The Association between Paediatric Obesity, Anthropometric Parameters and Physiological Traits among Rural Schoolchildren in Alice Location, Eastern Cape, South Africa
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Abstract
Background: Obesity is an epidemic non-communicable disease in South Africa (SA). Few data exist on rural schoolchildren. This study presented the association between paediatric obesity, anthropometric parameters and physiological traits in schoolchildren in the Alice Location of Raymond Mhlaba Municipality, South Africa.
Methods: The sum of 305 schoolchildren including girls 146; boys 159 between 5 – 7 years old were enrolled. Body mass index (BMI) specific for gender and age was used to describe overweight and obesity. Systolic/Diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP) was ≥ 90th percentile for gender and age. An aneroid sphygmomanometer was used to measure blood pressure (BP).
Results: 15.75% of girls were overweight compared to 10.69% of boys while 16.35% of boys were obese compared to 10.27% of girls. Pre-hypertension was detected in both girls (2.0%) and boys (0.3%). SBP and DBP were significantly (P<0.05) associated with body mass, stature, BMI, hip and waist circumference (HC & WC), the sum of skinfolds, fat-mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM), and fat-free mass index (FFMI).
Conclusion: Overweight, obesity and pre-hypertension are predominant amongst rural SA schoolchildren living in Alice location. Routine check-up and control of excessive weight gain in schoolchildren is crucial for early prevention of potential cardiovascular diseases in the future.
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30. Ribeiro RC, Coutinho M, Bramorski MA, et al (2010). Association of the Waist-to-Height Ratio with Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Children and Adolescents: The Three Cities Heart Study. Int J Prev Med, 1(1): 39 – 49.
31. Amamilo IB, Sadoh WE, Iregbu FU (2020). The evaluation of waist circumference and waist-hip ratio as predictors of hy-pertension in children. J Adv Med Res, 32(16): 80 – 9.
32. Priyadarshini A, Mishra SP, Behera PK (2021). Correlation of body fat percent-age, fat mass index, and fat-free mass index with cardiovascular parameters in non-obese young adults. National Journal of Physiology, Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 11(9): 1054 – 1059.
33. Zhang YX, Wang SR (2011). Relation of body mass index, fat mass index and fat-free mass index to blood pressure in children aged 7 – 12 in Shandong, Chi-na. Ann Hum Biol, 38(3): 313 – 316.
34. Nwosu E, Fismen A-S, Helleve A, et al (2022). Trends in prevalence of over-weight and obesity among South African and European adolescents: a compara-tive outlook. BMC Public Health, 22: 2287.
35. Daniels SR, Morrison JA, Sprecher DL, Khoury P, Kimball TR (1999). Associa-tion of body fat distribution and cardi-ovascular risk factors in children and adolescents. Circulation, 99: 541–5.
36. Aounallah-Skhiri H, El Ati J, Traissac P, et al (2012). Blood pressure and associated factors in a North African adolescent population. A national cross-sectional study in Tunisia. BMC Public Health, 12: 98.
2. Rossouw HA, Grant CC, Viljoen M (2012). Overweight and obesity in children and adolescents: The South African prob-lem. S Afr J Sci, 108(5/6):
3. WHO European Regional Obesity Report (2022). Copenhagen: WHO Regional Of-fice for Europe; 2022. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
4. Kansra AR, Lakkunarajah S, Jay MS (2021). Childhood and adolescents obesity: A review. Front Pediatr, 8: 581461.
5. NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC) (2017). Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 2416 population-based meas-urement studies in 128.9 million chil-dren, adolescents, and adults. Lancet, 390: 2627–2642.
6. World Health Organization (WHO). Obesi-ty and overweight, WHO: Geneva, Swit-zerland. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight
7. Healthy active kids South Africa report card (2017). Sports science institute of South Africa.
8. Armstrong MBG, Lambert MI, Sharwood KA, Lambert EV (2006). Obesity and overweight in South Africa primary school children. The Health of the Na-tion Study. S Afr Med J, 96(5): 439-44.
9. National Income Dynamics Study. (2017), Wave 5. Southern Africa Labour and Development Research Unit.
10. UNICEF-WHO-The World Bank Group. (2018). Joint Child Malnutrition Esti-mates—Levels and Trends, 2018 ed.; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland.
11. Shung-King M, Lake L, Sanders D, Hen-dricks M (eds). (2019). South African Child Gauge 2019. Cape Town: Chil-dren’s Institute, University of Cape Town.
12. Naidoo R, Christie CJ, Nyawose Z, et al (2022). Healthy Active Kids South Africa Report Card (Long from), November 2022.
13. Chung KH, Chiou HY, Chen YH (2015). Psychological and physiological corre-lates of childhood obesity in Taiwan. Sci Rep, 5: 17439.
14. Timnea AC, Larisa P, Timnea OC, Potop V, Jurat V (2018). Physiological features of obesity in children and adolescents. J Phys Educ Sport, 18(5): 2199–206.
15. Goon D, Amusa L, Mhlongo D, Khoza L, Anyanwu F (2013). Elevated blood pres-sure among rural South African children in Thohoyandou, South Africa. Iran J Public Health, 42(5): 489 – 96.
16. National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Children and Adoles-cents (2004). The fourth report on the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure in children and ad-olescents. Pediatrics, 114(2 Suppl 4th Re-port):555-76.
17. Marfell-Jones M, Esparza-Ros F, Vaquero-Cristóbal R, ISAK Accreditation Hand-book; International Society for the Ad-vancement of Kinanthropometry: Mur-cia, Spain, 2019.
18. Slaughter MH, Lohman TG, Boileau RA, et al (1988). Skinfold equations for estima-tion of body fatness in children and youth. Hum Biol, 60(5): 709-23.
19. Cole TJ, Belizzi MC, Flegal KM (2000). Es-tablishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide: International survey. BMJ, 320: 1240–1243.
20. Moser DC, Giuliano IDCB, Titski ACK, et al (2013). Anthropometric measures and blood pressure in school children. J Pe-diatr (Rio J), 89(3): 243–49.
21. Moselakgomo VK, Toriola, AL, Shaw BS, Goon DT, Akinyemi O (2012). Body mass index, overweight, and blood pres-sure among adolescents schoolchildren in Limpopo province, South Africa. Rev Paul Pediatr, 30(4): 562–9.
22. Reddy MD, Kushwaha AS, Kotwal A, Basannar DR Mahen A (2012). Study of blood pressure profile of school chil-dren 6-15 years in a rural setting of Ma-harashtra. Med J Armed Forces India, 68(3): 222–225.
23. Gomwe H, Seekoe E, Lyoka P, Marange CS (2019). The relationship between body composition and blood pressure among primary school children in Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med, 11(1): e1-e6.
24. Flores-Huerta S, Klunder-Klunder M, Reyes DIC, Santos JI (2009). Increase in body mass index and waist circumference is associated with high blood pressure in children and adolescents in Mexico City. Arch Med Res, 40(3): 208–15.
25. Dewi R, Ramayati R, Rosdiana N, et al (2019). Waist circumference, body mass index, and skinfold thickness as poten-tial risk factors for high blood pressure in adolescents. Paediatr Indones, 59(2): 79 – 86.
26. da Silva MAM, Rivera I, de Souza MGB, Carvalho A (2007). Blood pressure measurement in children and adoles-cents: Guidelines of high blood pressure recommendations and current clinical practice. Arq Bras Cardiol, 88(4): 491 – 5.
27. de Andrade GN, Matoso LF, Miranda JWB, et al (2019). Anthropometric indicators associated with high blood pressure in children living in urban and rural areas. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem, 27: e3150.
28. Chen M, Ma Y, Ma T, et al (2021). The as-sociation between growth patterns and blood pressure in children and adoles-cents: A cross-sectional study of seven provinces in China. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich), 23: 2053–64.
29. Ribeiro RC, Lamounier JA, Oliveira RG, et al (2009). Measurements of adiposity and high blood pressure among children and adolescents living in Belo Horizon-te. Cardiol Young, 19(5): 436–40.
30. Ribeiro RC, Coutinho M, Bramorski MA, et al (2010). Association of the Waist-to-Height Ratio with Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Children and Adolescents: The Three Cities Heart Study. Int J Prev Med, 1(1): 39 – 49.
31. Amamilo IB, Sadoh WE, Iregbu FU (2020). The evaluation of waist circumference and waist-hip ratio as predictors of hy-pertension in children. J Adv Med Res, 32(16): 80 – 9.
32. Priyadarshini A, Mishra SP, Behera PK (2021). Correlation of body fat percent-age, fat mass index, and fat-free mass index with cardiovascular parameters in non-obese young adults. National Journal of Physiology, Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 11(9): 1054 – 1059.
33. Zhang YX, Wang SR (2011). Relation of body mass index, fat mass index and fat-free mass index to blood pressure in children aged 7 – 12 in Shandong, Chi-na. Ann Hum Biol, 38(3): 313 – 316.
34. Nwosu E, Fismen A-S, Helleve A, et al (2022). Trends in prevalence of over-weight and obesity among South African and European adolescents: a compara-tive outlook. BMC Public Health, 22: 2287.
35. Daniels SR, Morrison JA, Sprecher DL, Khoury P, Kimball TR (1999). Associa-tion of body fat distribution and cardi-ovascular risk factors in children and adolescents. Circulation, 99: 541–5.
36. Aounallah-Skhiri H, El Ati J, Traissac P, et al (2012). Blood pressure and associated factors in a North African adolescent population. A national cross-sectional study in Tunisia. BMC Public Health, 12: 98.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 53 No 11 (2024) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| Keywords | ||
| Anthropometrics Obesity Overweight Physiological traits Rural-children | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Idamokoro M, Goon D. The Association between Paediatric Obesity, Anthropometric Parameters and Physiological Traits among Rural Schoolchildren in Alice Location, Eastern Cape, South Africa. Iran J Public Health. 2024;53(11):2519-2527.
