Effectiveness of eHealth on Human Immunodeficiency Viruses Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis among Key Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Abstract
Background: eHealth has proven effective in changing health-related behaviors and overcoming barriers to HIV care. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to review the effect of eHealth on HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP).
Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted in international databases without a time limit until August 2024 to identify studies evaluating the effectiveness of eHealth interventions for PrEP among key populations. This search strategy used a combination of keywords related to "eHealth”, “HIV”, and "pre-exposure prophylaxis". A random effects model was used to compute the pooled measure of association (relative risk). The results were combined using a random-effects model for meta-analysis. The I2 index was also used to measure heterogeneity between the studies.
Results: Twelve articles involving 3,578 participants were included in the meta-analysis. The findings showed that using websites had a positive effect on PrEP (RR=1.90, 95% CI: 1.30-2.79). Moreover, e-health interventions had the greatest effect on PrEP uptake among female sex workers (FSWs) (RR=2.27, 95% CI: 1.62-3.17). Furthermore, e-health demonstrated a notable effect on PrEP uptake (RR=1.90, 95% CI: 1.30-2.79), particularly in studies with follow-up less than six months (RR=1.85, 95% CI: 1.19-2.09). Additionally, studies conducted in the United States reported the most significant effect of e-health on PrEP (RR= 1.71, 95% CI: 1.38-2.11; I² = 0.41%).
Conclusion: eHealth interventions have the potential to improve the effectiveness of PrEP among key populations. Integrating e-health interventions with comprehensive healthcare services and providing continuous support can improve PrEP uptake, adherence, and retention in the future.
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2. Ghiasvand H, Shamseddin J, Naghdi S, et al (2023). Economic Burden of HIV/AIDS in Iran: A Modelling Approach. Iran J Public Health, 52 (2):399-406.
3. Chen CY, Donga P, Campbell AK, et al (2023). Economic burden of HIV in a commercially insured population in the United States. J Health Econ Outcomes Res, 10 (1):10-19.
4. Doosti-Irani A, Moameri H, Ahmadi-Gharaei H, et al (2017). Prevalence of depression in people with HIV and AIDS in Iran: A systematic review. Med J Islam Repub Iran, 31:75.
5. Arrington-Sanders R, Hailey-Fair K, Wirtz AL, et al (2020). Role of Structural Marginalization, HIV Stigma, and Mistrust on HIV Prevention and Treatment Among Young Black Latinx Men Who Have Sex with Men and Transgender Women: Perspectives from Youth Service Providers. AIDS Patient Care STDS, 34 (1):7-15.
6. Omidi T, Oshnouei S, Mahdi-Akhgar M, et al (2023). Barriers to Condom Use among Female Sex Workers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Current Women's Health Reviews, 19 (3):93-107.
7. Gangi MF, Mirzazadeh A, Rastad H, et al (2021). Reasons for not using condoms by people who inject drugs in Iran; results from a conventional content analysis in 2018. Iranian Journal of Epidemiology, 17 (3):254-263.
8. Moameri H, Shahrbabaki PM, Tavakoli F, et al (2024). Facilitators and barriers of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis use among four key populations in Iran. BMC Health Serv Res, 24 (1):1433.
9. Murchu EO, Marshall L, Teljeur C, et al (2022). Oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) to prevent HIV: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical effectiveness, safety, adherence and risk compensation in all populations. BMJ Open, 12 (5):e048478.
10. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in the United States —2017 Update: a clinical practice guideline. https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pdf/risk/prep/cdc-hiv-prep-guidelines-2017.pdf. Accessed on August 24, 2018
11. The Lancet Hiv (2024). Lenacapavir licenses will not deliver on all opportunities. Lancet HIV, 11(11):e717.
12. Wu L, Schumacher C, Chandran A, et al (2020). Patterns of PrEP retention among HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis users in Baltimore City, Maryland. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 85 (5):593-600.
13. Mayer KH, Agwu A, Malebranche D (2020). Barriers to the wider use of pre-exposure prophylaxis in the United States: a narrative review. Adv Ther, 37(5):1778-1811.
14. Dang M, Scheim AI, Teti M, et al (2022). Barriers and facilitators to HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis uptake, adherence, and persistence among transgender populations in the United States: a systematic review. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 36 (6):236-248.
15. Hill LM, Lightfoot AF, Riggins L, et al (2021). Awareness of and attitudes toward pre-exposure prophylaxis among African American women living in low-income neighborhoods in a Southeastern city. Aids Care, 33 (2):239-243.
16. Felsher M, Ziegler E, Amico KR, et al (2021). “PrEP just isn't my priority”: Adherence challenges among women who inject drugs participating in a pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) demonstration project in Philadelphia, PA USA. Soc Sci Med, 275:113809.
17. Rutstein SE, Smith DK, Dalal S, et al (2020). Initiation, discontinuation, and restarting HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis: ongoing implementation strategies. Lancet HIV, 7 (10):e721-e730-e730.
18. Koss CA, Charlebois ED, Ayieko J, et al (2020). Uptake, engagement, and adherence to pre-exposure prophylaxis offered after population HIV testing in rural Kenya and Uganda: 72-week interim analysis of observational data from the SEARCH study. Lancet HIV, 7 (4):e249-e261.
19. Adesina MA, Abiodun AO (2019). eHealth: The mainstay of healthcare delivery in the 21st century. Eur J Environ Public Health, 3 (2):em0027.
20. Muessig KE, Nekkanti M, Bauermeister J, et al (2015). A systematic review of recent smartphone, Internet and Web 2.0 interventions to address the HIV continuum of care. Current Hiv/aids Reports, 12(1):173-190.
21. Erenrich RK, Braun RA, Torres-Mendoza DM, et al (2022). Effectiveness of PrEPTECH: findings from a 180-day randomized controlled trial of a pre-exposure prophylaxis telehealth intervention. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr: 95(5):463-469.
22. Lillis R, Beckford J, Fegley J, et al (2021). Evaluation of an HIV Pre-exposure prophylaxis referral system: from sexual health center to federally qualified health center pre-exposure prophylaxis clinic. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 35 (9):354-359.
23. Wang B, Janamnuaysook R, MacDonell K, et al (2023). Adapting Effective mHealth Interventions to Improve Uptake and Adherence to HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Among Thai Young Men Who Have Sex With Men: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Res Protoc, 12 (1):e46435.
24. Whiteley L, Craker L, Haubrick KK, et al (2021). The impact of a mobile gaming intervention to increase adherence to pre-exposure prophylaxis. AIDS Behav, 25(6):1884-1889.
25. Eysenbach G (2001). What is e-health. J Med Internet Res, 3 (2): e20.
26. Dang BN, Giordano TP, Kim JH (2012). Sociocultural and structural barriers to care among undocumented Latino immigrants with HIV infection. J Immigr Minor Health, 14(1):124-31.
27. Haberer JE, Bukusi EA, Mugo NR, et al (2021). Effect of SMS reminders on PrEP adherence in young Kenyan women (MPYA study): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet HIV, 8 (3):e130-e137.
28. Liu AY, Vittinghoff E, von Felten P, et al (2019). Randomized controlled trial of a mobile health intervention to promote retention and adherence to preexposure prophylaxis among young people at risk for human immunodeficiency virus: the EPIC study. Clin Infect Dis, 68 (12):2010-2017.
29. Salehi S, Olyaeemanesh A, Mobinizadeh M, et al (2022). Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Remote Monitoring in Patients with Diabetes Type 2. Health Tech Asmnt Act, doi: 10.18502/htaa.v5i3.9350
30. Tugwell P, Tovey D (2021). PRISMA 2020. Elsevier, pp. A5-A6.
31. CDC (2024) eHealth Literacy. https://www.cdc.gov/health-literacy/php/research-summaries/ehealth.html#:~:text=The%20World%20Health%20Organization%20(WHO,health%20and%20health%2Drelated%20fields
32. WHO (2024) eHealth. https://www.emro.who.int/health-topics/ehealth/
33. Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, et al (2003). Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ, 327 (7414):557-60.
34. Egger M, Smith GD, Schneider M, et al (1997). Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ, 315 (7109):629-634.
35. Sterne JA, Egger M (2001). Funnel plots for detecting bias in meta-analysis: guidelines on choice of axis. J Clin Epidemiol, 54 (10):1046-55.
36. Kamitani E, Peng Y, Hopkins D, et al (2024). A Community Guide Systematic Review: Digital HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Interventions. Am J Prev Med, 67(2):303-310.
37. Izadi LH, Mmeje O, Drabo EF, et al (2023). An effectiveness-implementation trial protocol to evaluate PrEP initiation among US cisgender women using eHealth tools vs. standard care. Front Reprod Health, 5:1196392.
38. Hong C, Abrams LS, Holloway IW (2022). Technology-based interventions to promote the HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) care continuum: protocol for a systematic review. JMIR Res Protoc, 11 (3):e33045.
39. Lee JJ, Li Verdugo J, Xiao AY, et al (2023). Digital Interventions to Enhance PrEP Uptake and Adherence Through Stigma Reduction. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep, 20 (6):458-469.
40. Rao D, Frey S, Ramaiya M (2018). eHealth for stigma reduction efforts designed to improve engagement in care for people living with HIV. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep, 15:397-402.
41. Mulawa MI, Rosengren AL, Amico KR, et al (2021). mHealth to reduce HIV-related stigma among youth in the United States: a scoping review. Mhealth, 7:35.
42. Kudrati SZ, Hayashi K, Taggart T (2021). Social media & PrEP: A systematic review of social media campaigns to increase PrEP awareness & uptake among young Black and Latinx MSM and women. AIDS Behav, 25 (12):4225-4234.
43. Bonett S, Li Q, Sweeney A, et al (2024). Telehealth Models for PrEP Delivery: A Systematic Review of Acceptability, Implementation, and Impact on the PrEP Care Continuum in the United States. AIDS Behav, 28(9):2875-2886.
44. Nguyen LH, Tran BX, Rocha LE, et al (2019). A systematic review of eHealth interventions addressing HIV/STI prevention among men who have sex with men. AIDS Behav, 23(9):2253-2272.
45. Shi H, Du J, Jin G, et al (2024). Effectiveness of eHealth interventions for HIV prevention, testing and management: An umbrella review. Int J STD AIDS, 35 (10):752-774.
46. Dayer L, Heldenbrand S, Anderson P, et al (2013). Smartphone medication adherence apps: potential benefits to patients and providers. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003), 53 (2):172-81.
47. Ibeneme SC, Ndukwu SC, Myezwa H, et al (2021). Effectiveness of mobile text reminder in improving adherence to medication, physical exercise, and quality of life in patients living with HIV: a systematic review. BMC Infect Dis, 21 (1):859.
48. Mbotwa CH, Kazaura MR, Moen K, et al (2023). Effect of an mHealth intervention on retention in HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis services among female sex workers: Preliminary evidence of the use of the Jichunge app in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Digit Health, 9:20552076231170507.
49. Mbotwa CH, Moen K, Leshabari MT, et al (2023). Retention in an mHealth App Aiming to Promote the Use of HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Among Female Sex Workers in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: Prospective Cohort Study. JMIR mHealth and uHealth, 11 (1):e46853.
50. Lochman JE, Baden RE, Boxmeyer CL, et al (2014). Does a booster intervention augment the preventive effects of an abbreviated version of the coping power program for aggressive children? J Abnorm Child Psychol, 42(3):367-381.
51. Songtaweesin WN, Kawichai S, Phanuphak N, et al (2020). Youth‐friendly services and a mobile phone application to promote adherence to pre‐exposure prophylaxis among adolescent men who have sex with men and transgender women at‐risk for HIV in Thailand: a randomized control trial. J Int AIDS Soc, 23:e25564.
52. Kawichai S, Songtaweesin WN, Wongharn P, et al (2022). A mobile phone app to support adherence to daily HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis engagement among young men who have sex with men and transgender women aged 15 to 19 years in Thailand: pilot randomized controlled trial. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth, 10 (4):e25561.
53. Colson P, Franks J, Wu Y, et al (2020). Adherence to pre-exposure prophylaxis in black men who have sex with men and transgender women in a community setting in Harlem, NY. AIDS Behav, 24(12):3436-3455.
54. Musinguzi N, Muwonge T, Ngure K, et al (2018). Comparison of short messaging service self-reported adherence with other adherence measures in a demonstration project of HIV preexposure prophylaxis in Kenya and Uganda. AIDS, 32 (15):2237-2245.
2. Ghiasvand H, Shamseddin J, Naghdi S, et al (2023). Economic Burden of HIV/AIDS in Iran: A Modelling Approach. Iran J Public Health, 52 (2):399-406.
3. Chen CY, Donga P, Campbell AK, et al (2023). Economic burden of HIV in a commercially insured population in the United States. J Health Econ Outcomes Res, 10 (1):10-19.
4. Doosti-Irani A, Moameri H, Ahmadi-Gharaei H, et al (2017). Prevalence of depression in people with HIV and AIDS in Iran: A systematic review. Med J Islam Repub Iran, 31:75.
5. Arrington-Sanders R, Hailey-Fair K, Wirtz AL, et al (2020). Role of Structural Marginalization, HIV Stigma, and Mistrust on HIV Prevention and Treatment Among Young Black Latinx Men Who Have Sex with Men and Transgender Women: Perspectives from Youth Service Providers. AIDS Patient Care STDS, 34 (1):7-15.
6. Omidi T, Oshnouei S, Mahdi-Akhgar M, et al (2023). Barriers to Condom Use among Female Sex Workers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Current Women's Health Reviews, 19 (3):93-107.
7. Gangi MF, Mirzazadeh A, Rastad H, et al (2021). Reasons for not using condoms by people who inject drugs in Iran; results from a conventional content analysis in 2018. Iranian Journal of Epidemiology, 17 (3):254-263.
8. Moameri H, Shahrbabaki PM, Tavakoli F, et al (2024). Facilitators and barriers of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis use among four key populations in Iran. BMC Health Serv Res, 24 (1):1433.
9. Murchu EO, Marshall L, Teljeur C, et al (2022). Oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) to prevent HIV: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical effectiveness, safety, adherence and risk compensation in all populations. BMJ Open, 12 (5):e048478.
10. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in the United States —2017 Update: a clinical practice guideline. https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pdf/risk/prep/cdc-hiv-prep-guidelines-2017.pdf. Accessed on August 24, 2018
11. The Lancet Hiv (2024). Lenacapavir licenses will not deliver on all opportunities. Lancet HIV, 11(11):e717.
12. Wu L, Schumacher C, Chandran A, et al (2020). Patterns of PrEP retention among HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis users in Baltimore City, Maryland. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 85 (5):593-600.
13. Mayer KH, Agwu A, Malebranche D (2020). Barriers to the wider use of pre-exposure prophylaxis in the United States: a narrative review. Adv Ther, 37(5):1778-1811.
14. Dang M, Scheim AI, Teti M, et al (2022). Barriers and facilitators to HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis uptake, adherence, and persistence among transgender populations in the United States: a systematic review. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 36 (6):236-248.
15. Hill LM, Lightfoot AF, Riggins L, et al (2021). Awareness of and attitudes toward pre-exposure prophylaxis among African American women living in low-income neighborhoods in a Southeastern city. Aids Care, 33 (2):239-243.
16. Felsher M, Ziegler E, Amico KR, et al (2021). “PrEP just isn't my priority”: Adherence challenges among women who inject drugs participating in a pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) demonstration project in Philadelphia, PA USA. Soc Sci Med, 275:113809.
17. Rutstein SE, Smith DK, Dalal S, et al (2020). Initiation, discontinuation, and restarting HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis: ongoing implementation strategies. Lancet HIV, 7 (10):e721-e730-e730.
18. Koss CA, Charlebois ED, Ayieko J, et al (2020). Uptake, engagement, and adherence to pre-exposure prophylaxis offered after population HIV testing in rural Kenya and Uganda: 72-week interim analysis of observational data from the SEARCH study. Lancet HIV, 7 (4):e249-e261.
19. Adesina MA, Abiodun AO (2019). eHealth: The mainstay of healthcare delivery in the 21st century. Eur J Environ Public Health, 3 (2):em0027.
20. Muessig KE, Nekkanti M, Bauermeister J, et al (2015). A systematic review of recent smartphone, Internet and Web 2.0 interventions to address the HIV continuum of care. Current Hiv/aids Reports, 12(1):173-190.
21. Erenrich RK, Braun RA, Torres-Mendoza DM, et al (2022). Effectiveness of PrEPTECH: findings from a 180-day randomized controlled trial of a pre-exposure prophylaxis telehealth intervention. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr: 95(5):463-469.
22. Lillis R, Beckford J, Fegley J, et al (2021). Evaluation of an HIV Pre-exposure prophylaxis referral system: from sexual health center to federally qualified health center pre-exposure prophylaxis clinic. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 35 (9):354-359.
23. Wang B, Janamnuaysook R, MacDonell K, et al (2023). Adapting Effective mHealth Interventions to Improve Uptake and Adherence to HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Among Thai Young Men Who Have Sex With Men: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Res Protoc, 12 (1):e46435.
24. Whiteley L, Craker L, Haubrick KK, et al (2021). The impact of a mobile gaming intervention to increase adherence to pre-exposure prophylaxis. AIDS Behav, 25(6):1884-1889.
25. Eysenbach G (2001). What is e-health. J Med Internet Res, 3 (2): e20.
26. Dang BN, Giordano TP, Kim JH (2012). Sociocultural and structural barriers to care among undocumented Latino immigrants with HIV infection. J Immigr Minor Health, 14(1):124-31.
27. Haberer JE, Bukusi EA, Mugo NR, et al (2021). Effect of SMS reminders on PrEP adherence in young Kenyan women (MPYA study): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet HIV, 8 (3):e130-e137.
28. Liu AY, Vittinghoff E, von Felten P, et al (2019). Randomized controlled trial of a mobile health intervention to promote retention and adherence to preexposure prophylaxis among young people at risk for human immunodeficiency virus: the EPIC study. Clin Infect Dis, 68 (12):2010-2017.
29. Salehi S, Olyaeemanesh A, Mobinizadeh M, et al (2022). Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Remote Monitoring in Patients with Diabetes Type 2. Health Tech Asmnt Act, doi: 10.18502/htaa.v5i3.9350
30. Tugwell P, Tovey D (2021). PRISMA 2020. Elsevier, pp. A5-A6.
31. CDC (2024) eHealth Literacy. https://www.cdc.gov/health-literacy/php/research-summaries/ehealth.html#:~:text=The%20World%20Health%20Organization%20(WHO,health%20and%20health%2Drelated%20fields
32. WHO (2024) eHealth. https://www.emro.who.int/health-topics/ehealth/
33. Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, et al (2003). Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ, 327 (7414):557-60.
34. Egger M, Smith GD, Schneider M, et al (1997). Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ, 315 (7109):629-634.
35. Sterne JA, Egger M (2001). Funnel plots for detecting bias in meta-analysis: guidelines on choice of axis. J Clin Epidemiol, 54 (10):1046-55.
36. Kamitani E, Peng Y, Hopkins D, et al (2024). A Community Guide Systematic Review: Digital HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Interventions. Am J Prev Med, 67(2):303-310.
37. Izadi LH, Mmeje O, Drabo EF, et al (2023). An effectiveness-implementation trial protocol to evaluate PrEP initiation among US cisgender women using eHealth tools vs. standard care. Front Reprod Health, 5:1196392.
38. Hong C, Abrams LS, Holloway IW (2022). Technology-based interventions to promote the HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) care continuum: protocol for a systematic review. JMIR Res Protoc, 11 (3):e33045.
39. Lee JJ, Li Verdugo J, Xiao AY, et al (2023). Digital Interventions to Enhance PrEP Uptake and Adherence Through Stigma Reduction. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep, 20 (6):458-469.
40. Rao D, Frey S, Ramaiya M (2018). eHealth for stigma reduction efforts designed to improve engagement in care for people living with HIV. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep, 15:397-402.
41. Mulawa MI, Rosengren AL, Amico KR, et al (2021). mHealth to reduce HIV-related stigma among youth in the United States: a scoping review. Mhealth, 7:35.
42. Kudrati SZ, Hayashi K, Taggart T (2021). Social media & PrEP: A systematic review of social media campaigns to increase PrEP awareness & uptake among young Black and Latinx MSM and women. AIDS Behav, 25 (12):4225-4234.
43. Bonett S, Li Q, Sweeney A, et al (2024). Telehealth Models for PrEP Delivery: A Systematic Review of Acceptability, Implementation, and Impact on the PrEP Care Continuum in the United States. AIDS Behav, 28(9):2875-2886.
44. Nguyen LH, Tran BX, Rocha LE, et al (2019). A systematic review of eHealth interventions addressing HIV/STI prevention among men who have sex with men. AIDS Behav, 23(9):2253-2272.
45. Shi H, Du J, Jin G, et al (2024). Effectiveness of eHealth interventions for HIV prevention, testing and management: An umbrella review. Int J STD AIDS, 35 (10):752-774.
46. Dayer L, Heldenbrand S, Anderson P, et al (2013). Smartphone medication adherence apps: potential benefits to patients and providers. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003), 53 (2):172-81.
47. Ibeneme SC, Ndukwu SC, Myezwa H, et al (2021). Effectiveness of mobile text reminder in improving adherence to medication, physical exercise, and quality of life in patients living with HIV: a systematic review. BMC Infect Dis, 21 (1):859.
48. Mbotwa CH, Kazaura MR, Moen K, et al (2023). Effect of an mHealth intervention on retention in HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis services among female sex workers: Preliminary evidence of the use of the Jichunge app in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Digit Health, 9:20552076231170507.
49. Mbotwa CH, Moen K, Leshabari MT, et al (2023). Retention in an mHealth App Aiming to Promote the Use of HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Among Female Sex Workers in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: Prospective Cohort Study. JMIR mHealth and uHealth, 11 (1):e46853.
50. Lochman JE, Baden RE, Boxmeyer CL, et al (2014). Does a booster intervention augment the preventive effects of an abbreviated version of the coping power program for aggressive children? J Abnorm Child Psychol, 42(3):367-381.
51. Songtaweesin WN, Kawichai S, Phanuphak N, et al (2020). Youth‐friendly services and a mobile phone application to promote adherence to pre‐exposure prophylaxis among adolescent men who have sex with men and transgender women at‐risk for HIV in Thailand: a randomized control trial. J Int AIDS Soc, 23:e25564.
52. Kawichai S, Songtaweesin WN, Wongharn P, et al (2022). A mobile phone app to support adherence to daily HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis engagement among young men who have sex with men and transgender women aged 15 to 19 years in Thailand: pilot randomized controlled trial. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth, 10 (4):e25561.
53. Colson P, Franks J, Wu Y, et al (2020). Adherence to pre-exposure prophylaxis in black men who have sex with men and transgender women in a community setting in Harlem, NY. AIDS Behav, 24(12):3436-3455.
54. Musinguzi N, Muwonge T, Ngure K, et al (2018). Comparison of short messaging service self-reported adherence with other adherence measures in a demonstration project of HIV preexposure prophylaxis in Kenya and Uganda. AIDS, 32 (15):2237-2245.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 54 No 9 (2025) | |
| Section | Review Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v54i9.19854 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Telemedicine eHealth Pre-exposure prophylaxis Human immunodeficiency viruses | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Moameri H, Norouzi M, Mohammadyan GR, Salehi S, Rahmati S. Effectiveness of eHealth on Human Immunodeficiency Viruses Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis among Key Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Iran J Public Health. 2025;54(9):1857-1869.
