Association between Sociodemographic Factors and Depressive Symptoms among Adult Population in Serbia
-
Vera Simic
,
Ivana Simic Vukomanovic
,
Svetlana Radevic
,
Vladimir Vukomanovic
,
Svetlana Djukic
,
Albert Darijan
,
Jovana Radovanovic
,
Viktor Selakovic
,
Milos Stepovic
,
Ermin Fetahovic
,
Snezana Radovanovic
Abstract
Background: Lower socioeconomic groups were more affected by depressive symptoms among adults of Serbia. In this study, we tested a model that examines association between sociodemographic factors and depressive symptoms among adult population in Serbia.
Methods: The study was conducted within the National Health Survey of the Serbian population in 2019. The questionnaires used as instruments in this study were created in accordance with the questionnaires of the European Health Interview Survey –Third Wave. The Patient Health Questionnaire - 8 was used to evaluate the presence of depressive symptoms to the adult population aged 20 years and over. The relations between depression symptoms and a set of independent variables were examined with univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses.
Results: The prevalence of mild depressive symptoms was 6.6%, %, the prevalence of depressive episodes was 2.2%, while 91.2% of respondents had no depressive symptoms. In the univariate regression model, depressive episodes is 1.9 times more frequent in women (OR=1.909), 6.6 times more frequent in persons over 80 years of age (OR=6.610 ), 3.1 times more frequent in divorced or without a partner (OR=3.143 ), 6.6 times more frequent in persons with low education (OR=6.609), 3.3 times more frequent in persons with a poor well-being index (OR=3.373), 3.6 times more frequent in persons inactive (OR=3.649) and 1.9 times more frequent in persons from Vojvodina (OR=1.902).
Conclusion: Sociodemographic factors should be considered for policymaking and for the development of new interventions to lower prevalence of depressive symptoms in adults.
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19. Goldman N, Glei DA, Weinstein M (2018). Declining mental health among disadvantaged. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 115(28): 7290–7295.
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22. Egeljić-Mihailović N, Brkić-Jovanović N, Krstić T, et al (2022). Social participation and depressive symptoms among older adults during the Covid-19 pandemic in Serbia: A cross-sectional study. Geriatr Nurs, 44: 8-14.
23. Von dem Knesebeck O, Pattyn E, Bracke P (2011). Education and depressive symptoms in 22 European countries. Int J Public Health, 56(1): 107-10.
24. Chlapecka A, Kagstrom A, Cermakova P (2020). Educational attainment inequalities in depressive symptoms in more than 100,000 individuals in Europe. Eur Psychiatry, 63(1): e97.
25. Domènech-Abella J, Mundó J, Leonardi M, et al (2018). The association between socioeconomic status and depression among older adults in Finland, Poland and Spain: a comparative cross-sectional study of distinct measures and pathways. J Affect Disord, 241:311–318.
26. Schlax J, Jünger C, Beutel ME, et al (2019). Income and education predict elevated depressive symptoms in the general population: results from the Gutenberg health study. BMC Public Health, 19(1): 430.
27. Brinda EM, Rajkumar AP, Attermann J, et al (2016). Health, social, and economic variables associated with depression among older people in low- and middle-income Countries: World Health Organization study on global AGEing and adult health. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry, 24(12): 1196–1208.
28. Freeman A, Tyrovolas S, Koyanagi A, et al (2016). The role of socio-economic status in depression: results from the COURAGE (aging survey in Europe). BMC Public Health, 16(1): 1098.
29. Cole MG, Dendukuri N (2003). Risk factors for depression among elderly community subjects: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Psychiatry, 160(6): 1147–56.
30. Yan XY, Huang SM, Huang CQ, et al (2011). Marital status and risk for late life depression: a meta-analysis of the published literature. J Int Med Res, 39(4): 1142–54.
31. Generaal E, Hoogendijk EO, Stam M, et al (2019). Neighbourhood characteristics and prevalence and severity of depression: pooled analysis of eight Dutch cohort studies. Br J Psychiatry, 215(2): 468–75.
2. Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation Global Health Data Exchange (GHDx). Cited 2023, December 14th, Available from: http://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-results/.
3. Evans-Lacko S, Aguilar-Gaxiola S, Al-Hamzawi A, et al (2018). Socio-economic variations in the mental health treatment gap for people with anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders: results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) surveys. Psychol Med, 48(9): 1560-71.
4. Hino AA, Reis RS, Sarmiento OL, et al (2011). The built environment and recreational physical activity among adults in Curitiba Brazil. Prev Med, 52(6): 419-22.
5. Freeman A, Tyrovolas S, Koyanagi A, et al (2016). The role of socio-economic status in depression: results from the COUR-AGE (aging survey in Europe). BMC Pub-lic Health, 16(1): 1098.
6. Eurostat. European Health Interview Survey (EHIS wave 3) - Methodological manual (2018), Eurostat. Cited 2023, December 4th, Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/3859598/8762193/KS-02-18-240-EN-N.pdf/5fa53ed4-4367-41c4-b3f5-260ced9ff2f6?t=1521718236000
7. Radovanović S, Kocić S, Sekulić M, et al (2021). Prevalence of depression in peo-ple over 65 years of age in Serbia: Public health significance. Vojnosanitetski pregled, 78(1): 119-21.
8. Wen M, Hawkley LC, Cacioppo JT (2006). Objective and perceived neighbourhood environment, individual SES and psychosocial factors, and self-rated health: an analysis of older adults in Cook County, Illinois. Soc Sci Med, 63(10): 2575-90.
9. Purtle J, Nelson KL, Counts NZ, et al (2020). Population-Based Approaches to Mental Health: History, Strategies, and Evidence. Annu Rev Public Health, 41: 201-21.
10. Brown AF, Ma GX, Miranda J, et al (2019). Structural Interventions to Reduce and Eliminate Health Disparities. Am J Public Health, 109(S1): S72-S78.
11. Mitina M, Young S, Zhavoronkov A (2020). Psychological aging, depression, and well-being. Aging (Albany NY), 12(18): 18765-18777.
12. Hussenoeder FS, Jentzsch D, Matschinger H, et al (2020). Depression and quality of life in old age: a closer look. Eur J Ageing, 18(1): 75-83.
13. Stein J, Bär JM, König HH, et al (2019). Social Loss Experiences and their Association with Depression in Old Age - Results of the Leipzig Longitudinal Study of the Aged (LEILA 75+). Psychiatr Prax, 46(3): 141-147.
14. Zenebe Y, Akele B, W/Selassie M, et al (2021). Prevalence and determinants of depression among old age: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Gen Psychiatry, 20(1): 55.
15. Abrams LR, Mehta NK (2019). Changes in depressive symptoms over age among older Americans: Differences by gender, race/ethnicity, education, and birth cohort. SSM Popul Health, 7: 100399.
16. Angel J, Mudrazija S, Benson R (2016). Racial and Ethnic Inequalities in Health. In: Handbook of Aging and the Social Sciences. Eds, Ferraro K., George L. 8th ed, Elsevier. Аmsterdam, pp. 123-141.
17. Kessler RC, Birnbaum H, Bromet E, et al (2010). Age differences in major depression: Results from the national comorbidity survey replication (NCS-r). Psychol Med, 40(2): 225-237.
18. Luppa M, Sikorski C, Luck T, et al (2012). Age- and gender-specific prevalence of depression in latest-life - systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord, 136(3): 212–21.
19. Goldman N, Glei DA, Weinstein M (2018). Declining mental health among disadvantaged. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 115(28): 7290–7295.
20. Lim GY, Tam WW, Lu Y, et al (2018). Prevalence of Depression in the Community from 30 Countries between 1994 and 2014. Sci Rep, 8(1): 2861.
21. Arias-de la Torre J, Vilagut G, Ronaldson A, et al (2021). Prevalence and variability of current depressive disorder in 27 European countries: a population-based study. Lancet Public Health, 6(10): e729-e738.
22. Egeljić-Mihailović N, Brkić-Jovanović N, Krstić T, et al (2022). Social participation and depressive symptoms among older adults during the Covid-19 pandemic in Serbia: A cross-sectional study. Geriatr Nurs, 44: 8-14.
23. Von dem Knesebeck O, Pattyn E, Bracke P (2011). Education and depressive symptoms in 22 European countries. Int J Public Health, 56(1): 107-10.
24. Chlapecka A, Kagstrom A, Cermakova P (2020). Educational attainment inequalities in depressive symptoms in more than 100,000 individuals in Europe. Eur Psychiatry, 63(1): e97.
25. Domènech-Abella J, Mundó J, Leonardi M, et al (2018). The association between socioeconomic status and depression among older adults in Finland, Poland and Spain: a comparative cross-sectional study of distinct measures and pathways. J Affect Disord, 241:311–318.
26. Schlax J, Jünger C, Beutel ME, et al (2019). Income and education predict elevated depressive symptoms in the general population: results from the Gutenberg health study. BMC Public Health, 19(1): 430.
27. Brinda EM, Rajkumar AP, Attermann J, et al (2016). Health, social, and economic variables associated with depression among older people in low- and middle-income Countries: World Health Organization study on global AGEing and adult health. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry, 24(12): 1196–1208.
28. Freeman A, Tyrovolas S, Koyanagi A, et al (2016). The role of socio-economic status in depression: results from the COURAGE (aging survey in Europe). BMC Public Health, 16(1): 1098.
29. Cole MG, Dendukuri N (2003). Risk factors for depression among elderly community subjects: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Psychiatry, 160(6): 1147–56.
30. Yan XY, Huang SM, Huang CQ, et al (2011). Marital status and risk for late life depression: a meta-analysis of the published literature. J Int Med Res, 39(4): 1142–54.
31. Generaal E, Hoogendijk EO, Stam M, et al (2019). Neighbourhood characteristics and prevalence and severity of depression: pooled analysis of eight Dutch cohort studies. Br J Psychiatry, 215(2): 468–75.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 53 No 4 (2024) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v53i4.15563 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Depressive symptoms Adults National health survey Serbia | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Simic V, Simic Vukomanovic I, Radevic S, Vukomanovic V, Djukic S, Darijan A, Radovanovic J, Selakovic V, Stepovic M, Fetahovic E, Radovanovic S. Association between Sociodemographic Factors and Depressive Symptoms among Adult Population in Serbia. Iran J Public Health. 2024;53(4):867-877.
