Anemia: Etiology, Pathophysiology, Impact, and Prevention: A Review
,
Abstract
Background: Anemia is a significant public health problem worldwide in rich and poor countries. Anemia among teenagers can be seriously almost entirely caused by a lack of substance iron, which is closely related to the level of severity of anemia. The most visible effect of anemia is a decline in achievement studying in school. This article briefly introduces anemia, etiology, pathophysiology, impact, and preventive measures.
Methods: Major databases, including Scopus, Pubmed, Proquest, Google Scholar, and Science Direct, were researched to obtain articles related to anemia in adolescent girls. The keywords used in the literature search were “ anemia and teenage girls "and " anemia prevention. " The time frame of the articles obtained ranged from 2012 to 2023.
Results: Enhancement observed prevalence during several final years will cause prevalence to exceed the agreed target level. The most visible impact of anemia is a decline in achievement studying in school. Not only that, teenage women who suffer from anemia are at risk of experiencing anemia during pregnancy, which can hurt the growth and development of the fetus in Content. Apart from that, there is the potential to experience complications during pregnancy and childbirth.
Conclusion: Identifying and understanding the etiology of anemia is critical to developing effective prevention strategies with screening. An integrated approach to early prevention of anemia involves collaboration between the health, education, and community sectors.
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53. Corrons JLV, Krishnevskaya E (2021). Rare anemias in adolescents. Acta Biomed, 92 (1): e2021169.
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3. Juffrie M, Helmyati S, Hakimi M (2020). Nutritional anemia in Indonesia children and adolescents: Diagnostic reliability for appropriate management. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr, 29(Suppl 1):S18-S31.
4. Tesfaye M, Yemane T, Adisu W, et al (2015). Anemia and iron deficiency among school adolescents: burden, severity, and determinant factors in southwest Ethiopia. Adolesc Health Med Ther, 6: 189-196.
5. Shaka MF, Wondimagegne YA (2018). Anemia, a moderate public health concern among adolescents in South Ethiopia. PLoS One, 13 (7): e0191467.
6. Srivastava S, Kumar P, Paul R, et al (2022). Effect of change in individual and household level characteristics on anemia prevalence among adolescent boys and girls in India. BMC Public Health, 22 (1): 1478.
7. Chaparro CM, Suchdev PS (2019). Anemia epidemiology, pathophysiology, and etiology in low‐and middle‐income countries. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1450 (1): 15-31.
8. Ashok C, Mahto S, Kumari S, et al (2024). Impact of Plateletpheresis on the Hemoglobin, Hematocrit, and Total Red Blood Cell Count: An Updated Meta-Analysis. Cureus, 16 (6): e61510.
9. Habyarimana F, Zewotir T, Ramroop S (2020). Prevalence and risk factors asso-ciated with anemia among women of childbearing age in Rwanda. Afr J Reprod Health, 24 (2): 141–151.
10. Harika R, Faber M, Samuel F, et al (2017). Micronutrient status and dietary intake of iron, vitamin A, iodine, folate and zinc in women of reproductive age and pregnant women in Ethiopia, Kenya, Nigeria and South Africa: A Systematic Review of Data from 2005 to 2015. Nutrients, 9 (10): 1096.
11. Zheng Y, Liu X, He Y, et al (2023). Prevalence and morphological subtype distributions of anaemia in a Chinese rural population: the Henan Rural Cohort study. Public Health Nutr, 26 (6): 1254-1263.
12. Sharief SA, Minhajat R, Riu DS, et al (2024). Normocytic anemia in pregnant wom-en: A scoping review. Med J Malaysia, 79 (5): 646-657.
13. Alotaibi NE, Mohsin B, Alharbi S, et al (2023). Postrenal transplant anemia and its effects on patients and graft outcomes: Seven years follow-up. Saudi Pharm J, 31 (8): 101696.
14. Nickens C, Knollmann-Ritschel BE (2019). Educational Case: Nutrient Deprivation and Anemia. Acad Pathol, 6: 2374289519888733.
15. Michalak SS, Olewicz-Gawlik A, Rupa-Matysek J, et al (2020). Autoimmune hemolytic anemia: current knowledge and perspectives. Immun Ageing, 17 (1): 38.
16. Lambrecht NJ, Wilson ML, Jones AD (2019). Assessing the impact of animal husbandry and capture on anemia among women and children in low-and middle-income countries: a systematic review. Adv Nutr, 10 (2): 331-344.
17. Mesarec L, Gozdz W, Iglic A, et al (2019). Normal red blood cells’ shape stabilized by membrane’s in-plane ordering. Sci Rep, 9 (1): 19742.
18. Hoffman JF (2016). Biconcave shape of human red-blood-cell ghosts relies on density differences between the rim and dimple of the ghost’s plasma membrane. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 113 (51): 14847–14851.
19. Zhang Z, Gao S, Dong M, et al (2022). Relationship between red blood cell indices (MCV, MCH, and MCHC) and major adverse cardiovascular events in anemic and nonanemic patients with acute coronary syndrome. Dis Markers, 2022:2193343.
20. Brownstein CG, Daguenet E, Guyotat D, et al (2020). Chronic fatigue in myelodysplastic syndromes: Looking beyond anemia. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol, 154: 103067.
21. Sharif N, Das B, Alam A (2023). Prevalence of anemia among reproductive women in different social group in India: cross-sectional study using nationally representative data. PLoS One, 18 (2): e0281015.
22. Wu B, Choy CC, Rivara AC, et al (2021). Persistence of anaemia among Samoan preschool age children: a longitudinal study. Public Health Nutr, 24 (18): 5995–6006.
23. Nguyen PH, Gonzalez-Casanova I, Nguyen H, et al (2015). Multicausal etiology of anemia among women of reproductive age in Vietnam. Eur J Clin Nutr, 69 (1): 107–113.
24. Satrija F, Ridwan Y, Rauf A (2015). Current status of schistosomiasis in Indonesia. Acta Trop, 141(Pt B): 349–353.
25. Hess SY, Owais A, Jefferds MED, et al (2023). Accelerating action to reduce anemia: Review of causes and risk factors and related data needs. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1523 (1): 11-23.
26. Habtegiorgis SD, Petrucka P (2022). Prevalence and associated factors of anemia among adolescent girls in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One, 17 (3): e0264063.
27. Thomas D, Chandra J, Sharma S, et al (2015). Determinants of nutritional anemia in adolescents. Indian Pediatr, 52 (10): 867-869.
28. Van Zutphen KG, Kraemer K, Melse-Boonstra A (2021). Knowledge gaps in understanding the etiology of anemia in Indonesian adolescents. Food Nutr Bull, 42(1_suppl):S39-S58.
29. De Andrade Cairo RC, Silva LR, Carneiro BN, et al (2014). Iron deficiency anemia in adolescents; a literature review. Nutr Hosp, 29 (6): 1240-1249.
30. Gupta A, Sachdev HS, Kapil U, et al (2022). Characterisation of anaemia amongst school going adolescent girls in rural Haryana, India. Public Health Nutr, 25 (12): 1-10.
31. Gemechu K, Asmerom H, Gedefaw L, et al (2023). Anemia prevalence and associated factors among school-children of Kersa Woreda in eastern Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One, 18 (3): e0283421.
32. Nogueira-de-Almeida CA, Del Ciampo LA, Martinez EZ, et al (2023). Clinical evolution of preschool picky eater children receiving oral nutritional supplementation during six months: A prospective controlled clinical trial. Children (Basel), 10 (3): 495.
33. Nogueira-de-Almeida CA, Ued FDV, Del Ciampo LA, et al (2021). Prevalence of childhood anemia in Brazil: still a serious health problem: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Public Health Nutr, 24 (18): 6450-6465.
34. Lowe C, Sarma H, Kelly M, et al (2021). Association of soybean-based food with the prevalence of anaemia among reproductive-aged men and women in rural Central Java, Indonesia. Public Health Nutr, 25 (12): 1-9.
35. Namaste SM, Aaron GJ, Varadhan R, et al (2017). Methodologic approach for the biomarkers reflecting inflammation and nutritional determinants of anemia (BRINDA) project. Am J Clin Nutr, 106(Suppl 1):333S-347S.
36. Pasricha SR, Drakesmith H, Black J, et al (2013). Control of iron deficiency anemia in low-and middle-income countries. Blood, 121 (14): 2607-2617.
37. Balarajan Y, Ramakrishnan U, Ozaltin E, et al (2011). Anaemia in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet, 378 (9809): 2123-2135.
38. Owais A, Merritt C, Lee C, et al (2021). Anemia among women of reproductive age: an overview of global burden, trends, determinants, and drivers of progress in low-and middle-income countries. Nutrients, 13 (8): 2745.
39. Prieto-Patron A, Van der Horst K, Hutton ZV, et al (2018). Association between anaemia in children 6 to 23 months old and child, mother, household and feeding indicators. Nutrients, 10 (9): 1269.
40. Leung AK, Lam JM, Wong AHC, et al (2024). Iron deficiency anemia: An updated review. Curr Pediatr Rev, 20 (3): 339-356.
41. Sari P, Herawati DMD, Dhamayanti M, et al (2022). Anemia among adolescent girls in West Java, Indonesia: related factors and consequences on the quality of life. Nutrients, 14 (18): 3777.
42. Husmann FM, Zimmermann MB, Herter-Aeberli I (2022). The effect of prebiotics on human iron absorption: a review. Adv Nutr, 13 (6): 2296-2304.
43. Hain D, Bednarski D, Cahill M (2023). Iron-deficiency anemia in CKD: a narrative review for the kidney care team. Kidney Med, 5 (8): 100677.
44. Wang M (2016). Iron Deficiency and Other Types of Anemia in Infants and Children. Am Fam Physician, 93 (4): 270–278.
45. Abbaspour N, Hurrell R, Kelishadi R (2014). Review on iron and its importance for human health. J Res Med Sci, 19 (2): 164-174.
46. Kumar A, Sharma E, Marley A, et al (2022). Iron deficiency anaemia: pathophysiology, assessment, practical management. BMJ Open Gastroenterol, 9 (1): e000759.
47. Pasricha SR, Low M, Thompson J, et al (2014). Iron supplementation benefits physical performance in women of reproductive age: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Nutr, 144 (6): 906-914.
48. Deivita Y, Syafruddin S, Andi NU, et al (2021). Overview of Anemia; risk factors and solution offering. Gac Sanit, 35 Suppl 2:S235-S241.
49. Subramanian M, Malhotra S, Kant S, et al (2022). Prevalence of anemia among adolescent girls residing in rural Haryana: A community-based cross-sectional study. Cureus, 14 (1): e21091.
50. Klein DA, Paradise SL, Reeder RM (2019). Amenorrhea: A Systematic Approach to Diagnosis and Management. Am Fam Physician, 100 (1): 39–48.
51. Berhe K, Gebrearegay F, Gebreegziabher H, et al (2022). Magnitude and associated factors of anemia among adolescent girls in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Public Health, 80 (1): 189.
52. Regasa RT, Haidar JA (2019). Anemia and its determinant of in-school adolescent girls from rural Ethiopia: a school based cross-sectional study. BMC Womens Health, 19 (1): 98.
53. Corrons JLV, Krishnevskaya E (2021). Rare anemias in adolescents. Acta Biomed, 92 (1): e2021169.
54. Tangren J, Bathini L, Jeyakumar N, et al (2023). Pre-Pregnancy eGFR and the Risk of Adverse Maternal and Fetal Outcomes: A Population-Based Study. J Am Soc Nephrol, 34 (4): 656–667.
55. Shand AW, Kidson-Gerber GL (2023). Anaemia in pregnancy: a major global health problem. Lancet, 401 (10388): 1550-1551.
56. Lopez A, Cacoub P, Macdougall IC, et al (2016). Iron deficiency anaemia. Lancet, 387 (10021): 907–916.
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| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 54 No 3 (2025) | |
| Section | Review Article(s) | |
| Keywords | ||
| Anemia Etiology Pathophysiology Impact Prevention | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Suprapti E, Hadju V, Ibrahim E, Indriasari R, Erika KA, Balqis B. Anemia: Etiology, Pathophysiology, Impact, and Prevention: A Review. Iran J Public Health. 2025;54(3):509-520.
