Longitudinal Association between Employment Pressure and Suicidal Ideation among Recent Graduates during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Moderated Mediation Model
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Abstract
Background: The aim was to explore the relationships among employment pressure, ego depletion, negotiable fate, and recent graduates’ suicidal ideation during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Methods: A total of 2703 recent graduates completed two times questionnaires that measured employment pressure, ego depletion, negotiable fate and suicidal ideation in the current study.
Results: 1) employment pressure positively predicts suicidal ideation among recent graduates; 2) ego depletion mediates the association between employment pressure and recent graduates’ suicidal ideation; and 3) negotiable fate moderates the associations of employment pressure with ego depletion and suicidal ideation, while the relationships of employment pressure with ego depletion and suicidal ideation are stronger for recent graduates with a strong belief in negotiable fate.
Conclusion: Ego depletion and negotiable fate play a significant role between employment pressure and recent graduates’ suicidal ideation during the COVID-19 pandemic. This still needs to be noted in the post-epidemic era.
1. Yang BL, Fang T, Huang J (2023). SES, Rela-tive Deprivation, Perceived Kindergar-ten Support and Turnover Intention in Chinese Teachers during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Moderated Mediation Model. Early Educ Dev, 34(2): 408–425.
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5. Ma Z, Wang D, Zhao J, et al (2022). Longi-tudinal associations between multiple mental health problems and suicidal ideation among university students dur-ing the COVID-19 pandemic. J Affect Disord, 311: 425–431.
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7. Peng Y, Lv SB, Low SR, et al (2023). The impact of employment stress on college students: Psychological well-being dur-ing COVID-19 pandemic in China. Curr Psychol, 1-12. (2024) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04785-w
8. Cheng Y, Zhang J, Liu Y (2022). The impact of enterprise management elements on college students’ entrepreneurial behav-ior by complex adaptive system theory. Front Psychol, 12: 769481.
9. Yin L (2022). From employment pressure to entrepreneurial motivation: An empiri-cal analysis of college students in 14 universities in China. Front Psychol, 13: 924302.
10. Rozanov V (2020). Mental health problems and suicide in the younger generation —implications for prevention in the Navy and merchant fleet. Int Marit Health, 71(1): 34–41.
11. Tuk MA, Zhang KJ, Sweldens S (2015). The propagation of self-control: Self-control in one domain simultaneously improves self-control in other domains. J Exp Psy-chol Gen, 144 (3): 639–654.
12. Lin X, Lin S, Zhang H, et al (2023). Longi-tudinal association between cumulative work risks and suicidal ideation among Chinese employees during the COVID-19 pandemic: A moderated mediation model. Curr Psychol. https://doi.org/10.10 07/s12144-023-04848-y
13. Baumeister RF, Vohs KD, Tice DM (2007). The strength model of self–control．Curr Dir Psychol Sci, 16 (6): 351–355．
14. Yang S, Yang J, Yue L, et al (2022). Impact of perception reduction of employment opportunities on employment pressure of college students under COVID-19 ep-idemic–joint moderating effects of em-ployment policy support and job–searching self–efficacy. Front Psychol, 13: 986070.
15. Hobfoll SE (2001). The influence of culture, community, and the nested–self in the stress process: Advancing conservation of resources theory. Appl Psychol, 50(3): 337–421．
16. Au E, Qin X, Zhang ZX (2017). Beyond personal control: When and how execu-tives’ beliefs in negotiable fate foster en-trepreneurial orientation and firm per-formance. Organ Behav Hum Decis Process, 143: 69–84.
17. Chaturvedi A, Chiu CY, Viswanathan M (2009). Literacy, negotiable fate, and thinking style among low income wom-en in India. J Cross Cult Psychol, 40(5): 880–893.
18. Liu Z (2010). Study on the Relationship of Job-hunting stress, Career decision-making self-efficacy and Vocational selection anxiety of Col-lege students (Harbin Engineering Univer-sity, Master Thesis).
19. Nes LS, Ehlers SL, Whipple MO, et al (2013). Self-regulatory fatigue in chronic multisymptom illnesses: Scale develop-ment, fatigue, and self-control. J Pain Res, 6: 181–8.
20. Wang L, Zhang J, Wang J, et al (2015). Va-lidity and reliability of the Chinese ver-sion of the self-regulatory fatigue scale in young adults. Chin Mental Health J, 29(4): 290–294.
21. Chang B, Bai B, Zhong N (2017). Effect of negotiable fate on subjective well-being: The mediating role of meaning in life. Chin J Clin Psychol, 25(4): 724–730.
22. Osman A, Gutierrez PM., Kopper BA, et al (1998). The positive and negative suicide ideation inventory: Development and validation. Psychol Rep, 82(1): 783–793.
23. Wang X, Gong H, Kang X (2011). Reliabil-ity and validity of Chinese revision of positive and negative suicide ideation in high school students. China J Health Psy-chol, 19(8): 964–966.
24. Lu F, Shi JN, Shi Y (2016). Research on re-lationship of undergraduates employ-ment pressure, personality traits and ca-reer orientation. China J Health Psychol, 24(9): 1397−1401.
25. Huang Y, Lin X, Yang J, et al (2023). Asso-ciation between psychological capital and depressive symptoms during COVID-19: The mediating role of per-ceived social support and the moderat-ing effect of employment pressure. Front Public Health, 11: 1036172.
26. Nigg JT (2017). On the relations among self-regulation, self-control, executive functioning, effortful control, cognitive control, impulsivity, risk-taking, and in-hibition for developmental psycho-pathology. J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 58(4): 361−383.
27. Au EWM., Chiu CY, Zhang ZX, et al (2012). Negotiable fate: Social ecological foun-dation and psychological functions. J Cross Cult Psychol, 43(6): 931–942.
28. Chen, M. Q (2016). The relationship of ne-gotiable fate and expect: The mediation of emotion and the moderation of soci-etal practices for collectivism. J Fujian Norm University (Philos and Soc Sci Edition), 2: 167–176.
29. Au EWM, Chiu CY, Chaturvedi A (2011). Maintaining faith in agency under im-mutable constraints: Cognitive conse-quences of believing in negotiable fate. Int J Psychol, 46 (6): 463–474.
30. Barlett C, Oliphant H, Gregory W, et al (2016). Ego-depletion and aggressive be-havior. Aggress Behav, 42: 533–541.
2. Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, et al (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence. Lancet, (395): 912–920.
3. Devylder J, Zhou S, Oh H (2021). Suicide attempts among college students hospi-talized for COVID-19. J Affect Disord, 294(2): 241–244.
4. Liang S W, Liu LL, Peng XD, et al (2022). Prevalence and associated factors of su-icidal ideation among college students during the COVID-19 pandemic in Chi-na: A 3-wave repeated survey. BMC Psy-chiatry, 22(1): 336.
5. Ma Z, Wang D, Zhao J, et al (2022). Longi-tudinal associations between multiple mental health problems and suicidal ideation among university students dur-ing the COVID-19 pandemic. J Affect Disord, 311: 425–431.
6. Lee JS, Lee SK (2020). The effects of laugh-ter therapy for the relief of employ-ment-stress in korean student nurses by assessing psychological stress salivary cortisol and subjective happiness. Osong Public Health Res Perspect, 11(1): 44–52.
7. Peng Y, Lv SB, Low SR, et al (2023). The impact of employment stress on college students: Psychological well-being dur-ing COVID-19 pandemic in China. Curr Psychol, 1-12. (2024) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04785-w
8. Cheng Y, Zhang J, Liu Y (2022). The impact of enterprise management elements on college students’ entrepreneurial behav-ior by complex adaptive system theory. Front Psychol, 12: 769481.
9. Yin L (2022). From employment pressure to entrepreneurial motivation: An empiri-cal analysis of college students in 14 universities in China. Front Psychol, 13: 924302.
10. Rozanov V (2020). Mental health problems and suicide in the younger generation —implications for prevention in the Navy and merchant fleet. Int Marit Health, 71(1): 34–41.
11. Tuk MA, Zhang KJ, Sweldens S (2015). The propagation of self-control: Self-control in one domain simultaneously improves self-control in other domains. J Exp Psy-chol Gen, 144 (3): 639–654.
12. Lin X, Lin S, Zhang H, et al (2023). Longi-tudinal association between cumulative work risks and suicidal ideation among Chinese employees during the COVID-19 pandemic: A moderated mediation model. Curr Psychol. https://doi.org/10.10 07/s12144-023-04848-y
13. Baumeister RF, Vohs KD, Tice DM (2007). The strength model of self–control．Curr Dir Psychol Sci, 16 (6): 351–355．
14. Yang S, Yang J, Yue L, et al (2022). Impact of perception reduction of employment opportunities on employment pressure of college students under COVID-19 ep-idemic–joint moderating effects of em-ployment policy support and job–searching self–efficacy. Front Psychol, 13: 986070.
15. Hobfoll SE (2001). The influence of culture, community, and the nested–self in the stress process: Advancing conservation of resources theory. Appl Psychol, 50(3): 337–421．
16. Au E, Qin X, Zhang ZX (2017). Beyond personal control: When and how execu-tives’ beliefs in negotiable fate foster en-trepreneurial orientation and firm per-formance. Organ Behav Hum Decis Process, 143: 69–84.
17. Chaturvedi A, Chiu CY, Viswanathan M (2009). Literacy, negotiable fate, and thinking style among low income wom-en in India. J Cross Cult Psychol, 40(5): 880–893.
18. Liu Z (2010). Study on the Relationship of Job-hunting stress, Career decision-making self-efficacy and Vocational selection anxiety of Col-lege students (Harbin Engineering Univer-sity, Master Thesis).
19. Nes LS, Ehlers SL, Whipple MO, et al (2013). Self-regulatory fatigue in chronic multisymptom illnesses: Scale develop-ment, fatigue, and self-control. J Pain Res, 6: 181–8.
20. Wang L, Zhang J, Wang J, et al (2015). Va-lidity and reliability of the Chinese ver-sion of the self-regulatory fatigue scale in young adults. Chin Mental Health J, 29(4): 290–294.
21. Chang B, Bai B, Zhong N (2017). Effect of negotiable fate on subjective well-being: The mediating role of meaning in life. Chin J Clin Psychol, 25(4): 724–730.
22. Osman A, Gutierrez PM., Kopper BA, et al (1998). The positive and negative suicide ideation inventory: Development and validation. Psychol Rep, 82(1): 783–793.
23. Wang X, Gong H, Kang X (2011). Reliabil-ity and validity of Chinese revision of positive and negative suicide ideation in high school students. China J Health Psy-chol, 19(8): 964–966.
24. Lu F, Shi JN, Shi Y (2016). Research on re-lationship of undergraduates employ-ment pressure, personality traits and ca-reer orientation. China J Health Psychol, 24(9): 1397−1401.
25. Huang Y, Lin X, Yang J, et al (2023). Asso-ciation between psychological capital and depressive symptoms during COVID-19: The mediating role of per-ceived social support and the moderat-ing effect of employment pressure. Front Public Health, 11: 1036172.
26. Nigg JT (2017). On the relations among self-regulation, self-control, executive functioning, effortful control, cognitive control, impulsivity, risk-taking, and in-hibition for developmental psycho-pathology. J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 58(4): 361−383.
27. Au EWM., Chiu CY, Zhang ZX, et al (2012). Negotiable fate: Social ecological foun-dation and psychological functions. J Cross Cult Psychol, 43(6): 931–942.
28. Chen, M. Q (2016). The relationship of ne-gotiable fate and expect: The mediation of emotion and the moderation of soci-etal practices for collectivism. J Fujian Norm University (Philos and Soc Sci Edition), 2: 167–176.
29. Au EWM, Chiu CY, Chaturvedi A (2011). Maintaining faith in agency under im-mutable constraints: Cognitive conse-quences of believing in negotiable fate. Int J Psychol, 46 (6): 463–474.
30. Barlett C, Oliphant H, Gregory W, et al (2016). Ego-depletion and aggressive be-havior. Aggress Behav, 42: 533–541.
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| Issue | Vol 53 No 12 (2024) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| Keywords | ||
| Employment pressure Ego depletion Negotiable fate Suicidal ideation COVID-19 pandemic | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Chen M, Zheng M. Longitudinal Association between Employment Pressure and Suicidal Ideation among Recent Graduates during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Moderated Mediation Model. Iran J Public Health. 2024;53(12):2779-2788.
