The Effect of PM10 Pollutant Levels on the Postneonatal Mortality Rate: Application of the AirQ+ Model in Istanbul, Türkiye
,
Abstract
Background: Air pollution is one of the major environmental risk factors for health. Children are vulnerable to the negative health consequences of air pollution. We aimed to determine the effect of PM10 levels on postneonatal mortality in Istanbul, the most populous city in Türkiye.
Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the relationship between PM10 levels and postneonatal deaths occurring in Istanbul, Türkiye in 2015-2019 was examined. PM10 levels for Istanbul were calculated by taking the average of daily PM10 measurements between 01.01.2015 and 31.12.2019, made available from Istanbul Air Quality Monitoring Stations. Data were analyzed using Microsoft Office Excel 2016 and AIRQ+ 2.2.3 software.
Results: If the PM10 value in Istanbul province had been reduced to 20 μg/m3, the limit value recommended by the WHO; in 2019; 36(19-61) postneonatal infant deaths could have been prevented; 7.73% (3.98-12.95) of postneonatal infant deaths were attributed to PM10. During this period, the PM10 value in Istanbul was above the limit value recommended by WHO, the European Union and Turkish legislation.
Conclusion: Infant mortality due to air pollution is an important public health problem.
1. Yavuz V, Özen C, Çapraz Ö, et al (2022). Analysing of atmospheric conditions and their effects on air quality in Istan-bul using Sodar and Ceılometer. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 29:16213–16232.
2. Union of Chambers of Turkish Engineers and Architects (TMMOB). Air Pollution Report 2019. Available from: https://www.tmmob.org.tr/sites/default/files/2019.pdf [Accessed 8 June 2023].
3. World Air Quality Report 2021. Available from: https://www.iqair.com/world-most-polluted-cities/world-air-quality-report-2021-en.pdf [Accessed 8 June 2023].
4. World Health Organization. Health and climate change country profile 2022. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/353977/WHO-HEP-ECH-CCH-22.01.05-eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y [Ac-cessed 8 June 2023].
5. Black Report 2022 Air Pollution and Health Effects. Available from: https://www.temizhavahakki.org/wp-con-tent/uploads/2023/03/KaraRapor_v6.pdf [Accessed 8 June 2023].
6. Directive 2008/50/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2008 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe. Pp.1–44. Availa-ble from: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-con-tent/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32008L0050&from=en [Accessed 11 May 2015].
7. World Health Organization. Air quality guidelines. Global update 2005. Particu-late matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide. World Health Organiza-tion; 2006.
8. National Air Quality Monitoring Network. Available from: https://sim.csb.gov.tr/ [Accessed 8 June 2023].
9. Katsouyanni K, Touloumi G, Spix C, et al (1997). Short-term effects of ambient sulphur dioxide and particulate matter on mortality in 12 European cities: re-sults from time series data from the APHEA project. BMJ, 314(7095):1658–1663.
10. Chen J, Hoek G (2020). Long-term exposure to PM and all-cause and cause-specific mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Int, 143:105974.
11. Pollution: UNICEF reports that 300 million children breathe toxic air. Available from: https://www.unicefturk.org/yazi/kirlihava?gclid=CjwKCAjw9pGjBhB-Ei-wAa5jl3MlvAOwSPyyQE64F57YsjVo3Sldcs55bHLKJENd9PW22T_YKb6H53hoCvnwQAvD_BwE [Accessed 8 June 2023].
12. Jakubiak-Lasocka J, Lasocki J, Badyda AJ (2015). The influence of particulate mat-ter on respiratory morbidity and mortal-ity in children and infants. Adv Exp Med Biol, 849:39–48.
13. Woodruff TJ, Grillo J, Schoendorf KC (1997). The relationship between select-ed causes of postneonatal infant mortal-ity and particulate air pollution in the United States. Environ Health Perspect, 105(6):608–612.
14. Turkish Statistical Institute. Available from: https://www.tuik.gov.tr/ [Accessed 8 June 2023].
15. Status Report On Infant Deaths In Turkey In The 100th Year Of The Establish-ment Of The Ministry Of Health, 2021 Ministry of Health Publication Num-ber:1212. ISBN: 978-975-590-828-1
16. World Health Organization. AirQ+: Soft-ware tool for health risk assessment of air pollution. Available from: https://www.who.int/europe/tools-and-toolkits/airq---software-tool-for-health-risk-assessment-of-air-pollution [Ac-cessed 8 June 2023].
17. Republic of Turkey Ministry of Health. Available from: https://www.saglik.gov.tr/ [Accessed 8 June 2023].
18. Cambra K, Alonso E, Medina S, et al (2006). Health Impact Assessment of PM10 Air Pollution on Postneonatal Mortality in 31 European Cities. Epidemiology, 17(6): S106.
19. Krzyzanowski M (1997). Methods for as-sessing the extent of exposure and ef-fects of air pollution. Occup Environ Med, 54:145–151.
20. Ghanbari Ghozikali M, Heibati B, Naddafi K, et al (2016). Evaluation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) attributed to atmospheric O3, NO2, and SO2 using Air Q Model (2011-2012 year). Environ Res, 144(Pt A):99-105.
21. Anderson HR, Atkinson RW, Peacock JL, et al. Meta-analysis of time-series studies and panel studies of particulate matter (PM) and ozone (O3) (2004). Report of a WHO task group. Copenhagen:World Health Organization.
22. Mohammadi, A., Azhdarpoor, A., Shah-savani, A. and Tabatabaee, H. (2016). In-vestigating the Health Effects of Expo-sure to Criteria Pollutants Using AirQ2.2.3 in Shiraz, Iran. Aerosol Air Qual Res, 16: 1035-1043.
23. Naddafi K, Hassanvand MS, Yunesian M, et al (2012). Health impact assessment of air pollution in megacity of Tehran, Iran. Iranian J Environ Health Sci Eng, 9(1):28.
24. Miri M, Derakhshan Z, Allahabadi A, et al (2016). Mortality and morbidity due to exposure to outdoor air pollution in Mashhad metropolis, Iran. The AirQ model approach. Environ Res, 151:451-457.
25. Paldy A, Bobvos J, Lustigova M, et al (2006). Health Impact Assessment of PM10 on Mortality and Morbidity in Children in Central-Eastern European Cities. Epide-miology, 17(6):S131.
26. Tsai SS, Chen CC, Hsieh HJ, et al (2006). Air pollution and postneonatal mortality in a tropical city: Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Inhal Toxicol, 18(3):185-189.
27. Woodruff TJ, Darrow LA, Parker JD (2008). Air pollution and postneonatal infant mortality in the United States, 1999-2002. Environ Health Perspect, 116(1):110-115.
28. Kaiser R, Romieu I, Medina S, et al (2004). Air pollution attributable postneonatal infant mortality in U.S. metropolitan ar-eas: a risk assessment study. Environ Health, 3(1):4.
29. Jalili Naghan D, Neisi A, Goudarzi G et al (2022). Estimation of the effects PM2.5, NO2, O3 pollutants on the health of Shahrekord residents based on AirQ+ software during (2012–2018). Toxicol Rep, 9:842-847.
2. Union of Chambers of Turkish Engineers and Architects (TMMOB). Air Pollution Report 2019. Available from: https://www.tmmob.org.tr/sites/default/files/2019.pdf [Accessed 8 June 2023].
3. World Air Quality Report 2021. Available from: https://www.iqair.com/world-most-polluted-cities/world-air-quality-report-2021-en.pdf [Accessed 8 June 2023].
4. World Health Organization. Health and climate change country profile 2022. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/353977/WHO-HEP-ECH-CCH-22.01.05-eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y [Ac-cessed 8 June 2023].
5. Black Report 2022 Air Pollution and Health Effects. Available from: https://www.temizhavahakki.org/wp-con-tent/uploads/2023/03/KaraRapor_v6.pdf [Accessed 8 June 2023].
6. Directive 2008/50/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2008 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe. Pp.1–44. Availa-ble from: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-con-tent/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32008L0050&from=en [Accessed 11 May 2015].
7. World Health Organization. Air quality guidelines. Global update 2005. Particu-late matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide. World Health Organiza-tion; 2006.
8. National Air Quality Monitoring Network. Available from: https://sim.csb.gov.tr/ [Accessed 8 June 2023].
9. Katsouyanni K, Touloumi G, Spix C, et al (1997). Short-term effects of ambient sulphur dioxide and particulate matter on mortality in 12 European cities: re-sults from time series data from the APHEA project. BMJ, 314(7095):1658–1663.
10. Chen J, Hoek G (2020). Long-term exposure to PM and all-cause and cause-specific mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Int, 143:105974.
11. Pollution: UNICEF reports that 300 million children breathe toxic air. Available from: https://www.unicefturk.org/yazi/kirlihava?gclid=CjwKCAjw9pGjBhB-Ei-wAa5jl3MlvAOwSPyyQE64F57YsjVo3Sldcs55bHLKJENd9PW22T_YKb6H53hoCvnwQAvD_BwE [Accessed 8 June 2023].
12. Jakubiak-Lasocka J, Lasocki J, Badyda AJ (2015). The influence of particulate mat-ter on respiratory morbidity and mortal-ity in children and infants. Adv Exp Med Biol, 849:39–48.
13. Woodruff TJ, Grillo J, Schoendorf KC (1997). The relationship between select-ed causes of postneonatal infant mortal-ity and particulate air pollution in the United States. Environ Health Perspect, 105(6):608–612.
14. Turkish Statistical Institute. Available from: https://www.tuik.gov.tr/ [Accessed 8 June 2023].
15. Status Report On Infant Deaths In Turkey In The 100th Year Of The Establish-ment Of The Ministry Of Health, 2021 Ministry of Health Publication Num-ber:1212. ISBN: 978-975-590-828-1
16. World Health Organization. AirQ+: Soft-ware tool for health risk assessment of air pollution. Available from: https://www.who.int/europe/tools-and-toolkits/airq---software-tool-for-health-risk-assessment-of-air-pollution [Ac-cessed 8 June 2023].
17. Republic of Turkey Ministry of Health. Available from: https://www.saglik.gov.tr/ [Accessed 8 June 2023].
18. Cambra K, Alonso E, Medina S, et al (2006). Health Impact Assessment of PM10 Air Pollution on Postneonatal Mortality in 31 European Cities. Epidemiology, 17(6): S106.
19. Krzyzanowski M (1997). Methods for as-sessing the extent of exposure and ef-fects of air pollution. Occup Environ Med, 54:145–151.
20. Ghanbari Ghozikali M, Heibati B, Naddafi K, et al (2016). Evaluation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) attributed to atmospheric O3, NO2, and SO2 using Air Q Model (2011-2012 year). Environ Res, 144(Pt A):99-105.
21. Anderson HR, Atkinson RW, Peacock JL, et al. Meta-analysis of time-series studies and panel studies of particulate matter (PM) and ozone (O3) (2004). Report of a WHO task group. Copenhagen:World Health Organization.
22. Mohammadi, A., Azhdarpoor, A., Shah-savani, A. and Tabatabaee, H. (2016). In-vestigating the Health Effects of Expo-sure to Criteria Pollutants Using AirQ2.2.3 in Shiraz, Iran. Aerosol Air Qual Res, 16: 1035-1043.
23. Naddafi K, Hassanvand MS, Yunesian M, et al (2012). Health impact assessment of air pollution in megacity of Tehran, Iran. Iranian J Environ Health Sci Eng, 9(1):28.
24. Miri M, Derakhshan Z, Allahabadi A, et al (2016). Mortality and morbidity due to exposure to outdoor air pollution in Mashhad metropolis, Iran. The AirQ model approach. Environ Res, 151:451-457.
25. Paldy A, Bobvos J, Lustigova M, et al (2006). Health Impact Assessment of PM10 on Mortality and Morbidity in Children in Central-Eastern European Cities. Epide-miology, 17(6):S131.
26. Tsai SS, Chen CC, Hsieh HJ, et al (2006). Air pollution and postneonatal mortality in a tropical city: Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Inhal Toxicol, 18(3):185-189.
27. Woodruff TJ, Darrow LA, Parker JD (2008). Air pollution and postneonatal infant mortality in the United States, 1999-2002. Environ Health Perspect, 116(1):110-115.
28. Kaiser R, Romieu I, Medina S, et al (2004). Air pollution attributable postneonatal infant mortality in U.S. metropolitan ar-eas: a risk assessment study. Environ Health, 3(1):4.
29. Jalili Naghan D, Neisi A, Goudarzi G et al (2022). Estimation of the effects PM2.5, NO2, O3 pollutants on the health of Shahrekord residents based on AirQ+ software during (2012–2018). Toxicol Rep, 9:842-847.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 53 No 10 (2024) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| Keywords | ||
| PM10 Air pollution Air Quality Postneonatal mortality | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Aydin SN, Sayili U, Kara B, Can G. The Effect of PM10 Pollutant Levels on the Postneonatal Mortality Rate: Application of the AirQ+ Model in Istanbul, Türkiye. Iran J Public Health. 2024;53(10):2290-2297.
