The Impact of Smartphone Addiction on Cyberloafing: The Moderating Role of Generation Differences
,
Abstract
Background: Smartphone addiction, a growing issue affecting Generation X, Y, and Z, is characterized by excessive use of applications, leading to counterproductive behaviors like virtual shifting. This study aimed to investigate the moderating role of generation differences (X and Y) in the effect of smartphone addiction on cyberloafing behaviors.
Methods: Participants included 423 bank employees and volunteers, with 214 from the X generation and 209 from the Y generation, from three provinces in Turkey. Participants were selected through simple random sampling, and data were gathered using Google Forms between February and Mar 2024. The data were analyzed using SPSS 25 and AMOS 25 software.
Results: The analysis indicated that a significant positive correlation between smartphone addiction and cyberloafing behaviors. Furthermore, smartphone addiction was found to have a positive impact on cyberloafing behaviors, with no generational differences in this association.
Conclusion: The study results highlight the importance of smartphone addiction in the workplace, as it leads to an increase in cyberloafing behavior.
1. Balcı Ş, Bal E (2022). Gelişmeleri kaçırma korkusu akıllı telefon bağımlılığı ilişkisinde kullanım süresinin aracılık rolü. Medeniyet ve Toplum Dergisi, 6(2):103-20.
2. Paul J, Manchanda P, Arora N, Aggarwal A (2023). “I can't look at you while talk-ing!”–FoMo and smartphone addiction as predictors of consumer's phubbing behavior. Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing, (ahead-of-print).
3. WeareSocial (2023). Digital 2023 Report. Your ultimate guide to evolving digital world. https://wearesocial.com/us/blog/2023/01/digital-2023/
4. Chen B, Liu F, Ding S, et al (2017). Gender differences in factors associated with smartphone addiction: a cross-sectional study among medical college students. BMC Psychiatry, 17(1):341.
5. Samaha M, Hawi, NS (2016). Relationships among smartphone addiction, stress, ac-ademic performance, and satisfaction with life. Computers in Human Behavior, 57:321-25.
6. Öztürk M, Kerse G. (2022). Smartphone and internet addiction as predictors of cyberloafing levels in students: A medi-ated model. Education for Information, 38(2):189-04.
7. Gökçearslan Ş, Mumcu FK, Haşlaman T, et al (2016). Modelling smartphone addic-tion: The role of smartphone usage, self-regulation, general self-efficacy and cyberloafing in university students. Com-puters in Human Behavior, 63: 639-49.
8. Han L, Geng J, Jou M, Gao F, Ya et al (2017). Relationship between shyness and mobile phone addiction in Chinese young adults: Mediating roles of self-control and attachment anxiety. Comput-ers in Human Behavior, 76: 363-71.
9. Cha S, Seo B (2018). Smartphone use and smartphone addiction in middle school students in Korea: Prevalence, social networking service, and game use. Health Psychol Open, 5(1): 2055102918755046.
10. Lin YH, Chang LR, Lee YH, et al (2014). Development and validation of the Smartphone Addiction Inventory. PLoS One, 9(6): e98312.
11. Huang S, Lai X, Xue Y, et al (2020). A net-work analysis of problematic smartphone use symptoms in a student sample. J Behav Addict, 9(4):1032-1043.
12. Kuss D J, Kanjo E, Crook-Rumsey M, et al (2018). Problematic mobile phone use and addiction across generations: The Roles of psychopathological symptoms and smartphone use. J Technol Behav Sci, 3(3):141-49.
13. Yang Z, Asbury K, Griffiths MD (2019). An exploration of problematic smartphone use among Chinese university students: Associations with academic anxiety, ac-ademic procrastination, self-regulation and subjective wellbeing. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 17(3): 596-14.
14. Amez S, Baert S (2020). Smartphone use and academic performance: A literature review. Int J Edu Res, 103:101618.
15. Chen J, Liang Y, Mai C, et al (2016). Gen-eral deficit in inhibitory control of ex-cessive smartphone users: Evidence from an event-related potential study. Front Psychol, 7:511.
16. Salvia P, Cohen R, D’Halluin O, et al (2018). Effect of heavy and light smartphone use on whole spine curvature profile and cervical mobility in young adults. Gait & Posture, 65 Suppl 1: 144-45.
17. Roffarello AM, De Russis L (2021). Under-standing, discovering, and mitigating habitual smartphone use in young adults. ACM IT Systems, 11(2):1-34.
18. Lee YK, Chang CT, Lin Y, et al (2014). The dark side of smartphone usage: Psycho-logical traits, compulsive behavior and technostress. Computers in Human Behavior, 31: 373-83.
19. Park BW, Lee KC (2011). The effect of us-ers’ characteristics and experiential fac-tors on compulsive usage of smartphone. In: Ubiquitous Computing and Multimedia Applications. Eds, T Kim, H Adeli, RJ Robles, M Balitanas, Springer Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany, pp.438-446.
20. Jeong H, Lee Y (2015). Smartphone addic-tion and empathy among nursing stu-dents. Advanced Science and Technology Let-ters, 88:224-48.
21. Boumosleh MJ, Jaalouk D (2017). Depres-sion, anxiety, and smartphone addiction in university students- A cross sectional study. PLoS One, 12(8): e0182239.
22. Geng Y, Gu J, Wang J, Zhang R (2021). Smartphone addiction and depression, anxiety: The role of bedtime procrasti-nation and self-control. J Affect Disord, 293:415-21.
23. Jiang Q, Li Y, Shypenka V (2018). Loneli-ness, individualism, and smartphone addiction among international students in China. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw, 21(11):711-18.
24. Ratan ZA, Parrish AM, Zaman SB, et al (2021). Smartphone addiction and asso-ciated health outcomes in adult popula-tions: a systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 18(22): 12257.
25. Sönmez M, Gürlek Kısacık Ö, Eraydın C (2021). Correlation between smartphone addiction and loneliness levels in nurs-ing students. Perspect Psychiatr Care, 57(1):82-87.
26. Bilkay S, Çiçek B (2022). The Effect of Smartphone Addiction on Self-Regulation and Creative Performance. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 14(3):2168-181
27. Ma Z, Wang J, Li J, Jia Y (2021). The asso-ciation between obesity and problemat-ic smartphone use among school-age children and adolescents: a cross-sectional study in Shanghai. BMC Public Health, 21: 2067.
28. Ögel K, Çetin-Şeker B (2018). 101-soruda bağımlılık. 1st ed. Yeşilay Yayınları. Istan-bul.
29. Popli S, Singh J, Yogeshwar D (2023). Ex-ploring Relationship between Smartphone Addiction on Dietary Be-haviour, Poor Quality of Life, Sleep Quality and obesity among Housewives Injaipur: A Cross-Sectional Study. Innova-tions, 75: 1117-1123.
30. Sohn SY, Krasnoff L, Rees P, et al (2021). The association between smartphone addiction and sleep: a UK cross-sectional study of young adults. Front Psy-chiatry, 12: 629407.
31. Shahrestanaki E, Maajani K, Safarpour M, et al (2020). The relationship between smartphone addiction and quality of life among students at Tehran University of medical sciences. Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions, 7(1):61-6.
32. Kuznek E, Güzel B (2019). Sanal kaytarma iş performansı ilişkisi: Kuşaklar teorisi yaklaşımı. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 11(4):2729-746.
33. Busch, P. A., & McCarthy, S. (2021). Ante-cedents and consequences of problem-atic smartphone use: A systematic litera-ture review of an emerging research ar-ea. Computers in Human Behavior, 114: 1-47.
34. Dursun OO, Donmez O, Akbulut Y (2018). Predictors of cyberloafing among pre-service information technology teach-ers. Contemporary Educational Technology, 9(1):22-41.
35. World Health Organization (2018). Are our smart phones affecting our mental health? https://www.who.int/hongkongchina/news/detail/28-03-2018-are-our-smart-phones-affecting-our-mental-health-
36. Şimşek A, Şimşek E (2019). Beneficial and detrimental effects of cyberloafing in the workplace. Journal of Organizational Behavior Review, 1(1):97-14.
37. Alwin DF, Mccammon RJ (2007). Rethink-ing Generations. Research in Human Devel-opment, 4(3-4):219-37.
38. Özdemir ND, Kış A (2022). X Y Kuşağı Okul Müdürlerinin, X Y Kuşağı Öğret-menlerin Motivasyon Örgütsel Vatandaşlık Davranışlarına İlişkin Görüşleri. İnönü Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 23(2):1080-111.
39. Williams, KC, Page RA (2011). Marketing to the generations. Journal of Behavioral Stud-ies in Business, 3(1):37-53.
40. Gürbüz S (2015). Kuşak farklılıkları: Mit, gerçek? İş ve İnsan Dergisi, 2(1):39-57.
41. Bayramoğlu G (2018.) X Y kuşağının lid-erlik davranışı açısından karşılaştırıl-ması. Ege Akademik, 18(1):15-30.
42. Ünal M (2017). Y Z kuşaklarının yönetimi. 1st ed. Beta Basım Yayım. Istanbul.
43. Reisenwitz T, Iyer R (2009). Differences in generation X and Y: Implications for the organization and marketers. Market-ing Management Journal, 19(2):91-03.
44. Subramanian KR (2017). The generation gap and employee relationship. Int J Engin Manag Res, 7(6):59-67.
45. Bova B, Kroth M (2001). Workplace learn-ing and generation X. Journal of Workplace Learning, 13(2):57-65.
46. Krahn HJ, Galambos NL (2014). Work val-ues and beliefs of “generation x” and “generation Y”. Journal of Youth Studies, 17(1):92-112.
47. Bencsik A, Machova R (2016). Knowledge sharing problems from the viewpoint of intergeneration management, 4th Interna-tional Conference on Management, Leadership and Governance: Icmlg2016 (p. 42). St Pe-tersburg, Russia: Academic Conferences and Publishing Limited.
48. Mcalister A (2009). Teaching the millennial generation. American Music Teacher, 59(1):13-15.
49. Crampton SM (2009). Generation y: Un-chartered territory. Journal of Business Eco-nomics Research, 7(4):1-6.
50. Kim JH (2017). Smartphone-mediated communication vs. face-to-face interac-tion: Two routes to social support and problematic use of smartphone. Comput-ers in Human Behavior, 67: 282-91.
51. Zhitomirsky-Geffet M, Blau M (2016). Cross-generational analysis of predictive factors of addictive behavior in smartphone usage. Computers in Human Behavior, 64: 682-93.
52. Oswal RM, Pal S, Patel SV, et al (2020). Smartphone addiction among under-graduate medical students and its asso-ciation with academic performance. Open J Psychiatr Allied Sci, 11(2):111-16.
53. Sunday OJ, Adesope OO, Maarhuis PL (2021). The effects of smartphone addic-tion on learning: A meta-analysis. Com-puters in Human Behavior Reports, 4:1-9.
54. Choo YK, Bae WS, Kim HI (2022). Analysis of major factors related to smartphone addiction according to gender differ-ences in health college students. Journal of Korean Society of Integrative Medicine, 10(2):135-43.
55. Ogbuabor CO (2022). Relationship between problematic mobile phone use and schoolwork participation among sec-ondary school students in Enugu State, Nigeria. International Journal of Advance Re-search in Education Literature, 8(5):50-5.
56. The Banks Association of Türkiye (2024). https://www.tbb.org.tr/en/banks-and-banking-sector-information
57. Csibi S, Demetrovics Z, Szabo A (2016). [Development and psychometric valida-tion of the Brief Smartphone Addiction Scale (BSAS) with schoolchidren]. Psychi-atr Hung, 31(1):71-7.
58. Altundağ Y, Yandı A, Ünal A (2019). Uygu-lama temelli akıllı telefon bağımlılığı ölçeğinin Türk kültürüne uyarlaması. Sa-karya University Journal, 9(2): 261-81.
59. Örücü E, Yıldız H (2014). İşyerinde kişisel internet kullanımı: Sanal kaytarma. Ege Akademik, 14(1):99-114.
60. Hair, JF, Black, W, Babin, B, Anderson R (2009). Multivariate Data Analysis. Pearson. New York.
61. Preacher KJ, Rucker DD, Hayes AF (2007). Addressing moderated mediation hy-potheses: Theory, methods, and pre-scriptions. Multivariate Behav Res, 42(1):185-227.
62. Cole, MS, Walter, F, Bruch H (2008). Affec-tive mechanisms linking dysfunctional behavior to performance in work teams: A moderated mediation study. J Appl Psychol, 93(5):945-958.
63. Hayes, AF, Preacher, KJ (2014). Statistical mediation analysis with a multicategori-cal independent variable. Br J Math Stat Psychol, 67(3): 451-470.
64. MacKinnon DP, Lockwood CM, Williams J (2004). Confidence Limits for the Indi-rect Effect: Distribution of the Product and Resampling Methods. Multivariate Behav Res, 39(1):99.
65. Adawiyah R, Azizan A, Sahar A, et al (2023). Relationship between Smartphone Ad-diction, Personality Traits and Cyber-loafing Behaviour among Malaysian Youths. Asian Journal of University Educa-tion, 19(2):395-03.
66. Lizarte Simón E J, Khaled Gijón M, Gal-ván Malagón MC, et al (2024). Chal-lenge-obstacle stressors and cyberloaf-ing among higher vocational education students: the moderating role of smartphone addiction and Maladaptive. Front Psychol, 15:1358634.
67. Özcan Z, Akpınar H (2023). Smartphone addiction and in-class cyberloafing lev-els of nursing students. Kocaeli Medical Journal, 12(3):406-13.
68. Demirkıran M, & Esen E (2023). Akade-misyenlerin Sanal Kaytarma Dav-ranışlarının İş Stresine Etkisinin Kuşak-lar İncelenmesi. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi, 73(1):473-12.
69. Hartijasti Y, Fathonah N, (2014). Cyberloaf-ing across generation X and Y in Indo-nesia. Journal of Information Technology Ap-plications and Management, 21(1):1-16.
2. Paul J, Manchanda P, Arora N, Aggarwal A (2023). “I can't look at you while talk-ing!”–FoMo and smartphone addiction as predictors of consumer's phubbing behavior. Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing, (ahead-of-print).
3. WeareSocial (2023). Digital 2023 Report. Your ultimate guide to evolving digital world. https://wearesocial.com/us/blog/2023/01/digital-2023/
4. Chen B, Liu F, Ding S, et al (2017). Gender differences in factors associated with smartphone addiction: a cross-sectional study among medical college students. BMC Psychiatry, 17(1):341.
5. Samaha M, Hawi, NS (2016). Relationships among smartphone addiction, stress, ac-ademic performance, and satisfaction with life. Computers in Human Behavior, 57:321-25.
6. Öztürk M, Kerse G. (2022). Smartphone and internet addiction as predictors of cyberloafing levels in students: A medi-ated model. Education for Information, 38(2):189-04.
7. Gökçearslan Ş, Mumcu FK, Haşlaman T, et al (2016). Modelling smartphone addic-tion: The role of smartphone usage, self-regulation, general self-efficacy and cyberloafing in university students. Com-puters in Human Behavior, 63: 639-49.
8. Han L, Geng J, Jou M, Gao F, Ya et al (2017). Relationship between shyness and mobile phone addiction in Chinese young adults: Mediating roles of self-control and attachment anxiety. Comput-ers in Human Behavior, 76: 363-71.
9. Cha S, Seo B (2018). Smartphone use and smartphone addiction in middle school students in Korea: Prevalence, social networking service, and game use. Health Psychol Open, 5(1): 2055102918755046.
10. Lin YH, Chang LR, Lee YH, et al (2014). Development and validation of the Smartphone Addiction Inventory. PLoS One, 9(6): e98312.
11. Huang S, Lai X, Xue Y, et al (2020). A net-work analysis of problematic smartphone use symptoms in a student sample. J Behav Addict, 9(4):1032-1043.
12. Kuss D J, Kanjo E, Crook-Rumsey M, et al (2018). Problematic mobile phone use and addiction across generations: The Roles of psychopathological symptoms and smartphone use. J Technol Behav Sci, 3(3):141-49.
13. Yang Z, Asbury K, Griffiths MD (2019). An exploration of problematic smartphone use among Chinese university students: Associations with academic anxiety, ac-ademic procrastination, self-regulation and subjective wellbeing. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 17(3): 596-14.
14. Amez S, Baert S (2020). Smartphone use and academic performance: A literature review. Int J Edu Res, 103:101618.
15. Chen J, Liang Y, Mai C, et al (2016). Gen-eral deficit in inhibitory control of ex-cessive smartphone users: Evidence from an event-related potential study. Front Psychol, 7:511.
16. Salvia P, Cohen R, D’Halluin O, et al (2018). Effect of heavy and light smartphone use on whole spine curvature profile and cervical mobility in young adults. Gait & Posture, 65 Suppl 1: 144-45.
17. Roffarello AM, De Russis L (2021). Under-standing, discovering, and mitigating habitual smartphone use in young adults. ACM IT Systems, 11(2):1-34.
18. Lee YK, Chang CT, Lin Y, et al (2014). The dark side of smartphone usage: Psycho-logical traits, compulsive behavior and technostress. Computers in Human Behavior, 31: 373-83.
19. Park BW, Lee KC (2011). The effect of us-ers’ characteristics and experiential fac-tors on compulsive usage of smartphone. In: Ubiquitous Computing and Multimedia Applications. Eds, T Kim, H Adeli, RJ Robles, M Balitanas, Springer Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany, pp.438-446.
20. Jeong H, Lee Y (2015). Smartphone addic-tion and empathy among nursing stu-dents. Advanced Science and Technology Let-ters, 88:224-48.
21. Boumosleh MJ, Jaalouk D (2017). Depres-sion, anxiety, and smartphone addiction in university students- A cross sectional study. PLoS One, 12(8): e0182239.
22. Geng Y, Gu J, Wang J, Zhang R (2021). Smartphone addiction and depression, anxiety: The role of bedtime procrasti-nation and self-control. J Affect Disord, 293:415-21.
23. Jiang Q, Li Y, Shypenka V (2018). Loneli-ness, individualism, and smartphone addiction among international students in China. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw, 21(11):711-18.
24. Ratan ZA, Parrish AM, Zaman SB, et al (2021). Smartphone addiction and asso-ciated health outcomes in adult popula-tions: a systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 18(22): 12257.
25. Sönmez M, Gürlek Kısacık Ö, Eraydın C (2021). Correlation between smartphone addiction and loneliness levels in nurs-ing students. Perspect Psychiatr Care, 57(1):82-87.
26. Bilkay S, Çiçek B (2022). The Effect of Smartphone Addiction on Self-Regulation and Creative Performance. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 14(3):2168-181
27. Ma Z, Wang J, Li J, Jia Y (2021). The asso-ciation between obesity and problemat-ic smartphone use among school-age children and adolescents: a cross-sectional study in Shanghai. BMC Public Health, 21: 2067.
28. Ögel K, Çetin-Şeker B (2018). 101-soruda bağımlılık. 1st ed. Yeşilay Yayınları. Istan-bul.
29. Popli S, Singh J, Yogeshwar D (2023). Ex-ploring Relationship between Smartphone Addiction on Dietary Be-haviour, Poor Quality of Life, Sleep Quality and obesity among Housewives Injaipur: A Cross-Sectional Study. Innova-tions, 75: 1117-1123.
30. Sohn SY, Krasnoff L, Rees P, et al (2021). The association between smartphone addiction and sleep: a UK cross-sectional study of young adults. Front Psy-chiatry, 12: 629407.
31. Shahrestanaki E, Maajani K, Safarpour M, et al (2020). The relationship between smartphone addiction and quality of life among students at Tehran University of medical sciences. Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions, 7(1):61-6.
32. Kuznek E, Güzel B (2019). Sanal kaytarma iş performansı ilişkisi: Kuşaklar teorisi yaklaşımı. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 11(4):2729-746.
33. Busch, P. A., & McCarthy, S. (2021). Ante-cedents and consequences of problem-atic smartphone use: A systematic litera-ture review of an emerging research ar-ea. Computers in Human Behavior, 114: 1-47.
34. Dursun OO, Donmez O, Akbulut Y (2018). Predictors of cyberloafing among pre-service information technology teach-ers. Contemporary Educational Technology, 9(1):22-41.
35. World Health Organization (2018). Are our smart phones affecting our mental health? https://www.who.int/hongkongchina/news/detail/28-03-2018-are-our-smart-phones-affecting-our-mental-health-
36. Şimşek A, Şimşek E (2019). Beneficial and detrimental effects of cyberloafing in the workplace. Journal of Organizational Behavior Review, 1(1):97-14.
37. Alwin DF, Mccammon RJ (2007). Rethink-ing Generations. Research in Human Devel-opment, 4(3-4):219-37.
38. Özdemir ND, Kış A (2022). X Y Kuşağı Okul Müdürlerinin, X Y Kuşağı Öğret-menlerin Motivasyon Örgütsel Vatandaşlık Davranışlarına İlişkin Görüşleri. İnönü Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 23(2):1080-111.
39. Williams, KC, Page RA (2011). Marketing to the generations. Journal of Behavioral Stud-ies in Business, 3(1):37-53.
40. Gürbüz S (2015). Kuşak farklılıkları: Mit, gerçek? İş ve İnsan Dergisi, 2(1):39-57.
41. Bayramoğlu G (2018.) X Y kuşağının lid-erlik davranışı açısından karşılaştırıl-ması. Ege Akademik, 18(1):15-30.
42. Ünal M (2017). Y Z kuşaklarının yönetimi. 1st ed. Beta Basım Yayım. Istanbul.
43. Reisenwitz T, Iyer R (2009). Differences in generation X and Y: Implications for the organization and marketers. Market-ing Management Journal, 19(2):91-03.
44. Subramanian KR (2017). The generation gap and employee relationship. Int J Engin Manag Res, 7(6):59-67.
45. Bova B, Kroth M (2001). Workplace learn-ing and generation X. Journal of Workplace Learning, 13(2):57-65.
46. Krahn HJ, Galambos NL (2014). Work val-ues and beliefs of “generation x” and “generation Y”. Journal of Youth Studies, 17(1):92-112.
47. Bencsik A, Machova R (2016). Knowledge sharing problems from the viewpoint of intergeneration management, 4th Interna-tional Conference on Management, Leadership and Governance: Icmlg2016 (p. 42). St Pe-tersburg, Russia: Academic Conferences and Publishing Limited.
48. Mcalister A (2009). Teaching the millennial generation. American Music Teacher, 59(1):13-15.
49. Crampton SM (2009). Generation y: Un-chartered territory. Journal of Business Eco-nomics Research, 7(4):1-6.
50. Kim JH (2017). Smartphone-mediated communication vs. face-to-face interac-tion: Two routes to social support and problematic use of smartphone. Comput-ers in Human Behavior, 67: 282-91.
51. Zhitomirsky-Geffet M, Blau M (2016). Cross-generational analysis of predictive factors of addictive behavior in smartphone usage. Computers in Human Behavior, 64: 682-93.
52. Oswal RM, Pal S, Patel SV, et al (2020). Smartphone addiction among under-graduate medical students and its asso-ciation with academic performance. Open J Psychiatr Allied Sci, 11(2):111-16.
53. Sunday OJ, Adesope OO, Maarhuis PL (2021). The effects of smartphone addic-tion on learning: A meta-analysis. Com-puters in Human Behavior Reports, 4:1-9.
54. Choo YK, Bae WS, Kim HI (2022). Analysis of major factors related to smartphone addiction according to gender differ-ences in health college students. Journal of Korean Society of Integrative Medicine, 10(2):135-43.
55. Ogbuabor CO (2022). Relationship between problematic mobile phone use and schoolwork participation among sec-ondary school students in Enugu State, Nigeria. International Journal of Advance Re-search in Education Literature, 8(5):50-5.
56. The Banks Association of Türkiye (2024). https://www.tbb.org.tr/en/banks-and-banking-sector-information
57. Csibi S, Demetrovics Z, Szabo A (2016). [Development and psychometric valida-tion of the Brief Smartphone Addiction Scale (BSAS) with schoolchidren]. Psychi-atr Hung, 31(1):71-7.
58. Altundağ Y, Yandı A, Ünal A (2019). Uygu-lama temelli akıllı telefon bağımlılığı ölçeğinin Türk kültürüne uyarlaması. Sa-karya University Journal, 9(2): 261-81.
59. Örücü E, Yıldız H (2014). İşyerinde kişisel internet kullanımı: Sanal kaytarma. Ege Akademik, 14(1):99-114.
60. Hair, JF, Black, W, Babin, B, Anderson R (2009). Multivariate Data Analysis. Pearson. New York.
61. Preacher KJ, Rucker DD, Hayes AF (2007). Addressing moderated mediation hy-potheses: Theory, methods, and pre-scriptions. Multivariate Behav Res, 42(1):185-227.
62. Cole, MS, Walter, F, Bruch H (2008). Affec-tive mechanisms linking dysfunctional behavior to performance in work teams: A moderated mediation study. J Appl Psychol, 93(5):945-958.
63. Hayes, AF, Preacher, KJ (2014). Statistical mediation analysis with a multicategori-cal independent variable. Br J Math Stat Psychol, 67(3): 451-470.
64. MacKinnon DP, Lockwood CM, Williams J (2004). Confidence Limits for the Indi-rect Effect: Distribution of the Product and Resampling Methods. Multivariate Behav Res, 39(1):99.
65. Adawiyah R, Azizan A, Sahar A, et al (2023). Relationship between Smartphone Ad-diction, Personality Traits and Cyber-loafing Behaviour among Malaysian Youths. Asian Journal of University Educa-tion, 19(2):395-03.
66. Lizarte Simón E J, Khaled Gijón M, Gal-ván Malagón MC, et al (2024). Chal-lenge-obstacle stressors and cyberloaf-ing among higher vocational education students: the moderating role of smartphone addiction and Maladaptive. Front Psychol, 15:1358634.
67. Özcan Z, Akpınar H (2023). Smartphone addiction and in-class cyberloafing lev-els of nursing students. Kocaeli Medical Journal, 12(3):406-13.
68. Demirkıran M, & Esen E (2023). Akade-misyenlerin Sanal Kaytarma Dav-ranışlarının İş Stresine Etkisinin Kuşak-lar İncelenmesi. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi, 73(1):473-12.
69. Hartijasti Y, Fathonah N, (2014). Cyberloaf-ing across generation X and Y in Indo-nesia. Journal of Information Technology Ap-plications and Management, 21(1):1-16.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 54 No 3 (2025) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| Keywords | ||
| Internet addiction Smartphone addiction Cyberloafing Generations | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Ateş A, Erer B. The Impact of Smartphone Addiction on Cyberloafing: The Moderating Role of Generation Differences. Iran J Public Health. 2025;54(3):598-606.
