Effect of Low Protein Diet on Patients with Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Abstract
Background: Low protein diet plays an important role in cardiovascular diseases. However, exact role is unclear so far. We aimed to find out the effect of low protein diet on patients with cardiovascular disease.
Methods: The PRISMA guidelines were followed throughout the research project until 10th Apr 2023. MeSH phrases and Boolean operators were used to search PubMed for suitable studies. The entire estimate was expressed as a 95% confidence interval around the mean difference. The model was picked because of the discrepancies found in the research. Choi's Q test and I2 statistics were used to determine the degree of variation between experiments. The funnel plot was used to qualitatively examine the publishing bias.
Results: Low-protein diets have a greater impact on waist circumference [-8.82 (-9.51, -8.13), P<0000.1] and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) [-0.05 (-0.07, -0.03), P<0000.1] alteration than non-LPD diets, as measured by the standard mean difference (SMD). Further, significant changes were observed in weight loss [1.51 (1.25, 1.77), P<0.00001], BMI, [0.46 (0.25, 0.67), P<0.0001], change systolic [2.48 (1.20, 3.77), P=0.0002] and diastolic blood pressure [1.49 (0.72, 2.26), P=0.0002], low density lipoprotein [0.09 (0.06, 0.12), P<0.00001], triglyceride [0.52 (0.49, 0.55), P<0.00001], in non-LPD group as compared to LPD group.
Conclusion: The results indicated the role of low protein diet on patients with cardiovascular disease.
1. Kromhout D (2001). Diet and cardiovascu-lar diseases. J Nutr Health Aging, 5(3): 144-149.
2. Moughan PJ (2012). Dietary protein for human health. Br J Nutr, 108 Suppl 2:S1-2.
3. Wolfe RR, Miller SL, Miller KB (2008). Op-timal protein intake in the elderly. Clin Nutr, 27(5): 675-684.
4. Appel LJ (2003). The effects of protein in-take on blood pressure and cardiovascu-lar disease. Curr Opin Lipidol, 14(1): 55-59.
5. Chahoud G, Aude YW, Mehta, J L (2004). Dietary recommendations in the pre-vention and treatment of coronary heart disease: do we have the ideal diet yet? Am J Cardiol, 94(10): 1260-1267.
6. Hu FB (2005). Protein, body weight, and cardiovascular health. Am J Clin Nutr, 82(1 Suppl):242S-247S.
7. Forman D, Bulwer BE (2006). Cardiovascu-lar disease: optimal approaches to risk factor modification of diet and lifestyle. Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med, 8(1):47-57.
8. Van Horn L, McCoin M, Kris-Etherton P M, et al(2008). The evidence for dietary prevention and treatment of cardiovas-cular disease. J Am Diet Assoc, 108(2):287-331.
9. Schultz WM, Kelli HM, Lisko JC Varghese T, et al (2018). Socioeconomic Status and Cardiovascular Outcomes: Challenges and Interventions. Circulation, 137(20):2166–2178.
10. Hu T, Mills K T, Yao L, et al (2012). Effects of low-carbohydrate diets versus low-fat diets on metabolic risk factors: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled clin-ical trials. Am J Epidemiol, 176 Suppl 7(Suppl 7):S44-54.
11. Abete I, Parra D, Martinez JA (2009). Leg-ume-, fish-, or high-protein-based hy-pocaloric diets: effects on weight loss and mitochondrial oxidation in obese men. J Med Food, 12(1):100-8.
12. Aldrich ND, Reicks MM, Sibley SD, et al (2011). Varying protein source and quan-tity do not significantly improve weight loss, fat loss, or satiety in reduced ener-gy diets among midlife adults. Nutr Res, 31(2):104-112
13. Aude YW, Agatston AS, Lopez-Jimenez F, et al (2004). The national cholesterol ed-ucation program diet vs a diet lower in carbohydrates and higher in protein and monounsaturated fat: a randomized trial. Arch Intern Med, 164(19):2141-6.
14. Ballesteros-Pomar MD, Calleja-Fernandez AR, Vidal-Casariego A, et al (2010). Ef-fectiveness of energy-restricted diets with different protein:carbohydrate ra-tios: the relationship to insulin sensitivi-ty. Public Health Nutr, 13(12):2119-26.
15. Belobrajdic DP, Frystyk J, Jeyaratnaganthan N, et al (2010). Moder-ate energy restriction-induced weight loss affects circulating IGF levels inde-pendent of dietary composition. Eur J Endocrinol, 162(6):1075-1082.
16. Brehm BJ, Seeley RJ, Daniels SR, D'Alessio DA (2003). A randomized trial compar-ing a very low carbohydrate diet and a calorie-restricted low fat diet on body weight and cardiovascular risk factors in healthy women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 88(4):1617-23.
17. Brehm BJ, Spang SE, Lattin BL, et al (2005). The role of energy expenditure in the differential weight loss in obese women on low-fat and low-carbohydrate diets. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 90(3):1475-82.
18. Brinkworth GD, Noakes M, Buckley JD, Keogh JB, Clifton PM (2009). Long-term effects of a very-low-carbohydrate weight loss diet compared with an isoca-loric low-fat diet after 12 mo. Am J Clin Nutr, 90:23-32.
19. Dansinger ML, Gleason JA, Griffith JL, et al (2005). Comparison of the Atkins, Or-nish, Weight Watchers, and Zone diets for weight loss and heart disease risk reduction: a randomized trial. JAMA, 293(1):43-53.
20. Das SK, Gilhooly CH, Golden JK, et al (2007). Long-term effects of 2 energy-restricted diets differing in glycemic load on dietary adherence, body com-position, and metabolism in CALERIE: a 1-y randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr, 85(4):1023-30.
21. Delbridge EA, Prendergast LA, Pritchard JE, Proietto J (2009). One-year weight maintenance after significant weight loss in healthy overweight and obese subjects: Does diet composition matter? Am J Clin Nutr, 90(5):1203-1214.
22. Due A, Toubro S, Skov AR, Astrup A (2004). Effect of normal-fat diets, either medi-um or high in protein, on body weight in overweight subjects: a randomised 1-year trial. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord, 28(10):1283-90.
23. Dyson PA, Beatty S, Matthews DR, et al (2007). A low-carbohydrate diet is more effective in reducing body weight than healthy eating in both diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. Diabet Med, 24(12):1430-5.
24. Foster GD, Wyatt HR, Hill JO, et al (2003). A randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet for obesity. N Engl J Med, 348(21):2082-90.
25. Jenkins DJA, Wong JMW, Kendall CWC, et al (2009). The effect of a plant-based low-carbohydrate ("eco-atkins") diet on body weight and blood lipid concentra-tions in hyperlipidemic subjects. Arch In-tern Med, 169(11):1046-1054.
26. Keogh JB, Brinkworth GD, Clifton PM, et al (2007). Effects of weight loss on a low-carbohydrate diet on flow-mediated dilatation, adhesion molecules and adi-ponectin. Br J Nutr, 98(4):852-9.
27. Labayen I, Diez N, Gonzalez A, Parra D, Martinez JA, Labayen Idoia, et al (2003). Effects of protein vs. carbohydrate-rich diets on fuel utilisation in obese women during weight loss. Forum Nutr, 56:168-70.
28. Landers P, Wolfe MM, Glore S, Guild R, Phillips L, Landers Patti, et al (2002). Ef-fect of weight loss plans on body com-position and diet duration. J Okla State Med Assoc, 95(5):329-31.
29. Lasker DAW, Evans EM, Layman DK (2008). Moderate carbohydrate, moder-ate protein weight loss diet reduces car-diovascular disease risk compared to high carbohydrate, low protein diet in obese adults: A randomized clinical tri-al. Nutr Metab (Lond), 5:30.
30. Layman DK, Evans EM, Erickson D, et al (2009). A moderate-protein diet produc-es sustained weight loss and long-term changes in body composition and blood lipids in obese adults. J Nutr, 139(3):514-21.
31. Leidy HJ, Carnell NS, Mattes RD et al (2007). Higher protein intake preserves lean mass and satiety with weight loss in pre-obese and obese women. Obesity (Sil-ver Spring), 15(2):421-9.
32. Mahon AK, Flynn MG, Stewart LK, et al (2007). Protein intake during energy re-striction: effects on body composition and markers of metabolic and cardio-vascular health in postmenopausal women. J Am Coll Nutr, 26(2):182-9.
33. Maki KC, Rains TM, Kaden VN, Raneri KR, Davidson MH, Maki KC, et al (2007). Effects of a reduced-glycemic-load diet on body weight, body compo-sition, and cardiovascular disease risk markers in overweight and obese adults. Am J Clin Nutr, 85(3):724-34.
34. Morgan LM, Griffin BA, Millward DJ, et al (2009). Comparison of the effects of four commercially available weight-loss programmes on lipid-based cardiovas-cular risk factors. Public Health Nutr, 12(6):799-807.
35. Noakes M, Keogh JB, Foster PR, Clifton PM (2005). Effect of an energy-restricted, high-protein, low-fat diet rela-tive to a conventional high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet on weight loss, body composition, nutritional sta-tus, and markers of cardiovascular health in obese women. Am J Clin Nutr, 81(6):1298-306.
36. Sacks FM, Bray GA, Carey VJ, et al (2009). Comparison of weight-loss diets with different compositions of fat, protein, and carbohydrates. N Engl J Med, 360(9):859-73.
37. Stamets K, Taylor DS, Kunselman A, et al (2004). A randomized trial of the effects of two types of short-term hypocaloric diets on weight loss in women with pol-ycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril, 81(3):630-7.
38. Stoernell CK, Tangney CC, Rockway SW (2008). Short-term changes in lipopro-tein subclasses and C-reactive protein levels of hypertriglyceridemic adults on low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets. Nutr Res, 28(7):443-9.
39. Te Morenga LA, Levers MT, Williams SM, et al (2011). Comparison of high protein and high fiber weight-loss diets in wom-en with risk factors for the metabolic syndrome: A randomized trial. Nutr J, 10:40.
40. Volek JS, Sharman MJ, Gomez AL, et al (2003). An isoenergetic very low carbo-hydrate diet improves serum HDL cho-lesterol and triacylglycerol concentra-tions, the total cholesterol to HDL cho-lesterol ratio and postprandial lipemic responses compared with a low fat diet in normal weight, normolipidemic women. J Nutr, 133(9):2756-61.
41. Volek JS, Sharman MJ, Gomez AL, et al (2004). Comparison of a very low-carbohydrate and low-fat diet on fasting lipids, LDL subclasses, insulin resistance, and postprandial lipemic responses in overweight women. J Am Coll Nutr, 23(2):177-84.
42. Volek JS, Sharman MJ, Gomez AL, et al (2004). Comparison of energy-restricted very low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets on weight loss and body composition in overweight men and women. Nutr Metab, 1(1):13.
43. Yancy WS Jr, Olsen MK, Guyton JR, et al (2004). A low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet versus a low-fat diet to treat obesity and hyperlipidemia: a randomized, con-trolled trial. Ann Intern Med, 140(10):769-77.
44. Gardner CD, Kiazand A, Alhassan S, et al (2007). Comparison of the Atkins, Zone, Ornish, and LEARN diets for change in weight and related risk factors among overweight premenopausal women: the A TO Z Weight Loss Study: a random-ized trial. JAMA, 297(9):969-77.
45. Johnston CS, Tjonn SL, Swan PD, et al (2004). High-protein, low-fat diets are ef-fective for weight loss and favorably al-ter biomarkers in healthy adults. J Nutr, 134(3):586-91.
46. Seshadri P, Samaha FF, Stern L, et al (2005). Adipocytokine changes caused by low-carbohydrate compared to conventional diets in obesity. Metab Syndr Relat Disord, 3(1):66-74.
47. Appel LJ, Sacks FM, Carey VJ, et al (2005). Effects of protein, monounsaturated fat, and carbohydrate intake on blood pres-sure and serum lipids: results of the OmniHeart randomized trial. JAMA, 294(19):2455-64.
48. WHO. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds)
49. Sohouli MH, Mirmiran P, Seraj SS, et al (2022). Impact of low-protein diet on cardiovascular risk factors and kidney function in diabetic nephropathy: A sys-tematic review and meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 191:110068.
50. Zhu HG, Jiang ZS, Gong PY, et al (2018). Efficacy of low-protein diet for diabetic nephropathy: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Lipids Health Dis, 17(1):141.
51. Chiavaroli L, Nishi SK, Khan TA, et al (2018). Portfolio Dietary Pattern and Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Controlled Trials. Prog Cardiovasc Dis, 61(1):43-53.
52. Schwingshackl L, Chaimani A, Schwedhelm C, et al (2019). Comparative effects of different dietary approaches on blood pressure in hypertensive and pre-hypertensive patients: A systematic re-view and network meta-analysis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 59(16):2674-2687.
53. Srivastava R, Kumar A (2021). Use of aspirin in reduction of mortality of COVID‐19 patients: A meta‐analysis. Int J Clin Pract, 75(11):e14515.
54. D V, Sharma A, Kumar A, Flora SJS (2021). Neurological Manifestations in COVID-19 Patients: A Meta-Analysis. ACS Chem Neurosci, 12: 2776-2797.
55. Thakur M, Babu A, Khatik GL, et al (2023). Role of baricitinib in COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Meta-Anal, 11(4):125-133.
56. Singh RK (2023). A meta-analysis of the impact on gastrectomy versus endoscopic submucosal dissection for early stomach cancer. International Journal of Clinical Medical Research, 1(3):11.
57. Kumar A. Meta-analysis in Clinical Research: Principles and Procedures. 2023. Springer Nature. first edition.
2. Moughan PJ (2012). Dietary protein for human health. Br J Nutr, 108 Suppl 2:S1-2.
3. Wolfe RR, Miller SL, Miller KB (2008). Op-timal protein intake in the elderly. Clin Nutr, 27(5): 675-684.
4. Appel LJ (2003). The effects of protein in-take on blood pressure and cardiovascu-lar disease. Curr Opin Lipidol, 14(1): 55-59.
5. Chahoud G, Aude YW, Mehta, J L (2004). Dietary recommendations in the pre-vention and treatment of coronary heart disease: do we have the ideal diet yet? Am J Cardiol, 94(10): 1260-1267.
6. Hu FB (2005). Protein, body weight, and cardiovascular health. Am J Clin Nutr, 82(1 Suppl):242S-247S.
7. Forman D, Bulwer BE (2006). Cardiovascu-lar disease: optimal approaches to risk factor modification of diet and lifestyle. Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med, 8(1):47-57.
8. Van Horn L, McCoin M, Kris-Etherton P M, et al(2008). The evidence for dietary prevention and treatment of cardiovas-cular disease. J Am Diet Assoc, 108(2):287-331.
9. Schultz WM, Kelli HM, Lisko JC Varghese T, et al (2018). Socioeconomic Status and Cardiovascular Outcomes: Challenges and Interventions. Circulation, 137(20):2166–2178.
10. Hu T, Mills K T, Yao L, et al (2012). Effects of low-carbohydrate diets versus low-fat diets on metabolic risk factors: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled clin-ical trials. Am J Epidemiol, 176 Suppl 7(Suppl 7):S44-54.
11. Abete I, Parra D, Martinez JA (2009). Leg-ume-, fish-, or high-protein-based hy-pocaloric diets: effects on weight loss and mitochondrial oxidation in obese men. J Med Food, 12(1):100-8.
12. Aldrich ND, Reicks MM, Sibley SD, et al (2011). Varying protein source and quan-tity do not significantly improve weight loss, fat loss, or satiety in reduced ener-gy diets among midlife adults. Nutr Res, 31(2):104-112
13. Aude YW, Agatston AS, Lopez-Jimenez F, et al (2004). The national cholesterol ed-ucation program diet vs a diet lower in carbohydrates and higher in protein and monounsaturated fat: a randomized trial. Arch Intern Med, 164(19):2141-6.
14. Ballesteros-Pomar MD, Calleja-Fernandez AR, Vidal-Casariego A, et al (2010). Ef-fectiveness of energy-restricted diets with different protein:carbohydrate ra-tios: the relationship to insulin sensitivi-ty. Public Health Nutr, 13(12):2119-26.
15. Belobrajdic DP, Frystyk J, Jeyaratnaganthan N, et al (2010). Moder-ate energy restriction-induced weight loss affects circulating IGF levels inde-pendent of dietary composition. Eur J Endocrinol, 162(6):1075-1082.
16. Brehm BJ, Seeley RJ, Daniels SR, D'Alessio DA (2003). A randomized trial compar-ing a very low carbohydrate diet and a calorie-restricted low fat diet on body weight and cardiovascular risk factors in healthy women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 88(4):1617-23.
17. Brehm BJ, Spang SE, Lattin BL, et al (2005). The role of energy expenditure in the differential weight loss in obese women on low-fat and low-carbohydrate diets. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 90(3):1475-82.
18. Brinkworth GD, Noakes M, Buckley JD, Keogh JB, Clifton PM (2009). Long-term effects of a very-low-carbohydrate weight loss diet compared with an isoca-loric low-fat diet after 12 mo. Am J Clin Nutr, 90:23-32.
19. Dansinger ML, Gleason JA, Griffith JL, et al (2005). Comparison of the Atkins, Or-nish, Weight Watchers, and Zone diets for weight loss and heart disease risk reduction: a randomized trial. JAMA, 293(1):43-53.
20. Das SK, Gilhooly CH, Golden JK, et al (2007). Long-term effects of 2 energy-restricted diets differing in glycemic load on dietary adherence, body com-position, and metabolism in CALERIE: a 1-y randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr, 85(4):1023-30.
21. Delbridge EA, Prendergast LA, Pritchard JE, Proietto J (2009). One-year weight maintenance after significant weight loss in healthy overweight and obese subjects: Does diet composition matter? Am J Clin Nutr, 90(5):1203-1214.
22. Due A, Toubro S, Skov AR, Astrup A (2004). Effect of normal-fat diets, either medi-um or high in protein, on body weight in overweight subjects: a randomised 1-year trial. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord, 28(10):1283-90.
23. Dyson PA, Beatty S, Matthews DR, et al (2007). A low-carbohydrate diet is more effective in reducing body weight than healthy eating in both diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. Diabet Med, 24(12):1430-5.
24. Foster GD, Wyatt HR, Hill JO, et al (2003). A randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet for obesity. N Engl J Med, 348(21):2082-90.
25. Jenkins DJA, Wong JMW, Kendall CWC, et al (2009). The effect of a plant-based low-carbohydrate ("eco-atkins") diet on body weight and blood lipid concentra-tions in hyperlipidemic subjects. Arch In-tern Med, 169(11):1046-1054.
26. Keogh JB, Brinkworth GD, Clifton PM, et al (2007). Effects of weight loss on a low-carbohydrate diet on flow-mediated dilatation, adhesion molecules and adi-ponectin. Br J Nutr, 98(4):852-9.
27. Labayen I, Diez N, Gonzalez A, Parra D, Martinez JA, Labayen Idoia, et al (2003). Effects of protein vs. carbohydrate-rich diets on fuel utilisation in obese women during weight loss. Forum Nutr, 56:168-70.
28. Landers P, Wolfe MM, Glore S, Guild R, Phillips L, Landers Patti, et al (2002). Ef-fect of weight loss plans on body com-position and diet duration. J Okla State Med Assoc, 95(5):329-31.
29. Lasker DAW, Evans EM, Layman DK (2008). Moderate carbohydrate, moder-ate protein weight loss diet reduces car-diovascular disease risk compared to high carbohydrate, low protein diet in obese adults: A randomized clinical tri-al. Nutr Metab (Lond), 5:30.
30. Layman DK, Evans EM, Erickson D, et al (2009). A moderate-protein diet produc-es sustained weight loss and long-term changes in body composition and blood lipids in obese adults. J Nutr, 139(3):514-21.
31. Leidy HJ, Carnell NS, Mattes RD et al (2007). Higher protein intake preserves lean mass and satiety with weight loss in pre-obese and obese women. Obesity (Sil-ver Spring), 15(2):421-9.
32. Mahon AK, Flynn MG, Stewart LK, et al (2007). Protein intake during energy re-striction: effects on body composition and markers of metabolic and cardio-vascular health in postmenopausal women. J Am Coll Nutr, 26(2):182-9.
33. Maki KC, Rains TM, Kaden VN, Raneri KR, Davidson MH, Maki KC, et al (2007). Effects of a reduced-glycemic-load diet on body weight, body compo-sition, and cardiovascular disease risk markers in overweight and obese adults. Am J Clin Nutr, 85(3):724-34.
34. Morgan LM, Griffin BA, Millward DJ, et al (2009). Comparison of the effects of four commercially available weight-loss programmes on lipid-based cardiovas-cular risk factors. Public Health Nutr, 12(6):799-807.
35. Noakes M, Keogh JB, Foster PR, Clifton PM (2005). Effect of an energy-restricted, high-protein, low-fat diet rela-tive to a conventional high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet on weight loss, body composition, nutritional sta-tus, and markers of cardiovascular health in obese women. Am J Clin Nutr, 81(6):1298-306.
36. Sacks FM, Bray GA, Carey VJ, et al (2009). Comparison of weight-loss diets with different compositions of fat, protein, and carbohydrates. N Engl J Med, 360(9):859-73.
37. Stamets K, Taylor DS, Kunselman A, et al (2004). A randomized trial of the effects of two types of short-term hypocaloric diets on weight loss in women with pol-ycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril, 81(3):630-7.
38. Stoernell CK, Tangney CC, Rockway SW (2008). Short-term changes in lipopro-tein subclasses and C-reactive protein levels of hypertriglyceridemic adults on low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets. Nutr Res, 28(7):443-9.
39. Te Morenga LA, Levers MT, Williams SM, et al (2011). Comparison of high protein and high fiber weight-loss diets in wom-en with risk factors for the metabolic syndrome: A randomized trial. Nutr J, 10:40.
40. Volek JS, Sharman MJ, Gomez AL, et al (2003). An isoenergetic very low carbo-hydrate diet improves serum HDL cho-lesterol and triacylglycerol concentra-tions, the total cholesterol to HDL cho-lesterol ratio and postprandial lipemic responses compared with a low fat diet in normal weight, normolipidemic women. J Nutr, 133(9):2756-61.
41. Volek JS, Sharman MJ, Gomez AL, et al (2004). Comparison of a very low-carbohydrate and low-fat diet on fasting lipids, LDL subclasses, insulin resistance, and postprandial lipemic responses in overweight women. J Am Coll Nutr, 23(2):177-84.
42. Volek JS, Sharman MJ, Gomez AL, et al (2004). Comparison of energy-restricted very low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets on weight loss and body composition in overweight men and women. Nutr Metab, 1(1):13.
43. Yancy WS Jr, Olsen MK, Guyton JR, et al (2004). A low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet versus a low-fat diet to treat obesity and hyperlipidemia: a randomized, con-trolled trial. Ann Intern Med, 140(10):769-77.
44. Gardner CD, Kiazand A, Alhassan S, et al (2007). Comparison of the Atkins, Zone, Ornish, and LEARN diets for change in weight and related risk factors among overweight premenopausal women: the A TO Z Weight Loss Study: a random-ized trial. JAMA, 297(9):969-77.
45. Johnston CS, Tjonn SL, Swan PD, et al (2004). High-protein, low-fat diets are ef-fective for weight loss and favorably al-ter biomarkers in healthy adults. J Nutr, 134(3):586-91.
46. Seshadri P, Samaha FF, Stern L, et al (2005). Adipocytokine changes caused by low-carbohydrate compared to conventional diets in obesity. Metab Syndr Relat Disord, 3(1):66-74.
47. Appel LJ, Sacks FM, Carey VJ, et al (2005). Effects of protein, monounsaturated fat, and carbohydrate intake on blood pres-sure and serum lipids: results of the OmniHeart randomized trial. JAMA, 294(19):2455-64.
48. WHO. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds)
49. Sohouli MH, Mirmiran P, Seraj SS, et al (2022). Impact of low-protein diet on cardiovascular risk factors and kidney function in diabetic nephropathy: A sys-tematic review and meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 191:110068.
50. Zhu HG, Jiang ZS, Gong PY, et al (2018). Efficacy of low-protein diet for diabetic nephropathy: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Lipids Health Dis, 17(1):141.
51. Chiavaroli L, Nishi SK, Khan TA, et al (2018). Portfolio Dietary Pattern and Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Controlled Trials. Prog Cardiovasc Dis, 61(1):43-53.
52. Schwingshackl L, Chaimani A, Schwedhelm C, et al (2019). Comparative effects of different dietary approaches on blood pressure in hypertensive and pre-hypertensive patients: A systematic re-view and network meta-analysis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 59(16):2674-2687.
53. Srivastava R, Kumar A (2021). Use of aspirin in reduction of mortality of COVID‐19 patients: A meta‐analysis. Int J Clin Pract, 75(11):e14515.
54. D V, Sharma A, Kumar A, Flora SJS (2021). Neurological Manifestations in COVID-19 Patients: A Meta-Analysis. ACS Chem Neurosci, 12: 2776-2797.
55. Thakur M, Babu A, Khatik GL, et al (2023). Role of baricitinib in COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Meta-Anal, 11(4):125-133.
56. Singh RK (2023). A meta-analysis of the impact on gastrectomy versus endoscopic submucosal dissection for early stomach cancer. International Journal of Clinical Medical Research, 1(3):11.
57. Kumar A. Meta-analysis in Clinical Research: Principles and Procedures. 2023. Springer Nature. first edition.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 53 No 8 (2024) | |
| Section | Review Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v53i8.16275 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Low protein diet Cardiovascular diseases Systematic review Meta-analysis Blood pressure High-density lipoprotein (HDL) | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Ding M, Liu L. Effect of Low Protein Diet on Patients with Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Iran J Public Health. 2024;53(8):1695-1708.
