Tracking of Infectious Diseases and Deadly Injuries through Signs Observed in Excavated Human Skeletons of 2000 BC/Iron Age in Iran
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Abstract
Background: Throughout history, many wars have occurred for various reasons, and many empires and kings have fallen or many people killed by wars. Wars were not always due to the conquest of the country. in the Iron Age, societies were governed by tribes at the head of the tribe, and war was only for to seize property, slaves, and food. Our research area is the same period as the Medes Kingdom, which included the union of small, large tribes, wars between tribes existed in that period, and their signs can be seen on the remains of the people of that period.
Methods: Our research is related to human remains from Sagezabad cemetery, Qazvin plain, which dates back to 2000 BC (Iron Age 2 and 3) in Iran.
Results: The blows on the remains were very serious and caused death. We have discussed how to kill by “considering the injured body”.
Conclusion: Our investigation of how people were killed in war based on injury marks and bullet holes in bones, and simulating those injuries to body tissues and organs also, people who had bone cuts from the war and survived and had bone repair and died due to lack of nutrients and infection were also discussed.
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2. Dehpahlavan M, Jahed M (2021). Evi-dences of the counting game in iron age 2 and 3in Qara tepe segzabad cemetery. Parseh Journal of Archaeological Studies, 5(15):115-134.
3. Drewett P (1999). Field archaeology: An intro-duction. UCL Press, pp.: 20-160.
4. Rees O (2018). Picking over the bones: the practicalities of processing the Athenian war dead. Journal of Ancient His-tory, 6(2): 167-184.
5. Tritle L A (2017). Hector’s body: mutilation of the dead in ancient Greece and Vietnam. The amies of classical Greece, pp.: 335-348.
6. Makins M W (2016). Memories of (An-cient Roman) war in tolkien’s dead marshes. Thersites, 95(7):89-92.
7. Turner S (2015). Sight and death: seeing the dead though ancient eyes. sight and the an-cient senses, pp.: 157-174.
8. Manchot C (1986). The cutaneous arteries of the human body. Plast Reconstr Surg, 77 (3): 49-76.
9. Poynter C W M, Hicks J D (1922). Congeni-tal abomalies of the arteries and veins of the human bodys with bibliography. General books LLC, pp.: 43-80.
10. Heichinger R, Pretterklieber M L, Ham-mer N, Pretterklieber B (2023). The co-rona mortis is similar in size to the regu-lar obturator artery, but is high lyvaria-ble at the level of origin: an anatomical study. Anat Sci Int, 98 (1): 43-53.
11. Wahood W, Ghozy S, Al- Abdulghani A, Kallmes D F (2022). Radial artery diam-eter: a comprehensive systematic review of anatomy. J Neurointerv Surg, 14(12): 1274-1278.
12. Huang W, Yen R T (1998). Zero-stress states of human pulmonary arteries and veins. J Appl Physiol, 85 (3): 867-873.
13. Benetos A, Lacolley P (2006). From 24-hour blood pressure measurements to arterial stiffness: a valid short cut? Hyper-tension, 47 (3): 327-328.
14. Malhotra R, Nicholson C J et al (2022). Matrix Gla protein levels are associated with arterial stiffness and incident heart failure with preserved egection fraction. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 42(2):e61-e73.
15. Murthy P K L, Sontake V, Tata A (2022). Human distal lung maps and lineage hi-erarchies reveal a bipotent progenitor. Nature, 604 (7904): 111-119.
16. Lattanzi S, Brigo F, Trinka E et al (2019). Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in acute cerebral Hemorrhage: a system review. Transl Stroke Res, 10(2): 137-145.
17. Hu W, Xin Y, Chen X et al (2019). Tranexamic acid incerebral hemor-rhage: a meta-analysis and systematic review. CNS Drugs, 33(4): 327-336.
18. Sun G, Li X, Chen X et al (2019). Com-parison of key hole endoscopy and cra-niotomy for the treatment of pationts with hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage. Medicine (Baltimore), 98 (2): e14123.
19. Toyoda K, Koga M, Yamamoto H et al (2019). Clinical outcomes depending on acute blood pressure after cerebral hemorrhage. Ann Neurol, 85(9): 105-113.
20. Repici A, Presbitero P, Carlino A, Stran-gio G (2010). First human case of esophayus-tracheal fistula closure by us-ing a cardiac septal occluder. Gastrointest Endosc, 71 (4): 867-869.
21. Tala H (1983). Late bronze age and Iron Age I architecture in sagzabad-Qazvin plain –the central plateau of Iran. Iranica Antiqua, 2(18): 17-51.
22. Vidic B, Milisavljevic M (2017). Atlas of the human body: Central nervous system and vascu-larization. Academic press, pp.:20-257.
23. Kiss F, Szentagothai J (1964). Atlas ofhuman anatomy: Nervous system – Angiology – Sense-organs. Pergamon, pp.: 13-245.
24. Fausett S R, Klingensmith J (2012). Com-partmentalization of the foregut tube: developmental origins of the trachea and esophagus. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Dev Biol, 1(2): 184-202.
25. Klales A R (2020). Sex estimation of the hu-man skeleton. AP, pp.:50-300.
26. Aufderheide A, Rodriguez-martin C (2006). The Cambridge encyclopedia of human paleopathology. Cambridge University Press, pp.: 175-417.
27. Ortner D J (2003). Identification of pathologi-cal conditions in human skeletal remains. Smithsonian Institution NMNH, pp.: 153-268.
28. Farhud D D, Azari M, Rahbar M (2024). Oral infections in ancient human skulls in 2000 BC/Iron Age, Iran. Iran J Public Health, 53 (5): 1115-1127.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 53 No 7 (2024) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v53i7.16054 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Ancient war Paleopathology Ancient skeletons Infectious disease Iron age Iran | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Farhud DD, Azari M, Rahbar M. Tracking of Infectious Diseases and Deadly Injuries through Signs Observed in Excavated Human Skeletons of 2000 BC/Iron Age in Iran. Iran J Public Health. 2024;53(7):1598-1611.
