Impact of Inadequate Nutrition in Lung Transplant Recovery: A Meta-Analysis
-
Xu Cao
,
Chenxia Liu
,
Qiuyue Liu
,
Jian Gao
,
Yan Wang
,
Feng Yang
Abstract
Background: We aimed to appraise and compare the impact of inadequate nutrition in lung transplant recovery.
Methods: Based on the inspection of the meta-analysis data, the odds ratio (OR) and mean difference (MD) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were derived by dichotomous random or fixed effect models. 6 papers with 1399 lung transplant who were available between 2020 and 2024 were comprised in this meta-analysis.
Results: Frail had significantly higher hospital length of stay (MD, 2.80; 95% CI, 1.80-3.80, P< 0.001), and all-cause mortality (OR, 2.33; 95% CI, 1.40-3.87, P=0.001) compared to non-frail in subjects with lung transplant. However, no significant difference was found between frail and non-frail in intubation post-lung transplant (MD, 7.00; 95% CI, -17.52-31.52, P=0.58), and intensive care unit length of stay (MD, -1.70; 95% CI, -4.53- 1.14, P=0.24) in subjects with lung transplant.
Conclusion: Using frail had significantly higher hospital length of stay, and all-cause mortality, however, no significant difference was found in intubation post-lung transplant, and intensive care unit length of stay compared to non-frail in subjects with lung transplant However, given that comparisons comprised a small number of studies, attention ought to be given to their values.
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2. Trulock EP (1997). Lung transplantation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 155 (3):789-818.
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13. Hook JL, Lederer DJ (2012). Selecting lung transplant candidates: where do current guidelines fall short? Expert Rev Respir Med, 6(1):51-61.
14. Emad M, Osama H, Rabea H, et al (2023). Dual compared with triple antithrombotics treatment effect on ischemia and bleeding in atrial fibrillation following percutaneous coronary intervention: A meta-analysis. Int J Clin Med Res, 1 (2):77-87.
15. Sundaresan A (2023). Wound complications frequency in minor technique gastrectomy compared to open gastrectomy for gastric cancer: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Clinical Medical Research, 1 (3):100-107.
16. Singh RK (2023). A meta-analysis of the impact on gastrectomy versus endoscopic submucosal dissection for early stomach cancer. International Journal of Clinical Medical Research, 1 (3):88-99.
17. Amin MA (2023). A meta-analysis of the eosinophil counts in the small intestine and colon of children without obvious gastrointestinal disease. International Journal of Clinical Medical Research, 1 (1):1-8.
18. Shaaban MEA, Mohamed AIM (2023). Determining the efficacy of N-acetyl cysteine in treatment of pneumonia in COVID-19 hospitalized patients: A meta-analysis. Int J Clin Med Res, 1 (2):36-42.
19. Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, et al (2009). The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration. J Clin Epidemiol, 62 (10):e1-e34.
20. Osama H, Saeed H, Nicola M, et al (2023). Neuraxial anesthesia compared to general anesthesia in subjects with hip fracture surgery: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Clinical Medical Research, 1 (2):66-76.
21. Guo Y (2024). Effect of resident participation in ophthalmic surgery on wound dehiscence: A meta-analysis. Int J Clin Med Res, 2 (2).
22. Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, et al (2003). Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ, 327 (7414):557-560.
23. Stroup DF, Berlin JA, Morton SC, et al (2000). Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: a proposal for reporting. JAMA, 283 (15):2008-2012.
24. Zangeneh MM, Zangeneh A (2023). Prevalence of wound infection following right anterolateral thoracotomy and median sternotomy for resection of benign atrial masses that induce heart failure, arrhythmia, or thromboembolic events: A meta-analysis. Int J Clin Med Res, 2 (1):27-33.
25. Gupta A, Das A, Majumder K, et al (2018). Obesity is Independently Associated With Increased Risk of Hepatocellular Cancer–related Mortality. Am J Clin Oncol, 41 (9):874-881.
26. Collaboration C (2020). RoB 2: A revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials. Available at (Accessed December 6, 2019): bias/resources/rob-2-revised-cochrane-risk-bias-tool-randomized-trials.
27. Sheikhbahaei S, Trahan TJ, Xiao J, et al (2016). FDG-PET/CT and MRI for evaluation of pathologic response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer: a meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy studies. Oncologist, 21 (8):931-939.
28. Larsen RA, Evans RS, Burke JP, et al (1989). Improved perioperative antibiotic use and reduced surgical wound infections through use of computer decision analysis. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 10 (7):316-320.
29. Maki D, Schuna A (1978). A study of antimicrobial misuse in a university hospital. Am J Med Sci, 275 (3):271-282.
30. Montgomery E, Macdonald PS, Newton PJ, et al (2020). Frailty as a predictor of mortality in patients with interstitial lung disease referred for lung transplantation. Transplantation, 104 (4):864-872.
31. Montgomery E, Macdonald PS, Newton PJ, et al (2020). Reversibility of frailty after lung transplantation. J Transplant, 2020:3239495.
32. Guler SA, Kwan JM, Leung JM, et al (2020). Functional ageing in fibrotic interstitial lung disease: the impact of frailty on adverse health outcomes. Eur Respir J, 55 (1): 1900647.
33. Farooqi MAM, O'Hoski S, Goodwin S, et al (2021). Prevalence and prognostic impact of physical frailty in interstitial lung disease: a prospective cohort study. Respirology, 26 (7):683-689.
34. Singer JP, Calfee CS, Delucchi K, et al (2023). Subphenotypes of frailty in lung transplant candidates. Am J Transplant, 23 (4):531-539.
35. Van Hollebeke M, Chohan K, Adams CJ, et al (2024). Clinical implications of frailty assessed in hospitalized patients with acute-exacerbation of interstitial lung disease. Chron Respir Dis, 21:14799731241240786.
36. Abdelrahim ME (2011). Aerodynamic characteristics of nebulized terbutaline sulphate using the Andersen Cascade Impactor compared to the Next Generation Impactor. Pharm Dev Technol, 16 (2):137-145.
37. Vecellio L, Abdelrahim ME, Montharu J, et al(2011). Disposable versus reusable jet nebulizers for cystic fibrosis treatment with tobramycin. J Cyst Fibros, 10 (2):86-92.
38. Ali AMA, Abdelrahim MEA (2014). Modeling and optimization of terbutaline emitted from a dry powder inhaler and influence on systemic bioavailability using data mining technology. Journal of Pharmaceutical Innovation, 9 (1):38-47.
39. Elgendy MO, Abdelrahim ME, Eldin RS (2015). Potential benefit of repeated MDI inhalation technique counselling for patients with asthma. Eur J Hosp Pharm, 22 (6):318-322.
40. Hassan A, Rabea H, Hussein RR, et al (2016). In-Vitro Characterization of the Aerosolized Dose During Non-Invasive Automatic Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Ventilation. Pulm Ther, 2:115-126.
41. Hussein RR, MA Ali A, Salem HF, et al (2017). In vitro/in vivo correlation and modeling of emitted dose and lung deposition of inhaled salbutamol from metered dose inhalers with different types of spacers in noninvasively ventilated patients. Pharm Dev Technol, 22 (7):871-880.
42. Madney YM, Fathy M, Elberry AA, et al (2017). Nebulizers and spacers for aerosol delivery through adult nasal cannula at low oxygen flow rate: An in-vitro study. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 39:260-265.
43. Saeed H, Elberry AA, Eldin AS, et al (2017). Effect of nebulizer designs on aerosol delivery during non-invasive mechanical ventilation: a modeling study of in vitro data. Pulmonary Therapy, 3 (1):233-241.
44. Harb HS, Elberry AA, Rabea H, et al (2018). Performance of large spacer versus nebulizer T-piece in single-limb noninvasive ventilation. Respir Care, 63 (11):1360-1369.
45. Saeed H, Ali AM, Elberry AA, et al (2018). Modeling and optimization of nebulizers' performance in non-invasive ventilation using different fill volumes: comparative study between vibrating mesh and jet nebulizers. Pulm Pharmacol Ther, 50:62-71.
46. Elgendy MO, Hassan AH, Saeed H, et al (2020). Asthmatic children and MDI verbal inhalation technique counseling. Pulm Pharmacol Ther, 61:101900.
47. Sayed AM, Khalaf AM, Abdelrahim MEA, et al (2021). Repurposing of some anti-infective drugs for COVID-19 treatment: A surveillance study supported by an in silico investigation. Int J Clin Pract, 75 (4):e13877.
48. Saeed H, Salem HF, Rabea H, et al (2018). Effect of human error, inhalation flow, and inhalation volume on dose delivery from Ellipta® dry-powder inhaler. J Pharm Innov, 14 (3):239-244.
49. Nicola M, Elberry A, Sayed O, et al (2018). The impact of adding a training device to familiar counselling on inhalation technique and pulmonary function of asthmatics. Adv Ther, 35 (7):1049-1058.
50. Saeed H, Mohsen M, Eldin AS, et al (2018). Effects of fill volume and humidification on aerosol delivery during single-limb noninvasive ventilation. Respir Care, 63 (11):1370-1378.
51. Zawbaa HM, Osama H, El-Gendy A, et al (2022). Effect of mutation and vaccination on spread, severity, and mortality of COVID-19 disease. J Med Virol, 94 (1):197-204.
52. Flint KM, Matlock DD, Lindenfeld J, et al (2012). Frailty and the selection of patients for destination therapy left ventricular assist device. Circ Heart Fail, 5 (2):286-293.
53. Jha SR, Hannu MK, Gore K, et al (2016). Cognitive impairment improves the predictive validity of physical frailty for mortality in patients with advanced heart failure referred for heart transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant, 35 (9):1092-1100.
54. Englesbe MJ, Patel SP, He K, et al (2010). Sarcopenia and mortality after liver transplantation. J Am Coll Surg, 211 (2):271-278.
55. Streja E, Molnar MZ, Kovesdy CP, et al (2011). Associations of pretransplant weight and muscle mass with mortality in renal transplant recipients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 6 (6):1463-1473.
56. Morley JE, Vellas B, Van Kan GA, et al (2013). Frailty consensus: a call to action. J Am Med Dir Assoc, 14 (6):392-397.
57. Maddocks M, Kon SS, Canavan JL, et al (2016). Physical frailty and pulmonary rehabilitation in COPD: a prospective cohort study. Thorax, 71 (11):988-995.
58. Singer JP, Soong A, Bruun A, et al (2018). A mobile health technology enabled home‐based intervention to treat frailty in adult lung transplant candidates: a pilot study. Clin Transplant, 32 (6):e13274.
59. Courtwright AM, Zaleski D, Gardo L, et al (2018). Causes, preventability, and cost of unplanned rehospitalizations within 30 days of discharge after lung transplantation. Transplantion, 102 (5):838-844.
60. Venado A, McCulloch C, Greenland JR, et al (2019). Frailty trajectories in adult lung transplantation: a cohort study. J Heart Lung Transplant, 38 (7):699-707.
61. Jomphe V, Lands LC, Mailhot G (2018). Nutritional requirements of lung transplant recipients: challenges and considerations. Nutrients, 10 (6):790.
62. van Wetering CR, Hoogendoorn M, Broekhuizen R, et al (2010). Efficacy and costs of nutritional rehabilitation in muscle-wasted patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a community-based setting: a prespecified subgroup analysis of the INTERCOM trial. J Am Med Dir Assoc, 11 (3):179-187.
63. Kobashigawa J, Dadhania D, Bhorade S, et al (2019). Report from the American Society of Transplantation on frailty in solid organ transplantation. Am J Transplant, 19 (4):984-994.
64. Muir SW, Montero‐Odasso M (2011). Effect of vitamin D supplementation on muscle strength, gait and balance in older adults: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. J Am Geriatr Soc, 59 (12):2291-2300.
2. Trulock EP (1997). Lung transplantation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 155 (3):789-818.
3. MacDonald P (2015). Ethical guidelines for organ transplantation from deceased donors. Heart Lung Circ, 24 (7):633-634.
4. Weill D, Benden C, Corris PA, et al (2015). A consensus document for the selection of lung transplant candidates: 2014—an update from the Pulmonary Transplantation Council of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant, 34 (1):1-15.
5. Calvani R, Marini F, Cesari M, et al (2015). Biomarkers for physical frailty and sarcopenia: state of the science and future developments. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle, 6 (4):278-286.
6. Bone AE, Hepgul N, Kon S, Maddocks M (2017). Sarcopenia and frailty in chronic respiratory disease: Lessons from gerontology. Chron Respir Dis, 14 (1):85-99.
7. Singer JP, Diamond JM, Gries CJ, et al (2015). Frailty phenotypes, disability, and outcomes in adult candidates for lung transplantation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 192 (11):1325-1334.
8. Theou O, Brothers TD, Peña FG, et al (2014). Identifying common characteristics of frailty across seven scales. J Am Geriatr Soc, 62 (5):901-906.
9. Jones DM, Song X, Rockwood K (2004). Operationalizing a frailty index from a standardized comprehensive geriatric assessment. J Am Geriatr Soc, 52 (11):1929-1933.
10. Searle SD, Mitnitski A, Gahbauer EA, et al (2008). A standard procedure for creating a frailty index. BMC Geriatr, 8:24.
11. Lp F (2001). Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 56:M146-M156.
12. Guralnik JM, Ferrucci L, Pieper CF, et al (2000). Lower extremity function and subsequent disability: consistency across studies, predictive models, and value of gait speed alone compared with the short physical performance battery. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 55 (4):M221-31.
13. Hook JL, Lederer DJ (2012). Selecting lung transplant candidates: where do current guidelines fall short? Expert Rev Respir Med, 6(1):51-61.
14. Emad M, Osama H, Rabea H, et al (2023). Dual compared with triple antithrombotics treatment effect on ischemia and bleeding in atrial fibrillation following percutaneous coronary intervention: A meta-analysis. Int J Clin Med Res, 1 (2):77-87.
15. Sundaresan A (2023). Wound complications frequency in minor technique gastrectomy compared to open gastrectomy for gastric cancer: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Clinical Medical Research, 1 (3):100-107.
16. Singh RK (2023). A meta-analysis of the impact on gastrectomy versus endoscopic submucosal dissection for early stomach cancer. International Journal of Clinical Medical Research, 1 (3):88-99.
17. Amin MA (2023). A meta-analysis of the eosinophil counts in the small intestine and colon of children without obvious gastrointestinal disease. International Journal of Clinical Medical Research, 1 (1):1-8.
18. Shaaban MEA, Mohamed AIM (2023). Determining the efficacy of N-acetyl cysteine in treatment of pneumonia in COVID-19 hospitalized patients: A meta-analysis. Int J Clin Med Res, 1 (2):36-42.
19. Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, et al (2009). The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration. J Clin Epidemiol, 62 (10):e1-e34.
20. Osama H, Saeed H, Nicola M, et al (2023). Neuraxial anesthesia compared to general anesthesia in subjects with hip fracture surgery: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Clinical Medical Research, 1 (2):66-76.
21. Guo Y (2024). Effect of resident participation in ophthalmic surgery on wound dehiscence: A meta-analysis. Int J Clin Med Res, 2 (2).
22. Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, et al (2003). Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ, 327 (7414):557-560.
23. Stroup DF, Berlin JA, Morton SC, et al (2000). Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: a proposal for reporting. JAMA, 283 (15):2008-2012.
24. Zangeneh MM, Zangeneh A (2023). Prevalence of wound infection following right anterolateral thoracotomy and median sternotomy for resection of benign atrial masses that induce heart failure, arrhythmia, or thromboembolic events: A meta-analysis. Int J Clin Med Res, 2 (1):27-33.
25. Gupta A, Das A, Majumder K, et al (2018). Obesity is Independently Associated With Increased Risk of Hepatocellular Cancer–related Mortality. Am J Clin Oncol, 41 (9):874-881.
26. Collaboration C (2020). RoB 2: A revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials. Available at (Accessed December 6, 2019): bias/resources/rob-2-revised-cochrane-risk-bias-tool-randomized-trials.
27. Sheikhbahaei S, Trahan TJ, Xiao J, et al (2016). FDG-PET/CT and MRI for evaluation of pathologic response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer: a meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy studies. Oncologist, 21 (8):931-939.
28. Larsen RA, Evans RS, Burke JP, et al (1989). Improved perioperative antibiotic use and reduced surgical wound infections through use of computer decision analysis. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 10 (7):316-320.
29. Maki D, Schuna A (1978). A study of antimicrobial misuse in a university hospital. Am J Med Sci, 275 (3):271-282.
30. Montgomery E, Macdonald PS, Newton PJ, et al (2020). Frailty as a predictor of mortality in patients with interstitial lung disease referred for lung transplantation. Transplantation, 104 (4):864-872.
31. Montgomery E, Macdonald PS, Newton PJ, et al (2020). Reversibility of frailty after lung transplantation. J Transplant, 2020:3239495.
32. Guler SA, Kwan JM, Leung JM, et al (2020). Functional ageing in fibrotic interstitial lung disease: the impact of frailty on adverse health outcomes. Eur Respir J, 55 (1): 1900647.
33. Farooqi MAM, O'Hoski S, Goodwin S, et al (2021). Prevalence and prognostic impact of physical frailty in interstitial lung disease: a prospective cohort study. Respirology, 26 (7):683-689.
34. Singer JP, Calfee CS, Delucchi K, et al (2023). Subphenotypes of frailty in lung transplant candidates. Am J Transplant, 23 (4):531-539.
35. Van Hollebeke M, Chohan K, Adams CJ, et al (2024). Clinical implications of frailty assessed in hospitalized patients with acute-exacerbation of interstitial lung disease. Chron Respir Dis, 21:14799731241240786.
36. Abdelrahim ME (2011). Aerodynamic characteristics of nebulized terbutaline sulphate using the Andersen Cascade Impactor compared to the Next Generation Impactor. Pharm Dev Technol, 16 (2):137-145.
37. Vecellio L, Abdelrahim ME, Montharu J, et al(2011). Disposable versus reusable jet nebulizers for cystic fibrosis treatment with tobramycin. J Cyst Fibros, 10 (2):86-92.
38. Ali AMA, Abdelrahim MEA (2014). Modeling and optimization of terbutaline emitted from a dry powder inhaler and influence on systemic bioavailability using data mining technology. Journal of Pharmaceutical Innovation, 9 (1):38-47.
39. Elgendy MO, Abdelrahim ME, Eldin RS (2015). Potential benefit of repeated MDI inhalation technique counselling for patients with asthma. Eur J Hosp Pharm, 22 (6):318-322.
40. Hassan A, Rabea H, Hussein RR, et al (2016). In-Vitro Characterization of the Aerosolized Dose During Non-Invasive Automatic Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Ventilation. Pulm Ther, 2:115-126.
41. Hussein RR, MA Ali A, Salem HF, et al (2017). In vitro/in vivo correlation and modeling of emitted dose and lung deposition of inhaled salbutamol from metered dose inhalers with different types of spacers in noninvasively ventilated patients. Pharm Dev Technol, 22 (7):871-880.
42. Madney YM, Fathy M, Elberry AA, et al (2017). Nebulizers and spacers for aerosol delivery through adult nasal cannula at low oxygen flow rate: An in-vitro study. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 39:260-265.
43. Saeed H, Elberry AA, Eldin AS, et al (2017). Effect of nebulizer designs on aerosol delivery during non-invasive mechanical ventilation: a modeling study of in vitro data. Pulmonary Therapy, 3 (1):233-241.
44. Harb HS, Elberry AA, Rabea H, et al (2018). Performance of large spacer versus nebulizer T-piece in single-limb noninvasive ventilation. Respir Care, 63 (11):1360-1369.
45. Saeed H, Ali AM, Elberry AA, et al (2018). Modeling and optimization of nebulizers' performance in non-invasive ventilation using different fill volumes: comparative study between vibrating mesh and jet nebulizers. Pulm Pharmacol Ther, 50:62-71.
46. Elgendy MO, Hassan AH, Saeed H, et al (2020). Asthmatic children and MDI verbal inhalation technique counseling. Pulm Pharmacol Ther, 61:101900.
47. Sayed AM, Khalaf AM, Abdelrahim MEA, et al (2021). Repurposing of some anti-infective drugs for COVID-19 treatment: A surveillance study supported by an in silico investigation. Int J Clin Pract, 75 (4):e13877.
48. Saeed H, Salem HF, Rabea H, et al (2018). Effect of human error, inhalation flow, and inhalation volume on dose delivery from Ellipta® dry-powder inhaler. J Pharm Innov, 14 (3):239-244.
49. Nicola M, Elberry A, Sayed O, et al (2018). The impact of adding a training device to familiar counselling on inhalation technique and pulmonary function of asthmatics. Adv Ther, 35 (7):1049-1058.
50. Saeed H, Mohsen M, Eldin AS, et al (2018). Effects of fill volume and humidification on aerosol delivery during single-limb noninvasive ventilation. Respir Care, 63 (11):1370-1378.
51. Zawbaa HM, Osama H, El-Gendy A, et al (2022). Effect of mutation and vaccination on spread, severity, and mortality of COVID-19 disease. J Med Virol, 94 (1):197-204.
52. Flint KM, Matlock DD, Lindenfeld J, et al (2012). Frailty and the selection of patients for destination therapy left ventricular assist device. Circ Heart Fail, 5 (2):286-293.
53. Jha SR, Hannu MK, Gore K, et al (2016). Cognitive impairment improves the predictive validity of physical frailty for mortality in patients with advanced heart failure referred for heart transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant, 35 (9):1092-1100.
54. Englesbe MJ, Patel SP, He K, et al (2010). Sarcopenia and mortality after liver transplantation. J Am Coll Surg, 211 (2):271-278.
55. Streja E, Molnar MZ, Kovesdy CP, et al (2011). Associations of pretransplant weight and muscle mass with mortality in renal transplant recipients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 6 (6):1463-1473.
56. Morley JE, Vellas B, Van Kan GA, et al (2013). Frailty consensus: a call to action. J Am Med Dir Assoc, 14 (6):392-397.
57. Maddocks M, Kon SS, Canavan JL, et al (2016). Physical frailty and pulmonary rehabilitation in COPD: a prospective cohort study. Thorax, 71 (11):988-995.
58. Singer JP, Soong A, Bruun A, et al (2018). A mobile health technology enabled home‐based intervention to treat frailty in adult lung transplant candidates: a pilot study. Clin Transplant, 32 (6):e13274.
59. Courtwright AM, Zaleski D, Gardo L, et al (2018). Causes, preventability, and cost of unplanned rehospitalizations within 30 days of discharge after lung transplantation. Transplantion, 102 (5):838-844.
60. Venado A, McCulloch C, Greenland JR, et al (2019). Frailty trajectories in adult lung transplantation: a cohort study. J Heart Lung Transplant, 38 (7):699-707.
61. Jomphe V, Lands LC, Mailhot G (2018). Nutritional requirements of lung transplant recipients: challenges and considerations. Nutrients, 10 (6):790.
62. van Wetering CR, Hoogendoorn M, Broekhuizen R, et al (2010). Efficacy and costs of nutritional rehabilitation in muscle-wasted patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a community-based setting: a prespecified subgroup analysis of the INTERCOM trial. J Am Med Dir Assoc, 11 (3):179-187.
63. Kobashigawa J, Dadhania D, Bhorade S, et al (2019). Report from the American Society of Transplantation on frailty in solid organ transplantation. Am J Transplant, 19 (4):984-994.
64. Muir SW, Montero‐Odasso M (2011). Effect of vitamin D supplementation on muscle strength, gait and balance in older adults: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. J Am Geriatr Soc, 59 (12):2291-2300.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 54 No 3 (2025) | |
| Section | Review Article(s) | |
| Keywords | ||
| Lung transplant Hospital Intubation post-lung transplant Frail All-cause mortality Intensive care | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Cao X, Liu C, Liu Q, Gao J, Wang Y, Yang F. Impact of Inadequate Nutrition in Lung Transplant Recovery: A Meta-Analysis. Iran J Public Health. 2025;54(3):454-464.
