Evaluating the Effects of Long-Term Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) on Depressive Mood among Korean Older Adults Using Multilevel Analysis
Abstract
Background: The harmful effects of particulate matter (PM) are amplified in older adults, who experience a decline in physiological function, reducing their ability to expel and detoxify inhaled PM. Moreover, older adults may be more vulnerable to fine particulate toxicity due to underlying medical conditions. We assessed the effects of long-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) on depressive mood (DM) in adults aged > 65 yr using community-based data.
Methods: In the 2017, Korean Community Health Survey (KCHS) data, data of PM2.5 and community factors were constructed based on participants who responded to DM in a sample of 67,802 individuals. To evaluate the effect of PM2.5 on DM among older adults, a multilevel regression model was constructed using individual-(KCHS) and community-level data (PM2.5, green area per capita, urban area, social welfare budget, health, and social business). For PM2.5, an independent variable, quartiles were used to classify regions according to concentration.
Results: A positive correlation was found between PM2.5 and DM of older adults. Compared to Q1, the odds ratio increased to 1.15 (95% CI 0.76-1.74) in Q2, 1.55 (95% CI 1.02-2.35) in Q3, and 1.60 (95% CI 1.16-2.20) in Q4.
Conclusion: DM may increase in older individuals living in areas with high PM2.5. Systematic mental health management is required for older individuals residing in such areas.
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23. Xue T, Guan T, Zheng Y, et al (2020). Long-term PM2. 5 exposure and depressive symptoms in China: a quasi-experimental study. Lancet Reg Health West Pac, 6:100079.
24. Sacks JD, Stanek LW, Luben TJ, et al (2011). Particulate matter-induced health ef-fects: who is susceptible? Environ Health Perspect, 119 (4): 446-54.
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26. Ajmani GS, Suh HH, Pinto JM (2016). Ef-fects of ambient air pollution exposure on olfaction: a review. Environ Health Per-spect, 124 (11): 1683-93.
27. Underwood E (2017). The polluted brain. Science, 355 (6323): 342-345.
28. Schraufnagel DE, Balmes JR, Cowl CT, et al (2019). Air pollution and noncom-municable diseases: a review by the fo-rum of international respiratory socie-ties' environmental committee, part 2: air pollution and organ systems. Chest, 155 (2): 417-26.
29. Son YJ (2010). The effect of social capital on depression between urban and rural older adults: focusing on adult children network and social network. GRI Review, 12: 311-39.
30. Liu Y, Zhang F, Liu Y, Li Z, Wu F (2017). The effect of neighborhood social ties on migrants' subjective wellbeing in Chinese cities. Habitat Int, 66: 86-94.
31. Lin JW, Huang HH, Chuang YS (2015). The impacts of network centrality and self‐regulation on an e‐learning environ-ment with the support of social network awareness. Br J Educ Technol, 46 (1):32-44.
32. Wrzus C, Hänel M, Wagner J, Neyer FJ (2013). Social network changes and life events across the lifespan: a meta-analysis. Psychol Bull, 139 (1): 53-80.
33. Kim A. (2020) Individual and Regional Fac-tors Affecting Depressive Symptom Prevalence of Middle-aged Adults (Doc-toral dissertation, Yonsei University Graduate School of Public Health).
34. Park K, Park YR, Son D (2020). The Rela-tionship between Social Connectedness and depressive symptom: a comparison between the rural and urban elderly. The Journal of the Korea Contents Association, 20(2):667-677.
35. Teychenne M, Ball K, Salmon J (2008). Physical activity and likelihood of de-pression in adults: a review. Prev Med, 46 (5): 397-411.
36. Lim KC, Kim S (2012). Prevalence and cor-relates of depression in older Koreans: Comparison of young-old and old-old. J Korean Acad Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs, 21(1):1-10.
37. Park EA, Choi SY (2019). Analysis of fac-tors influencing the utilization rate of public health centers in Korea. JKAIS, 20: 203-15.
38. Hwang BY, Ham JO (2007). Prevalence and risk factors of depression among the el-derly in Asan. J Soonchunhyang Med Coll, 13: 27-35.
2. Chang MS, Shim IS (2017). An Empirical Study on Factor Associated with Mood Disorders in Elderly: Focusing on the Influence of Community Characteristics. Health Policy Manag, 27: 177-85.
3. Lee HK, Sohn MS, Choi MK (2012). Factors affecting the mental health of the aged in Korea. JKCA, 12: 672-82.
4. Farahzadi M (2017). Depression; let's talk. J Community Health Research, 6 (2): 74-6.
5. Ruo B, Rumsfeld JS, Hlatky MA, et al (2003). Depressive symptoms and health-related quality of life: the heart and soul study. JAMA, 290 (2): 215-21.
6. Hare DL, Toukhsati SR, Johansson P, Jaarsma T (2014). Depression and car-diovascular disease: a clinical review. Eur Heart J, 35 (21): 1365-72.
7. Cavanagh JTO, Carson AJ, Sharpe M, Law-rie SM (2003). Psychological autopsy studies of suicide: a systematic review. Psychol Med, 33 (3): 395-405.
8. Shin J, Park JY, Choi J (2018). Long-term exposure to ambient air pollutants and mental health status: a nationwide popu-lation-based cross-sectional study. PLoS One, 13 (4): e0195607.
9. Kim J, Kim H (2017). Demographic and environmental factors associated with mental health: a cross-sectional study. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 14 (4): 431.
10. Han SH (2019). Fine dust and dementia: is ambient air pollution associated with cognitive health? J Korean Neurol Assoc, 37: 135-43.
11. Power MC, Kioumourtzoglou MA, Hart JE, et al (2015). The relation between past exposure to fine particulate air pollution and prevalent anxiety: observational co-hort study. BMJ, 350: h1111.
12. Mehta AJ, Kubzansky LD, Coull BA, et al (2015). Associations between air pollu-tion and perceived stress: the Veterans Administration Normative Aging Study. Environ Health, 14:10.
13. Roh JH, Jung HY, Lee KJ (2018). Particulate matter and cognitive function. J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc, 57: 81-5.
14. Raudenbush SW, Johnson C, Sampson RJ (2003). A multivariate, multilevel Rasch model with application to self-reported criminal behavior. Social Methodol, 33 (1): 169-211.
15. Han JA, Kim SJ, Kim G, Kim EJ, Lee SY (2016). Factors affecting screening for diabetic complications in the communi-ty: a multilevel analysis. Epidemiol Health, 38: e2016017.
16. Jeong SH, Chun BC (2019). Individual and regional factors associated with suicidal ideation among Korean elderly: a multi-level analysis of the Korea Community Health Survey. Epidemiol Health, 41: e2019022.
17. Kang YW, Ko YS, Kim YJ, et al (2015). Ko-rea community health survey data pro-files. Osong Public Health Res Perspect, 6(3):211-217.
18. KCDC. Quality control and evaluation for community health survey 2013.
19. Wang R, Liu Y, Xue D, Yao Y, Liu P, Marco H (2019). Cross-sectional associations between long-term exposure to particu-late matter and depression in China: the mediating effects of sunlight, physical activity, and neighborly reciprocity. J Af-fect Disord, 249: 8-14.
20. National Institute of Environmental Re-search (2018). Annual report of air quali-ty in Korea 2017.
21. Statistics Korea (2017). E-local indicator. https://kosis.kr/visual/eRegionJipyo/index/index.do
22. Pun VC, Manjourides J, Suh H, (2017). Asso-ciation of ambient air pollution with depressive and anxiety symptoms in older adults: results from the NSHAP study. Environ Health Perspect, 125(3):342-348.
23. Xue T, Guan T, Zheng Y, et al (2020). Long-term PM2. 5 exposure and depressive symptoms in China: a quasi-experimental study. Lancet Reg Health West Pac, 6:100079.
24. Sacks JD, Stanek LW, Luben TJ, et al (2011). Particulate matter-induced health ef-fects: who is susceptible? Environ Health Perspect, 119 (4): 446-54.
25. Bell ML, Zanobetti A, Dominici F (2013). Evidence on vulnerability and suscepti-bility to health risks associated with short-term exposure to particulate mat-ter: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Epidemiol, 178 (6): 865-76.
26. Ajmani GS, Suh HH, Pinto JM (2016). Ef-fects of ambient air pollution exposure on olfaction: a review. Environ Health Per-spect, 124 (11): 1683-93.
27. Underwood E (2017). The polluted brain. Science, 355 (6323): 342-345.
28. Schraufnagel DE, Balmes JR, Cowl CT, et al (2019). Air pollution and noncom-municable diseases: a review by the fo-rum of international respiratory socie-ties' environmental committee, part 2: air pollution and organ systems. Chest, 155 (2): 417-26.
29. Son YJ (2010). The effect of social capital on depression between urban and rural older adults: focusing on adult children network and social network. GRI Review, 12: 311-39.
30. Liu Y, Zhang F, Liu Y, Li Z, Wu F (2017). The effect of neighborhood social ties on migrants' subjective wellbeing in Chinese cities. Habitat Int, 66: 86-94.
31. Lin JW, Huang HH, Chuang YS (2015). The impacts of network centrality and self‐regulation on an e‐learning environ-ment with the support of social network awareness. Br J Educ Technol, 46 (1):32-44.
32. Wrzus C, Hänel M, Wagner J, Neyer FJ (2013). Social network changes and life events across the lifespan: a meta-analysis. Psychol Bull, 139 (1): 53-80.
33. Kim A. (2020) Individual and Regional Fac-tors Affecting Depressive Symptom Prevalence of Middle-aged Adults (Doc-toral dissertation, Yonsei University Graduate School of Public Health).
34. Park K, Park YR, Son D (2020). The Rela-tionship between Social Connectedness and depressive symptom: a comparison between the rural and urban elderly. The Journal of the Korea Contents Association, 20(2):667-677.
35. Teychenne M, Ball K, Salmon J (2008). Physical activity and likelihood of de-pression in adults: a review. Prev Med, 46 (5): 397-411.
36. Lim KC, Kim S (2012). Prevalence and cor-relates of depression in older Koreans: Comparison of young-old and old-old. J Korean Acad Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs, 21(1):1-10.
37. Park EA, Choi SY (2019). Analysis of fac-tors influencing the utilization rate of public health centers in Korea. JKAIS, 20: 203-15.
38. Hwang BY, Ham JO (2007). Prevalence and risk factors of depression among the el-derly in Asan. J Soonchunhyang Med Coll, 13: 27-35.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 53 No 8 (2024) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v53i8.16284 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Depression PM2.5 Multilevel analysis Korea community health survey Older adults | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Jo KH. Evaluating the Effects of Long-Term Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) on Depressive Mood among Korean Older Adults Using Multilevel Analysis. Iran J Public Health. 2024;53(8):1785-1795.
