The Prevalence of Depression among the Global Public in the Context of the COVID-19 Epidemic: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
-
Jiaxian Shao
,
Yuncong Yu
,
Cheng Cheng
,
Min Gao
,
Xiaona Li
,
Dongping Ma
,
Wenqiang Yin
,
Zhongming Chen
Abstract
Background: We aimed to analyze the prevalence of depression among the global public during COVID-19, identify its influencing factors in order to provide reference, and help safeguard public mental health.
Methods: A comprehensive literature on global public depression in various countries during the COVID-19 pandemic was obtained through electronic searches of PubMed, Web of Science, and other databases, combined with literature tracing from Dec 2019 to Mar 2023. Then a meta-analysis was conducted using the random effects model by Stata 16.0. The heterogeneity was evaluated by I2. Subgroup analysis, sensitivity analysis, and meta-regression analysis were used to explore the sources of heterogeneity and the factors influencing public depression. Egger's test was used to test publication bias.
Results: Overall, 68 articles with 234,678 samples were included in the study. Analysis revealed that the overall prevalence of depression among the population during COVID-19 was 32.0% (95% CI: 29.0%-35.0%). Of these, marital status (OR=0.65, 95% CI: 0.47-0.87), presence of infected cases (OR=2.45, 95% CI: 1.82-3.30), and fear of being infected by the virus (OR=9.31, 95% CI: 6.03-14.37) were the main factors influencing people’s depression and the main source of heterogeneity.
Conclusion: The prevalence of depression among the global public is at a high level during COVID-19. The prevalence of depression among people unmarried, divorced, or widowed, surrounded by infected cases, contact infection cases, and worried about being were higher than others.
1. World Health Organization. (2023). Corona-virus disease (COVID-19) weekly epide-miological update and weekly operational update. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/weekly-epidemiological-update-on-covid-19---30-march-2023 [Accessed 06 Apr 2023]
2. Hossain MM, Tasnim S, Sultana A, et al (2020). Epidemiology of mental health problems in COVID-19: a review. F1000Res, 9:636.
3. Ahmadi ZH, Mousavizadeh M, Nikpajouh A, et al (2021). COVID-19: A perspective from Iran. J Card Surg, 36(5):1672-1676.
4. Chow EJ, Uyeki TM, Chu HY (2023). The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on community respiratory virus activity. Nat Rev Microbiol, 21(3):195–210.
5. Takagi D, Kondo K, Kondo N, et al (2013). Social disorganization/social fragmenta-tion and risk of depression among older people in Japan: multilevel investigation of indices of social distance. Soc Sci Med, 83:81-89.
6. Magson NR, Freeman JYA, Rapee RM, et al (2021). Risk and Protective Factors for Prospective Changes in Adolescent Men-tal Health during the COVID-19 Pan-demic. J Youth Adolesc, 50(1):44–57.
7. Alldred SK, Takwoingi Y, Guo B, et al (2017). First trimester ultrasound tests alone or in combination with first tri-mester serum tests for Down's syn-drome screening. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 3(3):CD012600.
8. Day T, Park A, Madras N, et al (2006). When is quarantine a useful control strat-egy for emerging infectious diseases? Am J Epidemiol, 163(5):479-485.
9. Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, et al (2020). The psychological impact of quar-antine and how to reduce it: a rapid re-view of the evidence. Lancet, 395(10227):912-920.
10. Henderson SE, Johnson AR, Vallejo AI, et al (2013). A preliminary study of white matter in adolescent depression: relation-ships with illness severity, anhedonia, and irritability. Front Psychiatry, 4:152.
11. Smith K (2014). Mental health: a world of depression. Nature, 515(7526):181.
12. Holden C (2000). Global survey examines impact of depression. Science, 288(5463):39-40.
13. Xie X, Xue Q, Zhou Y, et al (2020). Mental Health Status among Children in Home Confinement during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Outbreak in Hubei Prov-ince, China. JAMA Pediatr, 174(9):898-900.
14. Suryavanshi N, Kadam A, Dhumal G, et al (2020). Mental health and quality of life among healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic in India. Brain Behav, 10(11):e01837.
15. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J (2009). et al Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med, 6(7):e1000097.
16. Chou R, Baker WL, Bañez LL, et al (2018). Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Evidence-based Practice Center methods provide guidance on prioritiza-tion and selection of harms in systematic reviews. J Clin Epidemiol, 98:98-104.
17. Zhao J, Liang G, Luo M, et al (2022). Influ-ence of type 2 diabetes microangiopathy on bone mineral density and bone me-tabolism: A meta-analysis. Heliyon, 8(10):e11001.
18. Alamri HS, Algarni A, Shehata SF, et al (2020). Prevalence of Depression, Anxie-ty, and Stress among the General Popula-tion in Saudi Arabia during Covid-19 Pandemic. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17(24):9183.
19. Choi EPH, Hui BPH, Wan EYF (2020). De-pression and Anxiety in Hong Kong dur-ing Covid-19. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17(10):3740.
20. Kantor BN, Kantor J (2020). Mental Health Outcomes and Associations during the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Population-Based Study in the United States. Front Psychiatry, 11:569083.
21. Rossi R, Socci V, Pacitti F, et al (2020). Men-tal Health Outcomes among Frontline and Second-Line Health Care Workers during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) Pandemic in Italy. JAMA Netw Open, 3(5):e2010185.
22. Rossi R, Socci V, Talevi D, et al (2020). Covid-19 Pandemic and Lockdown Measures Impact on Mental Health among the General Population in Italy. Front Psychiatry, 11:790.
23. Ying Y, Ruan L, Kong F, et al (2020). Men-tal Health Status among Family Members of Health Care Workers in Ningbo, Chi-na, During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) Outbreak: A Cross-Sectional Study. BMC Psychiatry, 20(1):379.
24. Huang Y, N Zhao (2020). Generalized Anx-iety Disorder, Depressive Symptoms and Sleep Quality during Covid-19 Outbreak in China: A Web-Based Cross-Sectional Survey. Psychiatry Res, 288: 112954.
25. Fu W, Wang C, Zou L, et al (2020). Psycho-logical Health, Sleep Quality, and Coping Styles to Stress Facing the Covid-19 in Wuhan, China. Transl Psychiatry, 10(1):225.
26. Shevlin M, McBride O, Murphy J, et al (2020). Anxiety, Depression, Traumatic Stress and Covid-19-Related Anxiety in the UK General Population during the Covid-19 Pandemic. BJPsych Open, 6(6):e125.
27. Zhao SZ, Wong JYH, Luk TT, et al (2020). Mental Health Crisis under Covid-19 Pandemic in Hong Kong, China. Int J In-fect Dis, 100:431-33.
28. Liu X, Luo WT, Li Y, et al (2020). Psycho-logical Status and Behavior Changes of the Public during the Covid-19 Epidemic in China. Infect Dis Poverty, 9(1):58.
29. Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, et al (2020). A Longitudinal Study on the Mental Health of General Population during the Covid-19 Epidemic in China. Brain Behav Immun, 87: 40-48.
30. Chen F, Zheng D, Liu J, et al (2020). De-pression and Anxiety among Adolescents during Covid-19: A Cross-Sectional Study. Brain Behav Immun, 88:36-38.
31. González-Sanguino C, Ausín B, Castellanos MÁ, et al (2020). Mental Health Conse-quences of the Coronavirus 2020 Pan-demic (Covid-19) in Spain. A Longitudi-nal Study. Front Psychiatry, 11:565474.
32. Pérez-Cano HJ, Moreno-Murguía MB, Mo-rales-López O, et al (2020). Anxiety, De-pression, and Stress in Response to the Coronavirus Disease-19 Pandemic. Cir Cir, 88(5):562-568.
33. Al-Shannaq Y, Mohammad AA, Aldalaykeh M (2021). Depression, Coping Skills, and Quality of Life among Jordanian Adults during the Initial Outbreak of Covid-19 Pandemic: Cross-Sectional Study. Heliyon, 7(4):e06873.
34. Fukase Y, Ichikura K, Murase H, et al (2021). Depression, Risk Factors, and Coping Strategies in the Context of Social Dislo-cations Resulting from the Second Wave of Covid-19 in Japan. BMC Psychiatry, 21(1):33.
35. Gasteiger N, Vedhara K, Massey A, et al (2021). Depression, Anxiety, and Stress during the Covid-19 Pandemic: Results from a New Zealand Cohort Study on Mental Well-Being. BMJ Open, 11(5):e045325.
36. Genis-Mendoza AD, Martínez-Magaña JJ, López-Narváez ML, et al (2021). Mental Health Problems Due to Social Isolation during the Covid-19 Pandemic in a Mexi-can Population. Front Public Health, 9:703450.
37. Goularte JF, Serafim SD, Colombo R, et al (2021). Covid-19 and Mental Health in Brazil: Psychiatric Symptoms in the Gen-eral Population. J Psychiatr Res, 132:32-37.
38. Harjana NPA, Januraga PP, Indrayathi PA, et al (2021). Prevalence of Depression, Anx-iety, and Stress among Repatriated Indo-nesian Migrant Workers during the Covid-19 Pandemic. Front Public Health, 9:630295.
39. Hu Q, X Hu, B Zheng, et al (2021). Mental Health Outcomes among Civil Servants Aiding in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Control. Front Public Health, 9:601791.
40. Hyland P, Shevlin M, Murphy J, et al (2021). A Longitudinal Assessment of Depres-sion and Anxiety in the Republic of Ire-land before and During the Covid-19 Pandemic. Psychiatry Res, 300:113905.
41. Hyun J, Kim S, Kim H, et al (2021). Covid-19 and Risk Factors of Anxiety and De-pression in South Korea. Psychiatry Investig, 18(9):801-808.
42. Idzik A, Leńczuk-Gruba A, Kobos E, et al (2021). Loneliness and Depression among Women in Poland during the Covid-19 Pandemic. Int J Environ Res Pub-lic Health, 18(20):10698.
43. Khademian F, Delavari S, Koohjani Z, et al (2021). An Investigation of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress and Its Relating Fac-tors during Covid-19 Pandemic in Iran. BMC Public Health, 21(1):275.
44. Kim DM, Bang YR, Kim JH, et al (2021). The Prevalence of Depression, Anxiety and Associated Factors among the Gen-eral Public during Covid-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study in Korea. J Korean Med Sci, 36(29):e214.
45. Levy I, Cohen-Louck K (2021). Predicting Individual Function during Covid-19 Lockdown: Depression, Fear of Covid-19, Age, and Employment. Front Psychol, 12:682122.
46. Li, X., Yu, H., Yang, W., et al (2021). De-pression and Anxiety among Quaran-tined People, Community Workers, Med-ical Staff, and General Population in the Early Stage of Covid-19 Epidemic. Front Psychol, 12:638985.
47. Mautong H, Gallardo-Rumbea JA, Al-varado-Villa GE, et al (2021). Assessment of Depression, Anxiety and Stress Levels in the Ecuadorian General Population during Social Isolation Due to the Covid-19 Outbreak: A Cross-Sectional Study. BMC Psychiatry, 21(1):212.
48. Motahedi S, Aghdam NF, Khajeh M, et al (2021). Anxiety and Depression among Healthcare Workers during Covid-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study. Heli-yon, 7(12):e08570.
49. Mary-Krause M, Herranz Bustamante JJ, Héron M, et al (2021). Impact of Covid-19-Like Symptoms on Occurrence of Anxiety/Depression during Lockdown among the French General Population. PLoS One, 16(7):e0255158.
50. Qi T, Hu T, Ge QQ, et al (2021). Covid-19 Pandemic Related Long-Term Chronic Stress on the Prevalence of Depression and Anxiety in the General Population. BMC Psychiatry, 21(1):380.
51. Rondung E, Leiler A, Meurling J, Bjärtå A (2021). Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety during the Early Phase of the Covid-19 Pandemic in Sweden. Front Pub-lic Health, 9:562437.
52. Liu S, Han W, Shen C, et al (2021). Depres-sive State in the Emergency Department during Covid-19: A National Cross-Sectional Survey in China. Front Psychiatry, 12:566990.
53. Zhou SJ, Wang LL, Qi M, et al (2021). De-pression, Anxiety, and Suicidal Ideation in Chinese University Students during the Covid-19 Pandemic. Front Psychol, 12:669833.
54. Hu Q, Hu X, Zheng B, et al (2021). Mental Health Outcomes among Civil Servants Aiding in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Control. Front Public Health, 9:601791.
55. Liu S, Yang L, Zhang C, et al (2021). Gen-der Differences in Mental Health Prob-lems of Healthcare Workers during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Outbreak. J Psychiatr Res, 137:393-400.
56. Yu M, Tian F, Cui Q, et al (2021). Prevalence and Its Associated Factors of Depressive Symptoms among Chinese College Stu-dents during the Covid-19 Pandemic. BMC Psychiatry, 21(1):66.
57. Fu M, Han D, Xu M, et al (2021). The Psy-chological Impact of Anxiety and De-pression on Chinese Medical Staff during the Outbreak of the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study. Ann Palliat Med, 10(7):7759-7774.
58. Sakib N, Akter T, Zohra F, et al (2023). Fear of Covid-19 and Depression: A Com-parative Study among the General Popu-lation and Healthcare Professionals dur-ing Covid-19 Pandemic Crisis in Bangla-desh. Int J Ment Health Addict, 21(2):976–992.
59. Shahriarirad R, Erfani A, Ranjbar K, et al (2021). The Mental Health Impact of Covid-19 Outbreak: A Nationwide Sur-vey in Iran. Int J Ment Health Syst, 15(1):19.
60. Shi Z, Qin Y, Chair SY, et al (2021). Anxiety and Depression Levels of the General Population during the Rapid Progressing Stage in the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Outbreak: A Cross-Sectional Online In-vestigation in China. BMJ Open, 11(5):e050084.
61. Siewe Fodjo JN, Ngarka L, Njamnshi WY, et al (2021). Fear and Depression during the Covid-19 Outbreak in Cameroon: A Nation-Wide Observational Study. BMC Psychiatry, 21(1):356.
62. Villarreal-Zegarra D, Copez-Lonzoy A, Vilela-Estrada AL, et al (2021). Depres-sion, Post-Traumatic Stress, Anxiety, and Fear of Covid-19 in the General Popula-tion and Health-Care Workers: Preva-lence, Relationship, and Explicative Mod-el in Peru. BMC Psychiatry, 21(1):455.
63. Vujčić I, Safiye T, Milikić B, et al (2021). Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) Epidemic and Mental Health Status in the General Adult Population of Serbia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 18(4):1957.
64. Dadgarmoghaddam M, Najafi M N, Ebrahimi A, et al (2021). Social Mental Health during COVID-19 Pandemic in Iran: A Cross-sectional Study among the General Population of Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. Iran Red Crescent Med J, 23(11): e1010.
65. Peng X, Liang S, Liu L, et al (2022). Preva-lence and Associated Factors of Depres-sion, Anxiety and Suicidality among Chi-nese High School E-Learning Students During the Covid-19 Lockdown. Curr Psychol, 1-12.
66. Rosenberg M, Luetke M, Hensel D, et al (2021). Depression and Loneliness dur-ing April 2020 Covid-19 Restrictions in the United States, and Their Associations with Frequency of Social and Sexual Connections. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epi-demiol, 56(7):1221–1232.
67. Briggs R, McDowell CP, De Looze C, et al (2021). Depressive Symptoms among Older Adults Pre- and Post-Covid-19 Pandemic. J Am Med Dir Assoc, 22(11):2251–2257.
68. Chen X, Qi H, Liu R, et al (2021). Depres-sion, Anxiety and Associated Factors among Chinese Adolescents during the Covid-19 Outbreak: A Comparison of Two Cross-Sectional Studies. Transl Psy-chiatry, 11(1):148.
69. Greenberg N, Weston D, Hall C, et al (2021). Mental Health of Staff Working in Intensive Care during Covid-19. Occup Med (Lond), 71(2):62-67.
70. Kim Y, Kim SW, Chang HH, et al (2021). Significance and Associated Factors of Long-Term Sequelae in Patients after Acute Covid-19 Infection in Korea. Infect Chemother, 53(3):463-76.
71. Oh H, Marinovich C, Rajkumar R, et al (2021). Covid-19 Dimensions Are Relat-ed to Depression and Anxiety among US College Students: Findings from the Healthy Minds Survey 2020. J Affect Dis-ord, 292:270-75.
72. Sonis J, Pathman DE, Read S, et al (2021). Generalized Anxiety, Depression and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in a Na-tional Sample of US Internal Medicine Physicians during the Covid-19 Pandem-ic. Gen Hosp Psychiatry, 71:142-44.
73. Goldberg X, Castaño-Vinyals G, Espinosa A, et al (2022). Mental Health and Covid-19 in a General Population Cohort in Spain (Covicat Study). Soc Psychiatry Psychi-atr Epidemiol, 57(12):2457-2468.
74. Humer E, Schaffler Y, Jesser A, et al (2022). Mental Health in the Austrian General Population during Covid-19: Cross-Sectional Study on the Association with Sociodemographic Factors. Front Psychia-try, 13:943303.
75. Iftene F, Milev R, Farcas A, et al (2022). Covid-19 Pandemic: The Impact of Covid-19 on Mental Health and Life Habits in the Canadian Population. Front Psychiatry, 13:871119.
76. Lee H, Choi D, Lee JJ (2022). Depression, Anxiety, and Stress in Korean General Population during the Covid-19 Pandem-ic. Epidemiol Health, 44:e2022018.
77. Paccagnella O, Pongiglione B (2022). De-pression Deterioration of Older Adults during the First Wave of the Covid-19 Outbreak in Europe. Soc Sci Med, 299:114828.
78. Shahid H, Hasan MA, Ejaz O, et al (2022). The Severity of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress: Recommendations from Joint Work of Research Center and Psycholo-gy Clinics in Covid-19 Pandemic. Front Psychiatry, 13:839542.
79. Turan O, Demirci NY, Güntülü AK, et al (2022). Anxiety and Depression Levels of Healthcare Workers during Covid-19 Pandemic. Afr Health Sci, 22(1):532-40.
80. Udayanga L, Perera A, Dissanayaka L (2022). COVID− 19− induced anxiety, depression and stress among healthcare professionals in Sri Lanka. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 15(11): 485-495.
81. Ullah I, Khan KS, Ali I, et al (2022). Depres-sion and Anxiety among Pakistani Healthcare Workers amid Covid-19 Pan-demic: A Qualitative Study. Ann Med Surg (Lond), 78:103863.
82. Kralova M, Brazinova A, Sivcova V, et al (2022). Mental Health of the Slovak Population during Covid-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Survey. World J Clin Cases, 10(25):8880-8892.
83. Azmi FM, Khan HN, Azmi AM, et al (2022). Prevalence of Covid-19 Pandemic, Self-Esteem and Its Effect on Depression among University Students in Saudi Ara-bia. Front Public Health, 10:836688.
84. Takada H, Ae R, Ogawa M, et al (2022). De-pression Prevention in Healthcare Work-ers during the Covid-19 Pandemic. Occup Med (Lond), 72(3):207–214.
85. Van Wert MJ, Gandhi S, Gupta I, et al (2022). Healthcare Worker Mental Health after the Initial Peak of the Covid-19 Pandemic: A US Medical Center Cross-Sectional Survey. J Gen Intern Med, 37(5):1169–1176.
86. Morin CM, Bjorvatn B, Chung F, et al (2021). Insomnia, anxiety, and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic: an in-ternational collaborative study. Sleep Med, 87:38–45.
87. Georgieva I, Georgiev GV (2019). Redesign Me: Virtual Reality Experience of the Line of Life and Its Connection to a Healthier Self. Behav Sci (Basel), 9(11):111.
88. Wang ZF, Cheng YC, Zhang NH, et al (2021). Effect of Marital Status on De-pression and Mortality among Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease from Na-tional Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2014. Kidney Dis (Basel), 7(5):391–400.
89. Han KT, Park EC, Kim JH, et al (2014). Is marital status associated with quality of life? Health Qual Life Outcomes, 12:109.
90. Cori L, Bianchi F, Cadum E, Anthonj C (2020). Risk Perception and COVID-19. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17(9):3114.
91. Terraneo M, Lombi L, Bradby H (2021). Depressive symptoms and perception of risk during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic: A web-based cross-country comparative survey. Sociol Health Illn, 43(7):1660-1681.
92. Wang D, Zhang A, Feng X (2022). Advanc-es in research on public risk perception, emotion, and behavior under major emergencies. Nursing Research, 36(10):1803-1809.
93. Fox ME, Lobo MK (2019). The molecular and cellular mechanisms of depression: a focus on reward circuitry. Mol Psychiatry, 24(12):1798-1815.
94. Hartings JA, Li C, Hinzman JM, et al (2017). Direct current electrocorticography for clinical neuromonitoring of spreading depolarizations. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, 37(5):1857-1870.
95. Lindell MK, Perry RW (2012). The protec-tive action decision model: theoretical modifications and additional evidence. Risk Anal, 32(4):616-32.
2. Hossain MM, Tasnim S, Sultana A, et al (2020). Epidemiology of mental health problems in COVID-19: a review. F1000Res, 9:636.
3. Ahmadi ZH, Mousavizadeh M, Nikpajouh A, et al (2021). COVID-19: A perspective from Iran. J Card Surg, 36(5):1672-1676.
4. Chow EJ, Uyeki TM, Chu HY (2023). The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on community respiratory virus activity. Nat Rev Microbiol, 21(3):195–210.
5. Takagi D, Kondo K, Kondo N, et al (2013). Social disorganization/social fragmenta-tion and risk of depression among older people in Japan: multilevel investigation of indices of social distance. Soc Sci Med, 83:81-89.
6. Magson NR, Freeman JYA, Rapee RM, et al (2021). Risk and Protective Factors for Prospective Changes in Adolescent Men-tal Health during the COVID-19 Pan-demic. J Youth Adolesc, 50(1):44–57.
7. Alldred SK, Takwoingi Y, Guo B, et al (2017). First trimester ultrasound tests alone or in combination with first tri-mester serum tests for Down's syn-drome screening. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 3(3):CD012600.
8. Day T, Park A, Madras N, et al (2006). When is quarantine a useful control strat-egy for emerging infectious diseases? Am J Epidemiol, 163(5):479-485.
9. Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, et al (2020). The psychological impact of quar-antine and how to reduce it: a rapid re-view of the evidence. Lancet, 395(10227):912-920.
10. Henderson SE, Johnson AR, Vallejo AI, et al (2013). A preliminary study of white matter in adolescent depression: relation-ships with illness severity, anhedonia, and irritability. Front Psychiatry, 4:152.
11. Smith K (2014). Mental health: a world of depression. Nature, 515(7526):181.
12. Holden C (2000). Global survey examines impact of depression. Science, 288(5463):39-40.
13. Xie X, Xue Q, Zhou Y, et al (2020). Mental Health Status among Children in Home Confinement during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Outbreak in Hubei Prov-ince, China. JAMA Pediatr, 174(9):898-900.
14. Suryavanshi N, Kadam A, Dhumal G, et al (2020). Mental health and quality of life among healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic in India. Brain Behav, 10(11):e01837.
15. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J (2009). et al Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med, 6(7):e1000097.
16. Chou R, Baker WL, Bañez LL, et al (2018). Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Evidence-based Practice Center methods provide guidance on prioritiza-tion and selection of harms in systematic reviews. J Clin Epidemiol, 98:98-104.
17. Zhao J, Liang G, Luo M, et al (2022). Influ-ence of type 2 diabetes microangiopathy on bone mineral density and bone me-tabolism: A meta-analysis. Heliyon, 8(10):e11001.
18. Alamri HS, Algarni A, Shehata SF, et al (2020). Prevalence of Depression, Anxie-ty, and Stress among the General Popula-tion in Saudi Arabia during Covid-19 Pandemic. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17(24):9183.
19. Choi EPH, Hui BPH, Wan EYF (2020). De-pression and Anxiety in Hong Kong dur-ing Covid-19. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17(10):3740.
20. Kantor BN, Kantor J (2020). Mental Health Outcomes and Associations during the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Population-Based Study in the United States. Front Psychiatry, 11:569083.
21. Rossi R, Socci V, Pacitti F, et al (2020). Men-tal Health Outcomes among Frontline and Second-Line Health Care Workers during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) Pandemic in Italy. JAMA Netw Open, 3(5):e2010185.
22. Rossi R, Socci V, Talevi D, et al (2020). Covid-19 Pandemic and Lockdown Measures Impact on Mental Health among the General Population in Italy. Front Psychiatry, 11:790.
23. Ying Y, Ruan L, Kong F, et al (2020). Men-tal Health Status among Family Members of Health Care Workers in Ningbo, Chi-na, During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) Outbreak: A Cross-Sectional Study. BMC Psychiatry, 20(1):379.
24. Huang Y, N Zhao (2020). Generalized Anx-iety Disorder, Depressive Symptoms and Sleep Quality during Covid-19 Outbreak in China: A Web-Based Cross-Sectional Survey. Psychiatry Res, 288: 112954.
25. Fu W, Wang C, Zou L, et al (2020). Psycho-logical Health, Sleep Quality, and Coping Styles to Stress Facing the Covid-19 in Wuhan, China. Transl Psychiatry, 10(1):225.
26. Shevlin M, McBride O, Murphy J, et al (2020). Anxiety, Depression, Traumatic Stress and Covid-19-Related Anxiety in the UK General Population during the Covid-19 Pandemic. BJPsych Open, 6(6):e125.
27. Zhao SZ, Wong JYH, Luk TT, et al (2020). Mental Health Crisis under Covid-19 Pandemic in Hong Kong, China. Int J In-fect Dis, 100:431-33.
28. Liu X, Luo WT, Li Y, et al (2020). Psycho-logical Status and Behavior Changes of the Public during the Covid-19 Epidemic in China. Infect Dis Poverty, 9(1):58.
29. Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, et al (2020). A Longitudinal Study on the Mental Health of General Population during the Covid-19 Epidemic in China. Brain Behav Immun, 87: 40-48.
30. Chen F, Zheng D, Liu J, et al (2020). De-pression and Anxiety among Adolescents during Covid-19: A Cross-Sectional Study. Brain Behav Immun, 88:36-38.
31. González-Sanguino C, Ausín B, Castellanos MÁ, et al (2020). Mental Health Conse-quences of the Coronavirus 2020 Pan-demic (Covid-19) in Spain. A Longitudi-nal Study. Front Psychiatry, 11:565474.
32. Pérez-Cano HJ, Moreno-Murguía MB, Mo-rales-López O, et al (2020). Anxiety, De-pression, and Stress in Response to the Coronavirus Disease-19 Pandemic. Cir Cir, 88(5):562-568.
33. Al-Shannaq Y, Mohammad AA, Aldalaykeh M (2021). Depression, Coping Skills, and Quality of Life among Jordanian Adults during the Initial Outbreak of Covid-19 Pandemic: Cross-Sectional Study. Heliyon, 7(4):e06873.
34. Fukase Y, Ichikura K, Murase H, et al (2021). Depression, Risk Factors, and Coping Strategies in the Context of Social Dislo-cations Resulting from the Second Wave of Covid-19 in Japan. BMC Psychiatry, 21(1):33.
35. Gasteiger N, Vedhara K, Massey A, et al (2021). Depression, Anxiety, and Stress during the Covid-19 Pandemic: Results from a New Zealand Cohort Study on Mental Well-Being. BMJ Open, 11(5):e045325.
36. Genis-Mendoza AD, Martínez-Magaña JJ, López-Narváez ML, et al (2021). Mental Health Problems Due to Social Isolation during the Covid-19 Pandemic in a Mexi-can Population. Front Public Health, 9:703450.
37. Goularte JF, Serafim SD, Colombo R, et al (2021). Covid-19 and Mental Health in Brazil: Psychiatric Symptoms in the Gen-eral Population. J Psychiatr Res, 132:32-37.
38. Harjana NPA, Januraga PP, Indrayathi PA, et al (2021). Prevalence of Depression, Anx-iety, and Stress among Repatriated Indo-nesian Migrant Workers during the Covid-19 Pandemic. Front Public Health, 9:630295.
39. Hu Q, X Hu, B Zheng, et al (2021). Mental Health Outcomes among Civil Servants Aiding in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Control. Front Public Health, 9:601791.
40. Hyland P, Shevlin M, Murphy J, et al (2021). A Longitudinal Assessment of Depres-sion and Anxiety in the Republic of Ire-land before and During the Covid-19 Pandemic. Psychiatry Res, 300:113905.
41. Hyun J, Kim S, Kim H, et al (2021). Covid-19 and Risk Factors of Anxiety and De-pression in South Korea. Psychiatry Investig, 18(9):801-808.
42. Idzik A, Leńczuk-Gruba A, Kobos E, et al (2021). Loneliness and Depression among Women in Poland during the Covid-19 Pandemic. Int J Environ Res Pub-lic Health, 18(20):10698.
43. Khademian F, Delavari S, Koohjani Z, et al (2021). An Investigation of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress and Its Relating Fac-tors during Covid-19 Pandemic in Iran. BMC Public Health, 21(1):275.
44. Kim DM, Bang YR, Kim JH, et al (2021). The Prevalence of Depression, Anxiety and Associated Factors among the Gen-eral Public during Covid-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study in Korea. J Korean Med Sci, 36(29):e214.
45. Levy I, Cohen-Louck K (2021). Predicting Individual Function during Covid-19 Lockdown: Depression, Fear of Covid-19, Age, and Employment. Front Psychol, 12:682122.
46. Li, X., Yu, H., Yang, W., et al (2021). De-pression and Anxiety among Quaran-tined People, Community Workers, Med-ical Staff, and General Population in the Early Stage of Covid-19 Epidemic. Front Psychol, 12:638985.
47. Mautong H, Gallardo-Rumbea JA, Al-varado-Villa GE, et al (2021). Assessment of Depression, Anxiety and Stress Levels in the Ecuadorian General Population during Social Isolation Due to the Covid-19 Outbreak: A Cross-Sectional Study. BMC Psychiatry, 21(1):212.
48. Motahedi S, Aghdam NF, Khajeh M, et al (2021). Anxiety and Depression among Healthcare Workers during Covid-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study. Heli-yon, 7(12):e08570.
49. Mary-Krause M, Herranz Bustamante JJ, Héron M, et al (2021). Impact of Covid-19-Like Symptoms on Occurrence of Anxiety/Depression during Lockdown among the French General Population. PLoS One, 16(7):e0255158.
50. Qi T, Hu T, Ge QQ, et al (2021). Covid-19 Pandemic Related Long-Term Chronic Stress on the Prevalence of Depression and Anxiety in the General Population. BMC Psychiatry, 21(1):380.
51. Rondung E, Leiler A, Meurling J, Bjärtå A (2021). Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety during the Early Phase of the Covid-19 Pandemic in Sweden. Front Pub-lic Health, 9:562437.
52. Liu S, Han W, Shen C, et al (2021). Depres-sive State in the Emergency Department during Covid-19: A National Cross-Sectional Survey in China. Front Psychiatry, 12:566990.
53. Zhou SJ, Wang LL, Qi M, et al (2021). De-pression, Anxiety, and Suicidal Ideation in Chinese University Students during the Covid-19 Pandemic. Front Psychol, 12:669833.
54. Hu Q, Hu X, Zheng B, et al (2021). Mental Health Outcomes among Civil Servants Aiding in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Control. Front Public Health, 9:601791.
55. Liu S, Yang L, Zhang C, et al (2021). Gen-der Differences in Mental Health Prob-lems of Healthcare Workers during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Outbreak. J Psychiatr Res, 137:393-400.
56. Yu M, Tian F, Cui Q, et al (2021). Prevalence and Its Associated Factors of Depressive Symptoms among Chinese College Stu-dents during the Covid-19 Pandemic. BMC Psychiatry, 21(1):66.
57. Fu M, Han D, Xu M, et al (2021). The Psy-chological Impact of Anxiety and De-pression on Chinese Medical Staff during the Outbreak of the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study. Ann Palliat Med, 10(7):7759-7774.
58. Sakib N, Akter T, Zohra F, et al (2023). Fear of Covid-19 and Depression: A Com-parative Study among the General Popu-lation and Healthcare Professionals dur-ing Covid-19 Pandemic Crisis in Bangla-desh. Int J Ment Health Addict, 21(2):976–992.
59. Shahriarirad R, Erfani A, Ranjbar K, et al (2021). The Mental Health Impact of Covid-19 Outbreak: A Nationwide Sur-vey in Iran. Int J Ment Health Syst, 15(1):19.
60. Shi Z, Qin Y, Chair SY, et al (2021). Anxiety and Depression Levels of the General Population during the Rapid Progressing Stage in the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Outbreak: A Cross-Sectional Online In-vestigation in China. BMJ Open, 11(5):e050084.
61. Siewe Fodjo JN, Ngarka L, Njamnshi WY, et al (2021). Fear and Depression during the Covid-19 Outbreak in Cameroon: A Nation-Wide Observational Study. BMC Psychiatry, 21(1):356.
62. Villarreal-Zegarra D, Copez-Lonzoy A, Vilela-Estrada AL, et al (2021). Depres-sion, Post-Traumatic Stress, Anxiety, and Fear of Covid-19 in the General Popula-tion and Health-Care Workers: Preva-lence, Relationship, and Explicative Mod-el in Peru. BMC Psychiatry, 21(1):455.
63. Vujčić I, Safiye T, Milikić B, et al (2021). Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) Epidemic and Mental Health Status in the General Adult Population of Serbia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 18(4):1957.
64. Dadgarmoghaddam M, Najafi M N, Ebrahimi A, et al (2021). Social Mental Health during COVID-19 Pandemic in Iran: A Cross-sectional Study among the General Population of Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. Iran Red Crescent Med J, 23(11): e1010.
65. Peng X, Liang S, Liu L, et al (2022). Preva-lence and Associated Factors of Depres-sion, Anxiety and Suicidality among Chi-nese High School E-Learning Students During the Covid-19 Lockdown. Curr Psychol, 1-12.
66. Rosenberg M, Luetke M, Hensel D, et al (2021). Depression and Loneliness dur-ing April 2020 Covid-19 Restrictions in the United States, and Their Associations with Frequency of Social and Sexual Connections. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epi-demiol, 56(7):1221–1232.
67. Briggs R, McDowell CP, De Looze C, et al (2021). Depressive Symptoms among Older Adults Pre- and Post-Covid-19 Pandemic. J Am Med Dir Assoc, 22(11):2251–2257.
68. Chen X, Qi H, Liu R, et al (2021). Depres-sion, Anxiety and Associated Factors among Chinese Adolescents during the Covid-19 Outbreak: A Comparison of Two Cross-Sectional Studies. Transl Psy-chiatry, 11(1):148.
69. Greenberg N, Weston D, Hall C, et al (2021). Mental Health of Staff Working in Intensive Care during Covid-19. Occup Med (Lond), 71(2):62-67.
70. Kim Y, Kim SW, Chang HH, et al (2021). Significance and Associated Factors of Long-Term Sequelae in Patients after Acute Covid-19 Infection in Korea. Infect Chemother, 53(3):463-76.
71. Oh H, Marinovich C, Rajkumar R, et al (2021). Covid-19 Dimensions Are Relat-ed to Depression and Anxiety among US College Students: Findings from the Healthy Minds Survey 2020. J Affect Dis-ord, 292:270-75.
72. Sonis J, Pathman DE, Read S, et al (2021). Generalized Anxiety, Depression and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in a Na-tional Sample of US Internal Medicine Physicians during the Covid-19 Pandem-ic. Gen Hosp Psychiatry, 71:142-44.
73. Goldberg X, Castaño-Vinyals G, Espinosa A, et al (2022). Mental Health and Covid-19 in a General Population Cohort in Spain (Covicat Study). Soc Psychiatry Psychi-atr Epidemiol, 57(12):2457-2468.
74. Humer E, Schaffler Y, Jesser A, et al (2022). Mental Health in the Austrian General Population during Covid-19: Cross-Sectional Study on the Association with Sociodemographic Factors. Front Psychia-try, 13:943303.
75. Iftene F, Milev R, Farcas A, et al (2022). Covid-19 Pandemic: The Impact of Covid-19 on Mental Health and Life Habits in the Canadian Population. Front Psychiatry, 13:871119.
76. Lee H, Choi D, Lee JJ (2022). Depression, Anxiety, and Stress in Korean General Population during the Covid-19 Pandem-ic. Epidemiol Health, 44:e2022018.
77. Paccagnella O, Pongiglione B (2022). De-pression Deterioration of Older Adults during the First Wave of the Covid-19 Outbreak in Europe. Soc Sci Med, 299:114828.
78. Shahid H, Hasan MA, Ejaz O, et al (2022). The Severity of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress: Recommendations from Joint Work of Research Center and Psycholo-gy Clinics in Covid-19 Pandemic. Front Psychiatry, 13:839542.
79. Turan O, Demirci NY, Güntülü AK, et al (2022). Anxiety and Depression Levels of Healthcare Workers during Covid-19 Pandemic. Afr Health Sci, 22(1):532-40.
80. Udayanga L, Perera A, Dissanayaka L (2022). COVID− 19− induced anxiety, depression and stress among healthcare professionals in Sri Lanka. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 15(11): 485-495.
81. Ullah I, Khan KS, Ali I, et al (2022). Depres-sion and Anxiety among Pakistani Healthcare Workers amid Covid-19 Pan-demic: A Qualitative Study. Ann Med Surg (Lond), 78:103863.
82. Kralova M, Brazinova A, Sivcova V, et al (2022). Mental Health of the Slovak Population during Covid-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Survey. World J Clin Cases, 10(25):8880-8892.
83. Azmi FM, Khan HN, Azmi AM, et al (2022). Prevalence of Covid-19 Pandemic, Self-Esteem and Its Effect on Depression among University Students in Saudi Ara-bia. Front Public Health, 10:836688.
84. Takada H, Ae R, Ogawa M, et al (2022). De-pression Prevention in Healthcare Work-ers during the Covid-19 Pandemic. Occup Med (Lond), 72(3):207–214.
85. Van Wert MJ, Gandhi S, Gupta I, et al (2022). Healthcare Worker Mental Health after the Initial Peak of the Covid-19 Pandemic: A US Medical Center Cross-Sectional Survey. J Gen Intern Med, 37(5):1169–1176.
86. Morin CM, Bjorvatn B, Chung F, et al (2021). Insomnia, anxiety, and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic: an in-ternational collaborative study. Sleep Med, 87:38–45.
87. Georgieva I, Georgiev GV (2019). Redesign Me: Virtual Reality Experience of the Line of Life and Its Connection to a Healthier Self. Behav Sci (Basel), 9(11):111.
88. Wang ZF, Cheng YC, Zhang NH, et al (2021). Effect of Marital Status on De-pression and Mortality among Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease from Na-tional Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2014. Kidney Dis (Basel), 7(5):391–400.
89. Han KT, Park EC, Kim JH, et al (2014). Is marital status associated with quality of life? Health Qual Life Outcomes, 12:109.
90. Cori L, Bianchi F, Cadum E, Anthonj C (2020). Risk Perception and COVID-19. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17(9):3114.
91. Terraneo M, Lombi L, Bradby H (2021). Depressive symptoms and perception of risk during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic: A web-based cross-country comparative survey. Sociol Health Illn, 43(7):1660-1681.
92. Wang D, Zhang A, Feng X (2022). Advanc-es in research on public risk perception, emotion, and behavior under major emergencies. Nursing Research, 36(10):1803-1809.
93. Fox ME, Lobo MK (2019). The molecular and cellular mechanisms of depression: a focus on reward circuitry. Mol Psychiatry, 24(12):1798-1815.
94. Hartings JA, Li C, Hinzman JM, et al (2017). Direct current electrocorticography for clinical neuromonitoring of spreading depolarizations. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, 37(5):1857-1870.
95. Lindell MK, Perry RW (2012). The protec-tive action decision model: theoretical modifications and additional evidence. Risk Anal, 32(4):616-32.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 53 No 4 (2024) | |
| Section | Review Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v53i4.15555 | |
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Shao J, Yu Y, Cheng C, Gao M, Li X, Ma D, Yin W, Chen Z. The Prevalence of Depression among the Global Public in the Context of the COVID-19 Epidemic: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Iran J Public Health. 2024;53(4):785-798.
