Oral Infections in Ancient Human Skulls in 2000 BC/ Iron Age, Iran
,
Abstract
Background: Oral infections have been seen in humans since ancient times. Excessive penetration of this infection can cause human death. Most of these infections are gum cysts and abscesses. The cyst creates large hard lumps in the gums, which is causes loose, and protruding teeth and abscesses, causing cavities in the jawbone and teeth. In this article, we have discussed for this infectious disease in 4000 – year - old ancient humans from Qazvin Province, Iran. The bone remains of our research are related to Sagezabad ancient cemetery in Qazvin plain.
Methods: We tried to use reliable international atlases to get detailed information about ancient oral infections. The bones were extracted from the 2019 excavation of the Ghara Tappe area of Sagezabad for the Iron Age 2nd and 3rd Qazvin plains of Iran. This cemetery belongs to the period of the Medes Kingdom (pre - Achaemenian kingdom) in Iran.
Results: We have discussed one of the ancient cemeteries with a large number of ancient populations. In this cemetery, there are signs of war and infectious diseases on the bones, which can be clearly seen. We have specially mentioned the abscess as the cause of oral infection from Sagezabad cemetery.
Conclusion: Oral infection existed in Iran since 2000 BC. Of course, this infection was common in ancient times and even Paleolithic period, like Homo Heidelbergensis.
2. The Cambridge History of Iran. Volume 7. Edited by P. Avery, University of Cam-bridge, G. R. G. Hambly, University of Texas, Dallas, C. Melville, University of Cambridge
3. Hengen OP (1971). Cribraorbitalia: Pathogene-sis and probable aetiology. Homo, pp.: 57-76.
4. Johnson D, Wilkie AM (2011). Cranio-synostosis. Eur J Hum Genet, 19(4): 369-376.
5. Slavkin H C, Baum B J (2000). Relationship of dental and oral pathology to systemic illness. JAMA, 284 (10): 1215-1217.
6. Gunville C F, Mourani P M, Ginde A A (2013). The role of vitamin D in preven-tion and treatment of infection. Inflamm Allergy Drug Targets, 12(4): 239-245.
7. Marks J (2012). A guide to the vitamins: their role in health and disease. SSBM, pp.:3-31.
8. Aufderheide A, Rodriguez-martin C (2006). The Cambridge encyclopedia of human paleo-pathology. CUP, pp.: 175-417.
9. Ortner D J (2003). Identification of pathological conditions in human skeletal remains. Smith-sonian Institution NMNH, pp.: 153-268.
10. Gracia-Tellez A, Arsuaga JL, Martinez I, et al (2013). Orofacial pathology in Homo heidelbergensis: The case of Skull 5 from the Sima de los Huesos site (Ata-puerca, Spain). Quat Int, 295: 83-93.
11. Buck LT, Stringer CB (2014). Homo heidel-bergensis. Curr Biol, 24 (6): R214-5.
12. Godswill A G, Somtochukwu I V, Ikechukwu A O et al (2020). Health ben-efits of micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) and their associated deficien-cy diseases: A systematic review. Int J Food Sci Nutr, 3 (1): 1-32.
13. Botelho J, Machado V, Proenca L et al (2020). Vitamin D deficiency and oral health: a comprehensive review. Nutri-ents, 12 (5): 1471.
14. Amano Y, Komiyama K, Makishima M (2009). Vitamin D and periodontal dis-ease. J Oral Sci, 51 (1): 11-20.
15. Riga A, Boggioni M, Papini A et al (2020). In situ observations on the dentition and oral cavity of the Neanderthal skel-eton from Altamura (Italy). PLoS One, 15(12): e0241713.
16. Heim JL (1976). Les hommes fossils de la ferrassiel. Arch Inst paleontol Hum, pp.: 1-331.
17. Lacy SA (2014). Oral health and its implications in Late Pleistocene western Eurasian humans. Doctoral disertatin, washington university inst. Louis, pp.: 6-177.
18. Jensen TZT, Niemann J, Iversen K H et al (2019). A 5700 years old human genome and oral micrbiome from chewed birch pitch. Nat Commun, 10(1): 5520.
19. Charlier P, Gaultier F, Hery-Arnaud G (2019). Interbreeding between Neander-thals and modern humans: remarks and methodological dangers of a dental cal-culus microbiome analysis. J Hum Evol, 126: 124-126.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 53 No 5 (2024) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v53i5.15593 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Oral disease Abscess Homo heidelbergensis Ancient human Iran | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
