Brisk Walking Exercise Has Benefits of Lowering Blood Pressure in Hypertension Sufferers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
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Abstract
Background: Brisk walking exercise is an aerobic exercise with the moderate intensity that can reduce the risk in people with hypertension. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the effects of interventions related to brisk walking and blood pressure reduction in hypertensive patients.
Methods: Search strategy through the PubMed, Science Direct, ProQuest, and Google Scholar databases limited from 2018 to 2023. The components measured are systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure. This study uses the Black and Downs checklist to measure the quality of the study, which consists of 3, namely high quality, medium quality, and low quality. Effect size analysis of the study used the standard mean difference between brisk walking exercise and not doing brisk walking exercise.
Results: The results of the identification of the database obtained 1700 articles, then limited by title, year, abstract (n = 381), and full-text article feasibility (n = 76) to obtain nine articles included. Nine articles were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis by study quality: six studies of high quality, 2 of medium quality, and 1 of low quality. Systolic blood pressure had a substantial effect size in all studies (P<0.05; SMD: -0.55) while diastolic blood pressure had an effect medium size (P=0.05; SMD: 0.13).
Conclusion: Brisk walking exercise can significantly reduce blood pressure in people with hypertension—recommendations for the future to carry out community-based physical activity in improving physical health, including heart health.
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2. Zhou B, Carrillo-Larco RM, Danaei G, et al (2021). Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants. Lancet, 398(10304):957-80.
3. Ramakrishnan S, Zachariah G, Gupta K, et al (2019). Prevalence of Hypertension among Indian Adults: Results from the Great India Blood Pressure Survey. Indian Heart J, 71(4):309-313.
4. Ku E, Lee BJ, Wei J, Weir MR (2019). Hypertension in CKD: Core Curriculum 2019. Am J Kidney Dis, 74(1):120-31.
5. Pescatello LS, MacDonald HV, Lamberti L, et al (2015). Exercise for Hypertension: A Prescription Update Integrating Existing Recommendations with Emerging Research. Curr Hypertens Rep, 17(11):87.
6. Zhao B, Wang H (2021). Effect of Abdominal Breathing Combined with Brisk Walking on Intervention Effect of Female Patients with Essential Hypertension. Global Journal of Health Science, 13(3): 76-80.
7. Mahmood S, Shah KU, Khan TM, et al (2019). Non-Pharmacological Management of Hypertension: in the Light of Current Research. Iri J Med Sci, 188(2):437-52.
8. Walther D, Curjuric I, Dratva J, et al (2017). Hypertension, Diabetes and Lifestyle in the Long-Term—Results from a Swiss Population-Based Cohort. Prev Med, 97:56-61.
9. Aljuraiban GS, Gibson R, Chan DSM, et al (2023). Lifestyle Score and Risk of Hypertension in the Airwave Health Monitoring Study of British Police Force Employees. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 20(5):4029.
10. WHO (2017). Global Diffusion of eHealth: Making Universal Health Coverage Achievable: Report of the Third Global Survey on eHealth: World Health Organization.
11. Wijaya IK, Tahir MY, Talib MT, et al (2022). The Effect of Brisk Walking on Blood Pressure in Hypertension Patients: A Literature Review. KnE Life Sciences, 7(2):327–334.
12. Igarashi Y, Akazawa N, Maeda S (2018). The Required Step Count for a Reduction in Blood Pressure: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Hum Hypertens, 32(12):814-24.
13. Chan AWK, Chair SY, Lee DTF, et al (2018). Tai Chi Exercise is more Effective than Brisk Walking in Reducing Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors among Adults with Hypertension: A Randomised Controlled Trial. Int J Nurs Stud, 88:44-52.
14. Lan Y-S, Feng Y-J (2022). The Volume of Brisk walking is the Key Determinant of BMD Improvement in Premenopausal Women. PLoS One, 17(3):e0265250.
15. Baskerville R, Ricci-Cabello I, Roberts N, et al (2017). Impact of Accelerometer and Pedometer Use on Physical Activity and Glycaemic Control in People with Type 2 Diabetes: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Diabet Med, 34(5):612-20.
16. Moher D, Shamseer L, Clarke M, et al (2015). Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 Statement. Syst Rev, 4:1.
17. Yalfani A, Ahmadi M (2023). Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Exhibiting Decrease Vertical Ground Reaction Force Compared to Healthy Individuals during Weight Bearing Tasks: A Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis. Iran J Public Health, 52(2):254-64.
18. Chen C, NS KH, Jeffri N (2021). Effects of Brisk Walking on Plasma Lipoprotein (a), Total Antioxidant Status, Aerobic Fitness, Percent Body Fat, Waist Circumference and Resting Blood Pressure in Overweight and Obese Females. IIUM Medical Journal Malaysia, 20(1): doi.org/10.31436/imjm.v20i1.1760
19. He L, Wei WR, Can Z (2018). Effects of 12-Week Brisk Walking Training on Exercise Blood Pressure in Elderly Patients with Essential Hypertension: a Pilot Study. Clin Exp Hypertens, 40(7):673-679.
20. Humphrey O, Ogu C (2021). 12-Week Brisk-Walking Intervention on Middle-Aged Mild-Hypertensive Population in Asaba, Delta state, Nigeria. American Journal of Health, Medicine and Nursing Practice, 6(2):1-9.
21. Kumaravelu P (2019). Effect Of Moderate Intensity Walking On Blood Pressure In Prehypertensive Adults. Think India Journal, 22(14):14362-6.
22. Omar N, Ahmad R, Shah MSM, et al (2021). Effect of Brisk Walking Workplace Programme on Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Young Men With Cardiovascular Risks. Malaysian Journal of Sport Science and Recreation, 17(2):138-53.
23. Rachmawati ID, Sugiarto A, Hastuti TP (2019). Influence of Brisk Walking Exercise on Blood Pressure Among Essential Hypertension Patients. Midwifery and Nursing Research, 1(1):10-5.
24. Saavedra JM, Kristjánsdóttir H, Gunnarsson SB, et al (2021). Effects of 2 Physical Exercise Programs (Circuit Training and Brisk Walk) Carried Out during Working Hours on Multidimensional Components of Workers’ Health: a Pilot Study. Int J Occup Med Environ Health, 34(1):39-51.
25. Xu M, Sun X-T, Zhu A-Y, et al (2021). Effects of a Graded Brisk Walking Test at Different Levels of Intensity on Elderly Patients with Essential Hypertension: a Prospective Study In Shanghai, China. J Health Commun, 6(S6):34.
26. Castres I, Tourny C, Lemaitre F, Coquart J (2017). Impact of a Walking Program of 10,000 Steps per Day and Dietary Counseling on Health-Related Quality of Life, Energy Expenditure and Anthropometric Parameters in Obese Subjects. J Endocrinol Invest, 40(2):135-41.
27. Hallam KT, Bilsborough S, de Courten M (2018). “Happy Feet”: Evaluating the Benefits of a 100-Day 10,000 Step Challenge on Mental Health and Wellbeing. BMC Psychiatry, 18(1):19.
28. Yu Y, Chang C, Wu Y, et al (2021). Dose‐Effect Relationship between Brisk Walking and Blood Pressure in Chinese Occupational Population with Sedentary Lifestyles: Exercise and Blood Pressure. J Clin Hypertens, 23(9):1734-43.
29. Mak MKY, Wong-Yu ISK (2021). Six-Month Community-Based Brisk Walking and Balance Exercise Alleviates Motor Symptoms and Promotes Functions in People with Parkinson’s Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Parkinsons Dis, 11:1431-41.
30. Rachmatullah R, Widyatuti W, Sukihananto S (2022). Effect of Brisk Walking Exercise on Lowering Blood Pressure: Systematic Review. Faletehan Health Journal, 9(01):100-10.
31. Opoku B, de Beer-Brandon CR, Quartey J, et al (2023). Effects of Brisk Walking on Fasting Blood Glucose and Blood Pressure in Diabetic Patients. J Insul Resist, 6(1):a77.
32. Cigarroa I, Bravo-Leal M, Petermann-Rocha F, et al (2023). Brisk Walking Pace Is Associated with Better Cardiometabolic Health in Adults: Findings from the Chilean National Health Survey 2016-2017. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 20(8):5490.
33. Yu Y, Chang C, Wu Y, et al (2020). Effects of Brisk Walking on Blood Pressure in the Chinese Han Occupational Population with a Sedentary Lifestyle: A Baseline Control Trial. Research Square, 10.21203/rs.3.rs-23564/v1.
34. Farrell C, Turgeon DR (2023). Normal Versus Chronic Adaptations To Aerobic Exercise: StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL), 2022.
35. Casano HAM, Anjum F (2020). Six Minute Walk Test. StatPearls [Internet]: StatPearls Publishing.
36. Bolbrinker J, Touis LZ, Gohlke H, et al (2018). European Guidelines on Lifestyle Changes for Management of Hypertension. Herz, 43(4):352-8.
37. Cleven L, Krell-Roesch J, Nigg CR, et al (2020). The Association Between Physical Activity with Incident Obesity, Coronary Heart Disease, Diabetes and Hypertension in Adults: a Systematic Review of Longitudinal Studies Published After 2012. BMC Public Health, 20(1):726.
38. Fonseca Alves DJ, Bartholomeu-Neto J, Júnior ER, et al (2017). Walking Speed, Risk Factors, and Cardiovascular Events in Older Adults—Systematic Review. The J Strength Cond Res, 31(11):3235-44.
39. Esmailiyan M, Amerizadeh A, Vahdat S, et al (2023). Effect of Different Types of Aerobic Exercise on Individuals With and Without Hypertension: An Updated Systematic Review. Curr Probl Cardiol, 48(3):101034.
2. Zhou B, Carrillo-Larco RM, Danaei G, et al (2021). Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants. Lancet, 398(10304):957-80.
3. Ramakrishnan S, Zachariah G, Gupta K, et al (2019). Prevalence of Hypertension among Indian Adults: Results from the Great India Blood Pressure Survey. Indian Heart J, 71(4):309-313.
4. Ku E, Lee BJ, Wei J, Weir MR (2019). Hypertension in CKD: Core Curriculum 2019. Am J Kidney Dis, 74(1):120-31.
5. Pescatello LS, MacDonald HV, Lamberti L, et al (2015). Exercise for Hypertension: A Prescription Update Integrating Existing Recommendations with Emerging Research. Curr Hypertens Rep, 17(11):87.
6. Zhao B, Wang H (2021). Effect of Abdominal Breathing Combined with Brisk Walking on Intervention Effect of Female Patients with Essential Hypertension. Global Journal of Health Science, 13(3): 76-80.
7. Mahmood S, Shah KU, Khan TM, et al (2019). Non-Pharmacological Management of Hypertension: in the Light of Current Research. Iri J Med Sci, 188(2):437-52.
8. Walther D, Curjuric I, Dratva J, et al (2017). Hypertension, Diabetes and Lifestyle in the Long-Term—Results from a Swiss Population-Based Cohort. Prev Med, 97:56-61.
9. Aljuraiban GS, Gibson R, Chan DSM, et al (2023). Lifestyle Score and Risk of Hypertension in the Airwave Health Monitoring Study of British Police Force Employees. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 20(5):4029.
10. WHO (2017). Global Diffusion of eHealth: Making Universal Health Coverage Achievable: Report of the Third Global Survey on eHealth: World Health Organization.
11. Wijaya IK, Tahir MY, Talib MT, et al (2022). The Effect of Brisk Walking on Blood Pressure in Hypertension Patients: A Literature Review. KnE Life Sciences, 7(2):327–334.
12. Igarashi Y, Akazawa N, Maeda S (2018). The Required Step Count for a Reduction in Blood Pressure: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Hum Hypertens, 32(12):814-24.
13. Chan AWK, Chair SY, Lee DTF, et al (2018). Tai Chi Exercise is more Effective than Brisk Walking in Reducing Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors among Adults with Hypertension: A Randomised Controlled Trial. Int J Nurs Stud, 88:44-52.
14. Lan Y-S, Feng Y-J (2022). The Volume of Brisk walking is the Key Determinant of BMD Improvement in Premenopausal Women. PLoS One, 17(3):e0265250.
15. Baskerville R, Ricci-Cabello I, Roberts N, et al (2017). Impact of Accelerometer and Pedometer Use on Physical Activity and Glycaemic Control in People with Type 2 Diabetes: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Diabet Med, 34(5):612-20.
16. Moher D, Shamseer L, Clarke M, et al (2015). Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 Statement. Syst Rev, 4:1.
17. Yalfani A, Ahmadi M (2023). Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Exhibiting Decrease Vertical Ground Reaction Force Compared to Healthy Individuals during Weight Bearing Tasks: A Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis. Iran J Public Health, 52(2):254-64.
18. Chen C, NS KH, Jeffri N (2021). Effects of Brisk Walking on Plasma Lipoprotein (a), Total Antioxidant Status, Aerobic Fitness, Percent Body Fat, Waist Circumference and Resting Blood Pressure in Overweight and Obese Females. IIUM Medical Journal Malaysia, 20(1): doi.org/10.31436/imjm.v20i1.1760
19. He L, Wei WR, Can Z (2018). Effects of 12-Week Brisk Walking Training on Exercise Blood Pressure in Elderly Patients with Essential Hypertension: a Pilot Study. Clin Exp Hypertens, 40(7):673-679.
20. Humphrey O, Ogu C (2021). 12-Week Brisk-Walking Intervention on Middle-Aged Mild-Hypertensive Population in Asaba, Delta state, Nigeria. American Journal of Health, Medicine and Nursing Practice, 6(2):1-9.
21. Kumaravelu P (2019). Effect Of Moderate Intensity Walking On Blood Pressure In Prehypertensive Adults. Think India Journal, 22(14):14362-6.
22. Omar N, Ahmad R, Shah MSM, et al (2021). Effect of Brisk Walking Workplace Programme on Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Young Men With Cardiovascular Risks. Malaysian Journal of Sport Science and Recreation, 17(2):138-53.
23. Rachmawati ID, Sugiarto A, Hastuti TP (2019). Influence of Brisk Walking Exercise on Blood Pressure Among Essential Hypertension Patients. Midwifery and Nursing Research, 1(1):10-5.
24. Saavedra JM, Kristjánsdóttir H, Gunnarsson SB, et al (2021). Effects of 2 Physical Exercise Programs (Circuit Training and Brisk Walk) Carried Out during Working Hours on Multidimensional Components of Workers’ Health: a Pilot Study. Int J Occup Med Environ Health, 34(1):39-51.
25. Xu M, Sun X-T, Zhu A-Y, et al (2021). Effects of a Graded Brisk Walking Test at Different Levels of Intensity on Elderly Patients with Essential Hypertension: a Prospective Study In Shanghai, China. J Health Commun, 6(S6):34.
26. Castres I, Tourny C, Lemaitre F, Coquart J (2017). Impact of a Walking Program of 10,000 Steps per Day and Dietary Counseling on Health-Related Quality of Life, Energy Expenditure and Anthropometric Parameters in Obese Subjects. J Endocrinol Invest, 40(2):135-41.
27. Hallam KT, Bilsborough S, de Courten M (2018). “Happy Feet”: Evaluating the Benefits of a 100-Day 10,000 Step Challenge on Mental Health and Wellbeing. BMC Psychiatry, 18(1):19.
28. Yu Y, Chang C, Wu Y, et al (2021). Dose‐Effect Relationship between Brisk Walking and Blood Pressure in Chinese Occupational Population with Sedentary Lifestyles: Exercise and Blood Pressure. J Clin Hypertens, 23(9):1734-43.
29. Mak MKY, Wong-Yu ISK (2021). Six-Month Community-Based Brisk Walking and Balance Exercise Alleviates Motor Symptoms and Promotes Functions in People with Parkinson’s Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Parkinsons Dis, 11:1431-41.
30. Rachmatullah R, Widyatuti W, Sukihananto S (2022). Effect of Brisk Walking Exercise on Lowering Blood Pressure: Systematic Review. Faletehan Health Journal, 9(01):100-10.
31. Opoku B, de Beer-Brandon CR, Quartey J, et al (2023). Effects of Brisk Walking on Fasting Blood Glucose and Blood Pressure in Diabetic Patients. J Insul Resist, 6(1):a77.
32. Cigarroa I, Bravo-Leal M, Petermann-Rocha F, et al (2023). Brisk Walking Pace Is Associated with Better Cardiometabolic Health in Adults: Findings from the Chilean National Health Survey 2016-2017. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 20(8):5490.
33. Yu Y, Chang C, Wu Y, et al (2020). Effects of Brisk Walking on Blood Pressure in the Chinese Han Occupational Population with a Sedentary Lifestyle: A Baseline Control Trial. Research Square, 10.21203/rs.3.rs-23564/v1.
34. Farrell C, Turgeon DR (2023). Normal Versus Chronic Adaptations To Aerobic Exercise: StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL), 2022.
35. Casano HAM, Anjum F (2020). Six Minute Walk Test. StatPearls [Internet]: StatPearls Publishing.
36. Bolbrinker J, Touis LZ, Gohlke H, et al (2018). European Guidelines on Lifestyle Changes for Management of Hypertension. Herz, 43(4):352-8.
37. Cleven L, Krell-Roesch J, Nigg CR, et al (2020). The Association Between Physical Activity with Incident Obesity, Coronary Heart Disease, Diabetes and Hypertension in Adults: a Systematic Review of Longitudinal Studies Published After 2012. BMC Public Health, 20(1):726.
38. Fonseca Alves DJ, Bartholomeu-Neto J, Júnior ER, et al (2017). Walking Speed, Risk Factors, and Cardiovascular Events in Older Adults—Systematic Review. The J Strength Cond Res, 31(11):3235-44.
39. Esmailiyan M, Amerizadeh A, Vahdat S, et al (2023). Effect of Different Types of Aerobic Exercise on Individuals With and Without Hypertension: An Updated Systematic Review. Curr Probl Cardiol, 48(3):101034.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 53 No 4 (2024) | |
| Section | Review Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v53i4.15554 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Blood pressure Brisk walking exercise Cardiovascular Hypertension | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Malem R, Ristiani R, Puteh M. Brisk Walking Exercise Has Benefits of Lowering Blood Pressure in Hypertension Sufferers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Iran J Public Health. 2024;53(4):774-784.
