pathways involved in motivation and reward as therapeutic targets. Expert Opin Ther Targets, 12(8):949-67.
50. Sikich L, Kolevzon A, King BH, et al (2021). Intranasal oxytocin in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. N Engl J Med, 385(16):1462-73.
51. LoParo D, Waldman I. (2015). The oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) is associated with autism spectrum disorder: a meta-analysis. Mol Psychiatry, 20(5):640-6.
52. Kong X-J, Liu J, Liu K, et al (2021). Probiotic and oxytocin combination therapy in patients with autism spectrum disorder: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled pilot trial. Nutrients, 13(5):1552.
53. Maggini S, Wintergerst ES, Beveridge S, et al (2007). Selected vitamins and trace elements support immune function by strengthening epithelial barriers and cellular and humoral immune responses. Br J Nutr, 98 Suppl 1:S29-35.
54. Wołonciej M, Milewska E, Roszkowska-Jakimiec W. (2016). Trace elements as an activator of antioxidant enzymes. Postepy Hig Med Dosw (Online), 70(0):1483-1498.
55. Kawahara M, Kato-Negishi M, Tanaka K-i. (2023). Dietary trace elements and the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Nutrients, 15(9):2067.
56. Zhang J, Li X, Shen L, et al (2021). Trace elements in children with autism spectrum disorder: a meta-analysis based on case-control studies. J Trace Elem Med Biol, 67:126782.
57. Pivina L, Semenova Y, Doşa MD, et al (2019). Iron deficiency, cognitive functions, and neurobehavioral disorders in children. J Mol Neurosci, 68:1-10.
58. Cao X, Lin P, Jiang P, et al (2013). Characteristics of the gastrointestinal microbiome in children with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review. Shanghai Arch Psychiatry, 25(6):342-53.
59. Santocchi E, Guiducci L, Prosperi M, et al (2020). Effects of probiotic supplementation on gastrointestinal, sensory and core symptoms in autism spectrum disorders: a randomized controlled trial. Front Psychiatry, 11:550593.
60. Abdelrahim ME, Plant PK, Chrystyn H. (2011). The relative lung and systemic bioavailability of terbutaline following nebulisation in non-invasively ventilated patients. Int J Pharm, 420(2):313-8.
61. Elgendy MO, Abdelrahim ME, Eldin RS. (2015). Potential Benefit of Repeated Dry Powder Inhaler’s Inhalation Technique Counseling on Asthmatic Patients. Pulm Ther, 1(1):91-101.
62. Argou-Cardozo I, Zeidán-Chuliá F. (2018). Clostridium bacteria and autism spectrum conditions: a systematic review and hypothetical contribution of environmental glyphosate levels. Med Sci (Basel), 6(2):29.
63. Hua X, Zhu J, Yang T, et al (2020). The gut microbiota and associated metabolites are altered in sleep disorder of children with autism spectrum disorders. Front Psychiatry, 11:855.
64. MacFabe DF, Cain DP, Rodriguez-Capote K, et al (2007). Neurobiological effects of intraventricular propionic acid in rats: possible role of short chain fatty acids on the pathogenesis and characteristics of autism spectrum disorders. Behav Brain Res, 176(1):149-69.
65. Finegold SM, Dowd SE, Gontcharova V, et al (2010). Pyrosequencing study of fecal microflora of autistic and control children. Anaerobe, 16(4):444-53.
2. Messinger DS, Young GS, Webb SJ, et al (2015). Early sex differences are not autism-specific: A Baby Siblings Research Consortium (BSRC) study. Mol Autism, 6:32.
3. Lord C, Elsabbagh M, Baird G, et al (2018). Autism spectrum disorder. Lancet, 392(10146):508-20.
4. Kim JY, Son MJ, Son CY, et al (2019). Environmental risk factors and biomarkers for autism spectrum disorder: an umbrella review of the evidence. Lancet Psychiatry, 6(7):590-600.
5. Higazi AM, Kamel HM, Abdel-Naeem EA, et al (2021). Expression analysis of selected genes involved in tryptophan metabolic pathways in Egyptian children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and learning disabilities. Sci Rep, 11(1):6931.
6. Rashaid AHB, Nusair SD, Alqhazo MT, et al (2021). Heavy metals and trace elements in scalp hair samples of children with severe autism spectrum disorder: A case-control study on Jordanian children. J Trace Elem Med Biol, 67:126790.
7. Ning J, Xu L, Shen C-Q, et al (2019). Increased serum levels of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in autism spectrum disorders. Neurotoxicolog, 71:1-5.
8. Coretti L, Paparo L, Riccio MP, et al (2018). Gut microbiota features in young children with autism spectrum disorders. Front Microbiol, 9:3146.
9. Shen L, Liu X, Zhang H, et al (2020). Biomarkers in autism spectrum disorders: Current progress. Clin Chim Acta, 502:41-54.
10. Ma J, Wu J, Li H, et al (2022). Association between essential metal elements and the risk of autism in Chinese Han population. Biol Trace Elem Res, 200(2):505-515.
11. Taniya MA, Chung H-J, Al Mamun A, et al (2022). Role of gut microbiome in autism spectrum disorder and its therapeutic regulation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol, 12:915701.
12. Stroup DF, Berlin JA, Morton SC, et al (2000). Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: a proposal for reporting. JAMA, 283(15):2008-12.
13. Georg T. (2025). Effect of the decompression only compared to decompression with on lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis: A meta-analysis. Int J Clin Med Res, 3(4):64.
14. Gupta A, Das A, Majumder K, et al (2018). Obesity is Independently Associated With Increased Risk of Hepatocellular Cancer–related Mortality. Am J Clin Oncol, 41(9):874-81.
15. Mohamed BME. (2025). Treatment of non-small cell lung cancer with the nursing application of chemotherapy and traditional Chinese medicine: A meta-analysis. Int J Clin Med Res, 3(4):101-12.
16. Collaboration C. (2020). RoB 2: A revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials. (Accessed December 6, 2019): bias/resources/rob-2-revised-cochrane-risk-bias-tool-randomized-trials
17. Rabie SB, Kang H-C, Choi M, et al (2025). Assessing the efficacy of pharmacist-engaged interventions in influencing antibiotic prescribing behavior among general practitioners: meta-analysis. Int J Clin Med Res 3(3):52-65.
18. Li S-o, Wang J-l, Bjørklund G, et al (2014). Serum copper and zinc levels in individuals with autism spectrum disorders. Neuroreport, 25(15):1216-20.
19. Alabdali A, Al-Ayadhi L, El-Ansary A. (2014). Association of social and cognitive impairment and biomarkers in autism spectrum disorders. J Neuroinflammation, 11:4.
20. Zhao H-x, Yin S-s, Fan J-g. (2015). High plasma neopterin levels in Chinese children with autism spectrum disorders. Int J Dev Neurosci, 41:92-7.
21. Abdulamir HA, Abdul-Rasheed OF, Abdulghani EA. (2016). Low oxytocin and melatonin levels and their possible role in the diagnosis and prognosis in Iraqi autistic children. Saudi Med J, 37(1):29-36.
22. Bener A, Khattab AO, Bhugra D, et al (2017). Iron and vitamin D levels among autism spectrum disorders children. Ann Afr Med, 16(4):186-91.
23. Skalny AV, Simashkova NV, Klyushnik TP, et al (2017). Assessment of serum trace elements and electrolytes in children with childhood and atypical autism. J Trace Elem Med Biol, 43:9-14.
24. Abdulamir HA, Abdul-Rasheed OF, Abdulghani EA. (2018). Serotonin and serotonin transporter levels in autistic children. Saudi Med J, 39(5):487-494.
25. Alzghoul L, Abdelhamid S, Yanis A, et al (2019). The association between levels of inflammatory markers in autistic children compared to their unaffected siblings and unrelated healthy controls. Turk J Med Sci, 49(4):1047-53.
26. Wu L-l, Mao S-s, Lin X, et al (2019). Evaluation of whole blood trace element levels in Chinese children with autism spectrum disorder. Biol Trace Elem Res, 191:269-75.
27. Plaza-Díaz J, Gómez-Fernández A, Chueca N, et al (2019). Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) with and without mental regression is associated with changes in the fecal microbiota. Nutrients, 11(2):337.
28. Ma B, Liang J, Dai M, et al (2019). Altered gut microbiota in Chinese children with autism spectrum disorders. Front Cell Infect Microbiol, 9:40.
29. Sun H, You Z, Jia L, et al (2019). Autism spectrum disorder is associated with gut microbiota disorder in children. BMC Pediatr, 19:516.
30. Zurita MF, Cárdenas PA, Sandoval ME, et al (2020). Analysis of gut microbiome, nutrition and immune status in autism spectrum disorder: a case-control study in Ecuador. Gut Microbes, 11(3):453-64.
31. Zou R, Xu F, Wang Y, et al (2020). Changes in the gut microbiota of children with autism spectrum disorder. Autism Res, 13(9):1614-25.
32. Huang M, Liu K, Wei Z, et al (2021). Serum Oxytocin Level Correlates With Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder. Front Neurosci, 15: 721884.
33. El-Ansary A, Zayed N, Al-Ayadhi L, et al (2021). GABA synaptopathy promotes the elevation of caspases 3 and 9 as pro-apoptotic markers in Egyptian patients with autism spectrum disorder. Acta Neurol Belg, 121:489-501.
34. Mostafa GA, Meguid NA, Shehab AAS, et al (2021). Plasma levels of nerve growth factor in Egyptian autistic children: Relation to hyperserotonemia and autoimmunity. J Neuroimmunol, 358:577638.
35. Mehta SQ, Behl S, Day PL, et al (2021). Evaluation of Zn, Cu, and Se levels in the north american autism spectrum disorder population. Front Mol Neurosci, 14:665686.
36. Kartalcı G, Çalışkan Demir A, Kartalcı Ş, et al (2022). Evaluation of blood Zonulin levels, inflammatory processes and neuronal changes in children with autism spectrum disorder. Psychiatr Danub, 34(2):279-87.
37. Abd Wahil MS, Ja’afar MH, Md Isa Z. (2022). Assessment of urinary lead (Pb) and essential trace elements in autism spectrum disorder: a case-control study among preschool children in Malaysia. Biol Trace Elem Res, 200(1):97-121.
38. Islam K, Nayek K. (2023). Micronutrient Status in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Child Newborn, 27(4):5-8.
39. Miller K, Day PL, Behl S, et al (2023). Isotopic composition of serum zinc and copper in healthy children and children with autism spectrum disorder in North America. Front Mol Neurosci, 16:1133218.
40. Rexrode LE, Hartley J, Showmaker KC, et al (2024). Molecular profiling of the hippocampus of children with autism spectrum disorder. Mol Psychiatry, 29(7):1968-1979.
41. Matta SM, Hill-Yardin EL, Crack PJ. (2019). The influence of neuroinflammation in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Brain Behav Immun, 79:75-90.
42. Nadeem R, Hussain T, Sajid H. (2020). C reactive protein elevation among children or among mothers’ of children with autism during pregnancy, a review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry, 20:251.
43. Lambertsen KL, Soares CB, Gaist D, et al (2020). Neurofilaments: the C-reactive protein of neurology. Brain Sci, 10(1):56.
44. Huang J, Song Z, Wei B, et al (2023). Immunological evaluation of patients with Alzheimer's disease based on mitogen-stimulated cytokine productions and mitochondrial DNA indicators. BMC Psychiatry, 23(1):145.
45. Hsuchou H, Kastin AJ, Mishra PK, et al (2012). C-reactive protein increases BBB permeability: implications for obesity and neuroinflammation. Cell Physiol Biochem, 30(5):1109-19.
46. Gadient RA, Otten UH. (1997). Interleukin-6 (IL-6)—a molecule with both beneficial and destructive potentials. Prog Neurobiol, 52(5):379-90.
47. Majerczyk D, Ayad EG, Brewton KL, et al (2022). Systemic maternal inflammation promotes ASD via IL-6 and IFN-γ. Biosci Rep, 42(11):BSR20220713.
48. Teleanu RI, Niculescu A-G, Roza E, et al (2022). Neurotransmitters—key factors in neurological and neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system. Int J Mol Sci, 23(11):5954.
49. Walker MA. (2008). Treatment of autism spectrum disorders: neurotransmitter signaling pathways involved in motivation and reward as therapeutic targets. Expert Opin Ther Targets, 12(8):949-67.
50. Sikich L, Kolevzon A, King BH, et al (2021). Intranasal oxytocin in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. N Engl J Med, 385(16):1462-73.
51. LoParo D, Waldman I. (2015). The oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) is associated with autism spectrum disorder: a meta-analysis. Mol Psychiatry, 20(5):640-6.
52. Kong X-J, Liu J, Liu K, et al (2021). Probiotic and oxytocin combination therapy in patients with autism spectrum disorder: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled pilot trial. Nutrients, 13(5):1552.
53. Maggini S, Wintergerst ES, Beveridge S, et al (2007). Selected vitamins and trace elements support immune function by strengthening epithelial barriers and cellular and humoral immune responses. Br J Nutr, 98 Suppl 1:S29-35.
54. Wołonciej M, Milewska E, Roszkowska-Jakimiec W. (2016). Trace elements as an activator of antioxidant enzymes. Postepy Hig Med Dosw (Online), 70(0):1483-1498.
55. Kawahara M, Kato-Negishi M, Tanaka K-i. (2023). Dietary trace elements and the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Nutrients, 15(9):2067.
56. Zhang J, Li X, Shen L, et al (2021). Trace elements in children with autism spectrum disorder: a meta-analysis based on case-control studies. J Trace Elem Med Biol, 67:126782.
57. Pivina L, Semenova Y, Doşa MD, et al (2019). Iron deficiency, cognitive functions, and neurobehavioral disorders in children. J Mol Neurosci, 68:1-10.
58. Cao X, Lin P, Jiang P, et al (2013). Characteristics of the gastrointestinal microbiome in children with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review. Shanghai Arch Psychiatry, 25(6):342-53.
59. Santocchi E, Guiducci L, Prosperi M, et al (2020). Effects of probiotic supplementation on gastrointestinal, sensory and core symptoms in autism spectrum disorders: a randomized controlled trial. Front Psychiatry, 11:550593.
60. Abdelrahim ME, Plant PK, Chrystyn H. (2011). The relative lung and systemic bioavailability of terbutaline following nebulisation in non-invasively ventilated patients. Int J Pharm, 420(2):313-8.
61. Elgendy MO, Abdelrahim ME, Eldin RS. (2015). Potential Benefit of Repeated Dry Powder Inhaler’s Inhalation Technique Counseling on Asthmatic Patients. Pulm Ther, 1(1):91-101.
62. Argou-Cardozo I, Zeidán-Chuliá F. (2018). Clostridium bacteria and autism spectrum conditions: a systematic review and hypothetical contribution of environmental glyphosate levels. Med Sci (Basel), 6(2):29.
63. Hua X, Zhu J, Yang T, et al (2020). The gut microbiota and associated metabolites are altered in sleep disorder of children with autism spectrum disorders. Front Psychiatry, 11:855.
64. MacFabe DF, Cain DP, Rodriguez-Capote K, et al (2007). Neurobiological effects of intraventricular propionic acid in rats: possible role of short chain fatty acids on the pathogenesis and characteristics of autism spectrum disorders. Behav Brain Res, 176(1):149-69.
65. Finegold SM, Dowd SE, Gontcharova V, et al (2010). Pyrosequencing study of fecal microflora of autistic and control children. Anaerobe, 16(4):444-53.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 54 No 11 (2025) | |
| Section | Review Article(s) | |
| Keywords | ||
| Microbial factor Trace element Important biological indicator Serotonin Autism spectrum disorder | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Qu K, Gao Z, Chang C, Gao M. The Microbial Factors, Trace Elements, and Important Biologi-cal Indicators in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Meta-Analysis. Iran J Public Health. 2025;54(11):2356-2366.
