Flatfoot Deformity; Exercise to Therapeutic Interventions: A Systematic Review
Abstract
Background: Deviation of the foot from the normal posture affects the function of the foot and lower limb and causes lower limb injuries in normal people and athletes. Flat feet or flatfoot deformity are usually associated with pain in the foot area and a decrease in the normal function of the foot, which can negatively affect the sports ability of athletes. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the abnormality of flat feet from training, exercise to therapeutic interventions.
Methods: Articles were identified by searching five databases: PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and Gate & Pasteur from 2000 to 2022. The keywords were selected specifically and correctly and all the researches and articles related to the title of the article were searched and found. This research was also searched in Persian databases that this database, included: Irandoc, Mag Iran and Noormagz.
Results: Finally, 30 studies met the criteria for entering this study, selected and used to conduct this study.
Conclusion: By using the results obtained in the research, which include corrective exercises and therapeutic interventions, especially the use of orthoses and various medical insoles, it is possible to help in the treatment and improvement of this anomaly.
1. McPoil TG, Hunt GC (1995). Evaluation and management of foot and ankle dis-orders: present problems and future di-rections. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, 21(6): 381-8.
2. Banwell H, S Mackintosh, D Thewlis (2014). Foot orthoses for adults with flexible pes planus. J Foot Ankle Res, 7(1):23.
3. Dommisse GF (1972). Flat foot: I. S Afr Med J, 45(24): 663-7.
4. Symington J (1884). Anatomy of Acquired Flat-Foot. J Anat Physiol, 19(Pt 1): 82.2-93.
5. Rose GK, Welton EA, Marshall T (1985). The diagnosis of flat foot in the child. J Bone Joint Surg Br, 67(1): 71-8.
6. Chen YC, Lou SZ, Huang CY, Su FC (2010). Effects of foot orthoses on gait patterns of flat feet patients. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon), 25(3): 265-270.
7. Kuhn DR, Shibley NJ, Austin WM, Yochum TR (1999). Radiographic evaluation of weight-bearing orthotics and their effect on flexiblepes planus. J Manipulative Physiol Ther, 22(4):221-6.
8. Simkin A, Leichter I, Giladi M, Stein M, Milgrom C (1989). Combined effect of foot arch structure and an orthotic de-viceon stress fracture. Foot Ankle, 10(1):25-9.
9. Michelson J, Durant D, McFarland E (2002). The injury risk associated with pes planus in athletes. Foot Ankle Int, 23(7):629-33.
10. Levy JC, Mizel MS, Wilson LS, Fox W, McHale K, Taylor DC (2006). Incidence of foot and ankle injuries in West Point cadets with pes planus compared to the general cadet population. Foot Ankle Int, 27(12):1060-4.
11. Rom K, Brown C (2004). Randomized clin-ical trial into the impact of rigid foot orthoses on balance parameters in ex-cessively pronated feet. Clin Rehabil, 18(6):624-630.
12. Kouhi Achachlouei F, Abbaszadegan M, Eghbalmoghanlou A (2012). The effects of corrective exercise program on flat foot deformity of male and female stu-dents. Annals of Biological Research, 3(2):988-994.
13. Kim JS, Lee MY (2020). The effect of short foot exercise using visual feedback on the balance and accuracy of knee joint movement in subjects with flexible flat-foot. Medicine (Baltimore), 99(13):e19260.
14. Leung A, Mak J, Evans H (1998). Biome-chanical gait evaluation of the immedi-ate effect of orthotic treatment for flex-ible flat foot. Prosthet Orthot Int, 22(1):25-34.
15. Eslami M, Begon M, Hinse S, Sadeghi H, Popov P, Allard P (2009). Effect of foot orthoses on magnitude and timing of rearfoot and tibial motions, ground re-action force and knee moment during running. J Sci Med Sport, 12(6):679–684.
16. Samper M Alcázar L, Viladot R, et al (2021). Acquired flat foot of the adult by poste-rior tibial dysfunction. Options for sur-gical treatment. Acta Ortop Mex, 35(1):92-117.
17. Murley GS, Landorf KB, Menz HB (2010). Do foot orthoses change lower limb muscle activity in flat-arched feet to-wards a pattern observed in normal-arched feet? Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon), 25(7):728–736.
18. Branthwaite H, Payton J, Chockalingam N (2004). The effect of simple insoles on three-dimensional foot motion during normal walking. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon), 19(9): 972-977.
19. Toolan B (2003). The treatment of failed reconstruction for adult acquired flat foot deformity. Foot Ankle Clin, 8(3):647-654.
20. Sinaki M, Mikkelsen B (1984). Postmeno-pausal spinal osteoporosis: flexion ver-sus extension exercises. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 65(10): 593-596.
21. Mulligan EP, Cook PG (2013). Effect of plantar intrinsic muscle training on medial longitudinal arch morphology and dynamic function. Man Ther, 18 (5):425-430.
22. Wong YS (2007). Influence of the abductor hallucis muscle on the medial arch of the foot: a kinematic and anatomical cadaver study. Foot Ankle Int, 28(5):617–20.
23. Nigg B (2010). Biomechanics of sport shoes. First Edition. Topline Printing Inc. Footwear Science, 3(2):125–126.
24. Moon D, Jung J (2021). Effect of incorpo-rating short-foot exercises in the bal-ance rehabilitation of flat foot: A ran-domized controlled trial. Healthcare (Ba-sel), 9(10): 1358.
25. Evans AM, Rome K (2011). A review of the evidence for non-surgical interventions for flexible pediatric flat feet. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med, 47 (1):69-89.
26. Kim E-K, Kim JS (2016). The effects of short foot exercises and arch support insoles on improvement in the medial longitudinal arch and dynamic balance of flexible flatfoot patients. J Phys Ther Sci, 28 (11):3136-3139.
27. Jafarnezhadgero A, Madadi-Shad M, Alavi-Mehr SM, Granacher U (2018). The long-term use of foot orthoses affects walking kinematics and kinetics of chil-dren with flexible flat feet: A random-ized controlled trial. PLoS One, 13 (10): e0205187.
28. Jafarnezhadgero A, Shad MM, Ferber R (2018). The effect of foot orthoses on joint moment asymmetry in male chil-dren with flexible flat feet. J Bodyw Mov Ther, 22 (1):83-89.
29. Yurt Y, Şener G, Yakut Y (2019). The effect of different foot orthoses on pain and health related quality of life in painful flexible flat foot: a randomized con-trolled trial. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med, 55 (1):95-102.
30. Nazari A, Hajiaghaei B, Alaee J, Farah-mand B (2017). Immediate effect of tex-tured insole on static balance in indi-viduals with flexible flatfoot. J Mod Re-habil, 10 (4):163-168.
31. Aminian G, Safaeepour Z, Farhoodi M, et al (2013). The effect of prefabricated and proprioceptive foot orthoses on plantar pressure distribution in patients with flexible flatfoot during walking. Prosthet Orthot Int, 37 (3):227-232.
32. Huang YP, Peng HT, Wang X, Chen ZR, Song CY (2020). The arch support in-soles show benefits to people with flat-foot on stance time, cadence, plantar pressure and contact area. PLoS One, 15 (8):e0237382.
33. Payehdar S, Saeedi H, Ahmadi A, et al (2016). Comparing the immediate effects of UCBL and modified foot orthoses on postural sway in people with flexible flatfoot. Prosthet Orthot Int, 40 (1):117-122.
34. Sadeghi H, Mohseni Zonouzi F, Peeri M (2021). Effects of Foot Sole on Ground Reaction Forces During Walking in Male Athletes with Flexible Flat Foot. Sci J Rehab Med, 10 (2):220-233.
35. Riccio I, Gimigliano F, Gimigliano R, Por-pora G, Iolascon G (2009). Rehabilita-tive treatment in flexible flatfoot: a per-spective cohort study. Chir Organi Mov, 93(3):101-7.
36. Xu R, Wang Z, Ren Z, et al (2019). Com-parative study of the effects of custom-ized 3D printed insole and prefabricat-ed insole on plantar pressure and com-fort in patients with symptomatic flat-foot. Med Sci Monit, 25:3510-3519.
37. Park JH, Kim JS, Kim K (2012). The effect of foot strengthening exercise to young of hallux valgus with flexible flatfoot. Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial coop-eration Society, 13 (11):5211-5217.
38. Khamooshi R, Mohammadi Moham-madieh S, Rahnama NR, Rostami Zalani F (2016). Comparing the Effects of Sim-ultaneous Eight-Week Stretch-ing/Strengthening Trainings with Core Stability Exercises on the Flat Foot De-formity of 9 to 13 Year Old Female Stu-dents. Int J Musculoskelet Pain Prev, 1 (4):149-156.
39. Tang SFT, Chen CH, Wu CK, Hong WH, Chen KJ, Chen C-K (2015). The effects of total contact insole with forefoot medial posting on rearfoot movement and foot pressure distributions in pa-tients with flexible flatfoot. Clin Neurol Neurosurg, 129 Suppl 1:S8-11.
40. Kudo S, Sakamoto K (2022). Influence of a novel elastic foot orthosis in foot mo-tion during locomotion in adults with mild flatfoot. Gait Posture, 93:59-63.
41. Aminian G, Farhoodi M, Safaeepour Z, Farjad Pezeshk A (2012). The assessment of the effect of longitudinal arch sup-port insole on plantar pressure distribu-tion in subjects with flexible flatfoot. Iran J War Public Health, 4 (4):43-48.
42. Jafarnezhadgero A, Alavi Mehr SM, Majlesi M (2018). Immediate Effect of Arch Support Foot Orthoses on Lower Limb Intera-Joint Coupling Angles during Walking in Children with Flat Foot. J Rehab Med, 7 (2):65-75.
43. Nikkhouamiri F, Akoochakian M, Shirzad Araghi E, Hosein Nejad SE (2020). Ef-fect of six weeks of comprehensive cor-rective exercises on balance and foot pressure pattern in female adolescents with flexible flat foot. J Rehab Med, 9 (3):72-82.
44. Zhai JN, Qiu YS, Wang J (2016). Effects of orthotic insoles on adults with flexible flatfoot under different walking condi-tions. J Phys Ther Sci, 28 (11):3078-3083.
45. Saunders H, Ryan R (2004). Evaluation, treatment and prevention of musculo-skeletal disorders. Chaske, MN, The Saunders Group. Inc b52.
46. Karimi MT, Fereshtehnejad N, Pool F (2013). The impact of foot insole on the energy consumption of flat-footed indi-viduals during walking. Foot Ankle Spec, 6 (1):21-26.
47. Janda V (1987). Muscles and motor control in low back pain: assessment and management. In: Twomey LT, Taylor JR (eds.) Physical Therapy of the Low Back, Churchill Liv-ingstone, New York. 415-418.
2. Banwell H, S Mackintosh, D Thewlis (2014). Foot orthoses for adults with flexible pes planus. J Foot Ankle Res, 7(1):23.
3. Dommisse GF (1972). Flat foot: I. S Afr Med J, 45(24): 663-7.
4. Symington J (1884). Anatomy of Acquired Flat-Foot. J Anat Physiol, 19(Pt 1): 82.2-93.
5. Rose GK, Welton EA, Marshall T (1985). The diagnosis of flat foot in the child. J Bone Joint Surg Br, 67(1): 71-8.
6. Chen YC, Lou SZ, Huang CY, Su FC (2010). Effects of foot orthoses on gait patterns of flat feet patients. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon), 25(3): 265-270.
7. Kuhn DR, Shibley NJ, Austin WM, Yochum TR (1999). Radiographic evaluation of weight-bearing orthotics and their effect on flexiblepes planus. J Manipulative Physiol Ther, 22(4):221-6.
8. Simkin A, Leichter I, Giladi M, Stein M, Milgrom C (1989). Combined effect of foot arch structure and an orthotic de-viceon stress fracture. Foot Ankle, 10(1):25-9.
9. Michelson J, Durant D, McFarland E (2002). The injury risk associated with pes planus in athletes. Foot Ankle Int, 23(7):629-33.
10. Levy JC, Mizel MS, Wilson LS, Fox W, McHale K, Taylor DC (2006). Incidence of foot and ankle injuries in West Point cadets with pes planus compared to the general cadet population. Foot Ankle Int, 27(12):1060-4.
11. Rom K, Brown C (2004). Randomized clin-ical trial into the impact of rigid foot orthoses on balance parameters in ex-cessively pronated feet. Clin Rehabil, 18(6):624-630.
12. Kouhi Achachlouei F, Abbaszadegan M, Eghbalmoghanlou A (2012). The effects of corrective exercise program on flat foot deformity of male and female stu-dents. Annals of Biological Research, 3(2):988-994.
13. Kim JS, Lee MY (2020). The effect of short foot exercise using visual feedback on the balance and accuracy of knee joint movement in subjects with flexible flat-foot. Medicine (Baltimore), 99(13):e19260.
14. Leung A, Mak J, Evans H (1998). Biome-chanical gait evaluation of the immedi-ate effect of orthotic treatment for flex-ible flat foot. Prosthet Orthot Int, 22(1):25-34.
15. Eslami M, Begon M, Hinse S, Sadeghi H, Popov P, Allard P (2009). Effect of foot orthoses on magnitude and timing of rearfoot and tibial motions, ground re-action force and knee moment during running. J Sci Med Sport, 12(6):679–684.
16. Samper M Alcázar L, Viladot R, et al (2021). Acquired flat foot of the adult by poste-rior tibial dysfunction. Options for sur-gical treatment. Acta Ortop Mex, 35(1):92-117.
17. Murley GS, Landorf KB, Menz HB (2010). Do foot orthoses change lower limb muscle activity in flat-arched feet to-wards a pattern observed in normal-arched feet? Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon), 25(7):728–736.
18. Branthwaite H, Payton J, Chockalingam N (2004). The effect of simple insoles on three-dimensional foot motion during normal walking. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon), 19(9): 972-977.
19. Toolan B (2003). The treatment of failed reconstruction for adult acquired flat foot deformity. Foot Ankle Clin, 8(3):647-654.
20. Sinaki M, Mikkelsen B (1984). Postmeno-pausal spinal osteoporosis: flexion ver-sus extension exercises. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 65(10): 593-596.
21. Mulligan EP, Cook PG (2013). Effect of plantar intrinsic muscle training on medial longitudinal arch morphology and dynamic function. Man Ther, 18 (5):425-430.
22. Wong YS (2007). Influence of the abductor hallucis muscle on the medial arch of the foot: a kinematic and anatomical cadaver study. Foot Ankle Int, 28(5):617–20.
23. Nigg B (2010). Biomechanics of sport shoes. First Edition. Topline Printing Inc. Footwear Science, 3(2):125–126.
24. Moon D, Jung J (2021). Effect of incorpo-rating short-foot exercises in the bal-ance rehabilitation of flat foot: A ran-domized controlled trial. Healthcare (Ba-sel), 9(10): 1358.
25. Evans AM, Rome K (2011). A review of the evidence for non-surgical interventions for flexible pediatric flat feet. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med, 47 (1):69-89.
26. Kim E-K, Kim JS (2016). The effects of short foot exercises and arch support insoles on improvement in the medial longitudinal arch and dynamic balance of flexible flatfoot patients. J Phys Ther Sci, 28 (11):3136-3139.
27. Jafarnezhadgero A, Madadi-Shad M, Alavi-Mehr SM, Granacher U (2018). The long-term use of foot orthoses affects walking kinematics and kinetics of chil-dren with flexible flat feet: A random-ized controlled trial. PLoS One, 13 (10): e0205187.
28. Jafarnezhadgero A, Shad MM, Ferber R (2018). The effect of foot orthoses on joint moment asymmetry in male chil-dren with flexible flat feet. J Bodyw Mov Ther, 22 (1):83-89.
29. Yurt Y, Şener G, Yakut Y (2019). The effect of different foot orthoses on pain and health related quality of life in painful flexible flat foot: a randomized con-trolled trial. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med, 55 (1):95-102.
30. Nazari A, Hajiaghaei B, Alaee J, Farah-mand B (2017). Immediate effect of tex-tured insole on static balance in indi-viduals with flexible flatfoot. J Mod Re-habil, 10 (4):163-168.
31. Aminian G, Safaeepour Z, Farhoodi M, et al (2013). The effect of prefabricated and proprioceptive foot orthoses on plantar pressure distribution in patients with flexible flatfoot during walking. Prosthet Orthot Int, 37 (3):227-232.
32. Huang YP, Peng HT, Wang X, Chen ZR, Song CY (2020). The arch support in-soles show benefits to people with flat-foot on stance time, cadence, plantar pressure and contact area. PLoS One, 15 (8):e0237382.
33. Payehdar S, Saeedi H, Ahmadi A, et al (2016). Comparing the immediate effects of UCBL and modified foot orthoses on postural sway in people with flexible flatfoot. Prosthet Orthot Int, 40 (1):117-122.
34. Sadeghi H, Mohseni Zonouzi F, Peeri M (2021). Effects of Foot Sole on Ground Reaction Forces During Walking in Male Athletes with Flexible Flat Foot. Sci J Rehab Med, 10 (2):220-233.
35. Riccio I, Gimigliano F, Gimigliano R, Por-pora G, Iolascon G (2009). Rehabilita-tive treatment in flexible flatfoot: a per-spective cohort study. Chir Organi Mov, 93(3):101-7.
36. Xu R, Wang Z, Ren Z, et al (2019). Com-parative study of the effects of custom-ized 3D printed insole and prefabricat-ed insole on plantar pressure and com-fort in patients with symptomatic flat-foot. Med Sci Monit, 25:3510-3519.
37. Park JH, Kim JS, Kim K (2012). The effect of foot strengthening exercise to young of hallux valgus with flexible flatfoot. Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial coop-eration Society, 13 (11):5211-5217.
38. Khamooshi R, Mohammadi Moham-madieh S, Rahnama NR, Rostami Zalani F (2016). Comparing the Effects of Sim-ultaneous Eight-Week Stretch-ing/Strengthening Trainings with Core Stability Exercises on the Flat Foot De-formity of 9 to 13 Year Old Female Stu-dents. Int J Musculoskelet Pain Prev, 1 (4):149-156.
39. Tang SFT, Chen CH, Wu CK, Hong WH, Chen KJ, Chen C-K (2015). The effects of total contact insole with forefoot medial posting on rearfoot movement and foot pressure distributions in pa-tients with flexible flatfoot. Clin Neurol Neurosurg, 129 Suppl 1:S8-11.
40. Kudo S, Sakamoto K (2022). Influence of a novel elastic foot orthosis in foot mo-tion during locomotion in adults with mild flatfoot. Gait Posture, 93:59-63.
41. Aminian G, Farhoodi M, Safaeepour Z, Farjad Pezeshk A (2012). The assessment of the effect of longitudinal arch sup-port insole on plantar pressure distribu-tion in subjects with flexible flatfoot. Iran J War Public Health, 4 (4):43-48.
42. Jafarnezhadgero A, Alavi Mehr SM, Majlesi M (2018). Immediate Effect of Arch Support Foot Orthoses on Lower Limb Intera-Joint Coupling Angles during Walking in Children with Flat Foot. J Rehab Med, 7 (2):65-75.
43. Nikkhouamiri F, Akoochakian M, Shirzad Araghi E, Hosein Nejad SE (2020). Ef-fect of six weeks of comprehensive cor-rective exercises on balance and foot pressure pattern in female adolescents with flexible flat foot. J Rehab Med, 9 (3):72-82.
44. Zhai JN, Qiu YS, Wang J (2016). Effects of orthotic insoles on adults with flexible flatfoot under different walking condi-tions. J Phys Ther Sci, 28 (11):3078-3083.
45. Saunders H, Ryan R (2004). Evaluation, treatment and prevention of musculo-skeletal disorders. Chaske, MN, The Saunders Group. Inc b52.
46. Karimi MT, Fereshtehnejad N, Pool F (2013). The impact of foot insole on the energy consumption of flat-footed indi-viduals during walking. Foot Ankle Spec, 6 (1):21-26.
47. Janda V (1987). Muscles and motor control in low back pain: assessment and management. In: Twomey LT, Taylor JR (eds.) Physical Therapy of the Low Back, Churchill Liv-ingstone, New York. 415-418.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 53 No 2 (2024) | |
| Section | Review Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v53i2.14915 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Flatfoot deformity Exercise Therapeutic interventions | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Soltani N, Fatahi A. Flatfoot Deformity; Exercise to Therapeutic Interventions: A Systematic Review. Iran J Public Health. 2024;53(2):305-312.
