Prevalence and Risk Factors of Carbohydrate Metabolism Disorders among Pregnant Women in Kyrgyzstan
,
Abstract
Background: We aimed to determine the prevalence of carbohydrate metabolism disorders among pregnant women in Kyrgyzstan based on the 2013 WHO diagnostic criteria, to study their frequency, and to assess the influence of key risk factors on the likelihood of developing gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and overt diabetes.
Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted, including 617 pregnant women between 2022 and 2024. All participants underwent an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in the second half of pregnancy. Diagnosis of GDM and overt diabetes was carried out according to WHO criteria. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze risk factors. ROC analysis was performed to assess the diagnostic value of the number of risk factors in predicting carbohydrate metabolism disorders.
Results: The incidence of GDM was 18.8% (116/617), and overt diabetes — 6.96% (43/617). The main risk factors for GDM were: age over 35 years (P = 0.002), arterial hypertension (P = 0.001), second-degree family history of diabetes (P = 0.001), pre-pregnancy overweight or obesity (P = 0.002), and multiparity (P = 0.000). For overt diabetes, key risk factors included first-degree family history of diabetes (P = 0.034), second-degree family history (P = 0.001), and overweight or obesity (P = 0.018).
Conclusion: An increase in the number of risk factors correlates with the incidence of GDM and overt diabetes. However, for GDM, the number of risk factors is not a reliable predictor, highlighting the need for universal screening of all pregnant women. For overt diabetes, the number of risk factors showed satisfactory predictive value.
2. Metzger BE, Coustan DR, Trimble ER (2019). Hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Clin Chem, 65(7):937–8.
3. Vounzoulaki E, Khunti K, Abner SC, Tan BK, Davies MJ, Gillies CL (2020). Progression to type 2 diabetes in women with a known history of gestational diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ, 369:m1361.
4. Committee on Practice Bulletins—Obstetrics (2018). ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 190: Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Obstet Gynecol,131:e49–64.
5. McIntyre HD, Catalano P, Zhang C, Desoye G, Mathiesen ER, Damm P (2019). Gestational diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Dis Primers, 5(1):47.
6. World Health Organization. Diagnostic criteria and classification of hyperglycaemia first detected in pregnancy. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2013. (WHO/NMH/MND/13.2_eng).
7. Rasmussen KM, Yaktine AL, editors. Weight gain during pregnancy: reexamining the guidelines. Washington (DC): National Academies Press; 2009. Available from: https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12584/weight-gain-during-pregnancy-reexamining-the-guidelines
8. Wang H, Li N, Chivese T, et al 92022). IDF Diabetes Atlas: Estimation of global and regional gestational diabetes mellitus prevalence for 2021 by International Association of Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Group's criteria. Diabetes Res Clin Pract,183:109050.
9. Lima RJCP, Batista RFL, Ribeiro MRC, et al (2018). Pregnancy body mass index, gestational weight gain, and birth weight in the BRISA cohort. Rev Saude Publica, 52:46.
10. Michalakis K, Mintziori G, Kaprara A, et al (2013). The complex interaction between obesity, metabolic syndrome and reproductive axis: a narrative review. Metabolism, 62(4):457–78.
11. McLachlan KA, O'Neal D, Jenkins A, Alford FP (2006). Do adiponectin, TNF-α, leptin and CRP relate to insulin resistance in pregnancy? Studies in women with and without gestational diabetes, during and after pregnancy. Diabetes Metab Res Rev,22(2):131–8.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 54 No 7 (2025) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v54i7.19150 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Diabetes mellitus Gestational diabetes mellitus Prevalence Risk factors | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
