Predicting Pornography Use Based on Mental Health and Quality of Communication with Parents
,
Abstract
Background: Pornography, encompassing explicit images, videos, audio, and written content, has adverse impacts on individuals' well-being. We aimed to explore the relationship between mental health and communication quality with parents and the use of pornography, considering the moderating effect of gender.
Methods: Quantitative data collection and descriptive-correlation analysis were employed. The study included university students in Tehran, Iran during the 2021-2022 academic year. Through purposive sampling, 210 participants completed an online questionnaire on Porsline. The survey assessed pornography use, quality of communication with parents, and general health. SPSS 23 software facilitated correlation and hierarchical regression analysis.
Results: Gender significantly influenced pornography use (β=0.557). Anxiety symptoms (β=0.45) and social dysfunction (β=0.351) had significant positive effects on pornography use. Moreover, quality of relationships with parents, both mother (β=-0.47) and father (β=-0.27), exhibited negative associations with pornography use (P=0.01).
Conclusion: High quality relationships with parents, lower anxiety and social dysfunction could potentially decrease the likelihood of pornography use on the internet. It is recommended that educational efforts and cultural interventions focus on protecting young adults from the negative effects of pornography use. Such interventions may include psychoeducational training on effective communication skills, mental health literacy, and stress management skills.
1. Harkness EL, Mullan B, Blaszczynski, A (2015). Association between pornogra-phy use and sexual risk behaviors in adult consumers: A systematic review. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw, 18(2):59-71.
2. Olmstead SB, Negash S, Pasley K, Fincham FD (2013). Emerging adults' expectations for pornography use in the context of future committed romantic relation-ships: a qualitative study. Arch Sex Behav, 42(4):625-635.
3. Grubbs JB, Stauner N, Exline JJ, Pargament KI, Lindberg MJ (2015). Perceived addic-tion to Internet pornography and psy-chological distress: Examining relation-ships concurrently and over time. Psychol Addict Behav, 29(4):1056-1067.
4. Grubbs JB, Kraus SW (2021). Pornography use and psychological science: A call for consideration. Current Directions in Psycho-logical Science, 30(1):68-75.
5. Wright PJ, Herbenick D, Paul B (2020). Ad-olescent condom use, parent-adolescent sexual health communication, and por-nography: Findings from a US probabil-ity sample. Health Communication, 35(13):1576-1582.
6. Regnerus M, Gordon D, Price J (2016). Documenting pornography use in America: A comparative analysis of methodological approaches. J Sex Res, 53(7):873-881.
7. Martinez-Gilliard E (2023). Sex, Social Justice, and Intimacy in Mental Health Practice: In-corporating Sexual Health in Approaches to Wellness. Kindle Edition. Routledge.
8. Prause N, Binnie J. (2023). Iatrogenic ef-fects of Reboot/ NoFap on public health: A preregistered survey study. Sexualities, 1-33.
9. American Psychiatric Association (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders ,5th ed. https://psychiatryonline.org/doi/book/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787
10. Taylor K (2020), Nosology and metaphor: How pornography viewers make sense of pornography addiction. Sexualities, 23(4):609-29.
11. Aghamiri FS, Luetz JM, Hills K (2022). Por-nography addiction and its impacts on intimate female partner wellbeing—A systematic narrative synthesis. J Addict Dis, 40(4):472-480.
12. Diamond M (2009). Pornography, public acceptance and sex related crime: A Re-view. Int J Law Psychiatry, 32(5):304–314.
13. Hanseder S, Dantas JA (2023). Males’ Lived Experience with Self-Perceived Pornog-raphy Addiction: A Qualitative Study of Problematic Porn Use. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 20(2):1497.
14. Rahman NA, Razak TM, Mohmud MS, Ha-run NU, Tukiran AY, Hashim NM, Rasit RM (2022). The Implications of Pornog-raphy Addiction among Adolescents. Journal of Positive School Psychology, 6(3):8904-8913.
15. De Alarcón R, de la Iglesia JI, Casado NM, Montejo AL (2019). Online porn addic-tion: What we know and what we don’t—A systematic review. J Clin Med, 8(1):91.
16. Willoughby BJ, Dover CR (2024). Context Matters: Moderating Effects in the Asso-ciations between Pornography Use, Per-ceived Addiction, and Relationship Well-being. J Sex Res, 61(1):37-50.
17. Hall P (2018). Understanding and Treating Sex and Pornography Addiction: a comprehensive guide for people who struggle with sex addiction and those who want to help them. 2nd Edition. Routledge.
18. Kohut T, Štulhofer A (2018). Is pornogra-phy use a risk for adolescent well-being? an examination of temporal relation-ships in two independent panel samples. PLoS One, 13(8):e0202048 .
19. Borgogna NC, McDermott RC, Berry AT, Browning BR (2020). Masculinity and problematic pornography viewing: The moderating role of self-esteem. Psychology of Men & Masculinities, 21(1):81-94.
20. Campbell L, Kohut T (2017). The use and effects of pornography in romantic re-lationships. Curr Opin Psychol, 13:6-10.
21. Stewart DN, Szymanski DM (2012). Young adult women’s reports of their male ro-mantic partner’s pornography use as a correlate of their self-esteem, relation-ship quality, and sexual satisfaction. Sex Roles, 67:257-271.
22. Lundin Kvalem I, Træen B, Lewin B, Štulhofer A (2014). Self-perceived effects of Internet pornography use, genital ap-pearance satisfaction, and sexual self-esteem among young Scandinavian adults. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 8(4): 4.
23. Price J, Patterson R, Regnerus M, Walley J (2016). How much more XXX is Gener-ation X consuming? Evidence of chang-ing attitudes and behaviors related to pornography since 1973. J Sex Res, 53(1):12-20.
24. Poulsen FO, Busby DM, Galovan AM (2013). Pornography use: Who uses it and how it is associated with couple outcomes. J Sex Res, 50(1):72-83.
25. Perry SL (2016). From bad to worse? Por-nography consumption, spousal religios-ity, gender, and marital quality. Sociologi-cal Forum, 31(2):441-464.
26. Dawson SJ, Chivers ML (2014). Gender dif-ferences and similarities in sexual de-sire. Curr Sex Health Rep, 6(4):211-219.
27. Johansson T, Hammarén N (2007). Hege-monic masculinity and pornography: Young people's attitudes toward and re-lations to pornography. The Journal of Men’s Studies, 15(1):57-70.
28. Petersen JL, Hyde JS (2011). Gender differ-ences in sexual attitudes and behaviors: A review of meta-analytic results and large datasets. J Sex Res, 48(2-3):149-165.
29. Perry SL, Schleifer C (2019). Race and trends in pornography viewership, 1973–2016: Examining the moderating roles of gender and religion. J Sex Res, 56(1):62-73.
30. Ali AA, Muhammad NA, Jamil TR, Ahmad S, Abd Aziz NA (2021). Internet pornog-raphy exposures amongst young people in Malaysia: A cross-sectional study looking into the role of gender and per-ceived realism versus the actual sexual activities. Addict Behav Rep, 14:100350.
31. Rouvier M, Campero L, Walker D, Caballe-ro M (2011). Factors that influence communication about sexuality between parents and adolescents in the cultural context of Mexican families. Sex Educa-tion, 11(2):175–191.
32. Hutchinson M, Wood B (2007). Reconcep-tualizing adolescent sexual risk in a par-ent-based expansion of the theory of planned behavior. J Nurs Scholarsh, 39(2):141–146.
33. Maina BW, Ushie BA, Kabiru CW (2020). Parent-child sexual and reproductive health communication among very young adolescents in Korogocho in-formal settlement in Nairobi. Kenya. Reprod Health, 17(1):79.
34. Paslakis G, Chiclana Actis C, Mestre-Bach G (2022). Associations between pornog-raphy exposure, body image and sexual body image: A systematic review. J Health Psychol, 27(3):743-760.
35. Grubbs JB, Sessoms J, Wheeler DM, Volk F (2010). The cyber-pornography use in-ventory: The development of a new as-sessment instrument. Sexual Addiction Compulsivity, 17(2):106–126.
36. Goldberg DP (1972). The detection of psychiat-ric illness by questionnaire: A technique for the identification and assessment of non-psychotic psychiatric illness. London: Oxford Univ. Press.
37. Fine MA, Worley SM, Schwebel AI (1985). The Parent-Child Relationship Survey: An Examination of its psychometric properties. Psychological Reports, 57(1):155–161.
38. Laemmle-Ruff IL, Raggatt M, Wright CJ, et al (2019). Personal and reported partner pornography viewing by Australian women, and association with mental health and Body Image. Sex Health, 16(1):75-79.
39. Mestre-Bach G, Blycker GR, Potenza MN (2020). Pornography use in the setting of the covid-19 pandemic. J Behav Addict, 9(2):181–183.
40. Cheung RY, Ng MC (2019). Mindfulness and symptoms of depression and anxie-ty: The underlying roles of awareness, acceptance, impulse control, and emo-tion regulation. Mindfulness, 10(6):1124-1135.
41. Stark R, Klucken T, Potenza MN, Brand M, Strahler J (2018). A current understand-ing of the behavioral neuroscience of compulsive sexual behavior disorder and problematic pornography use. Cur-rent Behavioral Neuroscience Reports, 5:218-231.
42. Cisler JM, Olatunji BO (2012). Emotion regulation and anxiety disorders. Current Psychiatry Rep, 14(3):182-187.
43. Leonard A (2010). An investigation of mas-turbation and coping style. In Poster Pre-sented at the April (2010) 38th Annual West-ern Pennsylvania Undergraduate Psychology Conference.
44. Willoughby BJ, Busby DM, Young-Petersen B (2019). Understanding associations be-tween personal definitions of pornog-raphy, using pornography, and depres-sion. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 16:342-356.
45. Perry SL (2018). Pornography use and de-pressive symptoms: Examining the role of moral incongruence. Society and Mental Health, 8(3):195-213.
46. Timisela NR, Elia H, Mamahit FY (2021). The correlation between adolescent ex-periences of violence and parental at-tachment with adolescent desire to use online pornography. Veritas: Jurnal Teologi dan Pelayanan. 20(2):297–315.
47. Esmaeili A, Farahbakhsh K, Shariatmadar A (2022). Differential Prediction Por-nography Addiction: Based on the Qual-ity of Communication in Family of Origin and Difficulties in Intimacy. Rooyesh, 10 (10) :63-74.
48. Nieh H-P, Chang L-Y, Chang H-Y, Chiang T-L, Yen L-L (2020). Pubertal timing, parenting style, and trajectories of por-nography use in adolescence: Peer por-nography use as the mediator. J Sex Res, 57(1):29–41.
49. Romito P, Beltramini L (2011). Watching pornography: Gender differences, vio-lence and victimization. An exploratory study in Italy. Violence Against Women, 17(10):1313-1326.
50. Lo VH, Wei R (2002). Third-person effect, gender, and pornography on the lnter-net. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Me-dia, 46(1):13-33.
51. Paul B, Shim JW (2008). Gender, sexual af-fect, and motivations for Internet por-nography use. International Journal of Sexu-al Health, 20(3):187-199.
52. Miller ED (2013). Why the father wound matters: Consequences for male mental health and the father‐son relationship. Child Abuse Rev, 22(3):194-208.
53. Mallers MH, Charles ST, Neupert SD, Al-meida DM (2010). Perceptions of child-hood relationships with mother and fa-ther: daily emotional and stressor expe-riences in adulthood. Dev Psychol, 46(6):1651-61.
54. Widom CS, Czaja SJ, Kozakowski SS, Chauhan P (2018). Does adult attach-ment style mediate the relationship be-tween childhood maltreatment and mental and physical health outcomes? Child Abuse Negl, 76:533-545.
55. Bretherton I (1992). The origins of attach-ment theory: John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth. Developmental Psychology, 28(5): 759–775.
56. Buss DM, Schmitt DP (1993). Sexual strate-gies theory: an evolutionary perspective on human mating. Psychol Rev, 100(2):204-232.
57. Meyer B, Pilkonis PA (2001). Attachment style. Psychotherapy Theory Research Practice Training, 38(4):466-472.
58. Sedigh Arfaei F, Rahimi H, Ghodusi Z (2014). Relationship between attachment styles and mental health among nurses. Iran Journal of Nursing, 27(88):11-21.
59. Mikulincer M, Florian V (2003). Attachment style and affect regulation: Implications for coping with stress and mental health. Blackwell handbook of social psycholo-gy: Interpersonal processes, 535-557.
60. Feeney JA, Noller P (1990). Attachment style as a predictor of adult romantic re-lationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(2):281-291.
61. Shi L (2003). The association between adult attachment styles and conflict resolution in romantic relationships. American Jour-nal of Family Therapy, 31(3):143-57.
62. Maas MK, Vasilenko SA, Willoughby BJ (2018). A dyadic approach to pornogra-phy use and relationship satisfaction among heterosexual couples: The role of pornography acceptance and anxious attachment. The J Sex Res, 55(6):772-782.
63. Buss DM, Schmitt DP (2021). Sexual strategies theory. In Encyclopedia of evolutionary psycho-logical science, (pp. 7509-7513). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
64. Hald GM (2006). Gender differences in pornography consumption among young heterosexual Danish adults. Arch Sex Behav, 35:577-85.
65. Buss DM (2016). The evolution of desire: Strate-gies of human mating. Hachette UK.
2. Olmstead SB, Negash S, Pasley K, Fincham FD (2013). Emerging adults' expectations for pornography use in the context of future committed romantic relation-ships: a qualitative study. Arch Sex Behav, 42(4):625-635.
3. Grubbs JB, Stauner N, Exline JJ, Pargament KI, Lindberg MJ (2015). Perceived addic-tion to Internet pornography and psy-chological distress: Examining relation-ships concurrently and over time. Psychol Addict Behav, 29(4):1056-1067.
4. Grubbs JB, Kraus SW (2021). Pornography use and psychological science: A call for consideration. Current Directions in Psycho-logical Science, 30(1):68-75.
5. Wright PJ, Herbenick D, Paul B (2020). Ad-olescent condom use, parent-adolescent sexual health communication, and por-nography: Findings from a US probabil-ity sample. Health Communication, 35(13):1576-1582.
6. Regnerus M, Gordon D, Price J (2016). Documenting pornography use in America: A comparative analysis of methodological approaches. J Sex Res, 53(7):873-881.
7. Martinez-Gilliard E (2023). Sex, Social Justice, and Intimacy in Mental Health Practice: In-corporating Sexual Health in Approaches to Wellness. Kindle Edition. Routledge.
8. Prause N, Binnie J. (2023). Iatrogenic ef-fects of Reboot/ NoFap on public health: A preregistered survey study. Sexualities, 1-33.
9. American Psychiatric Association (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders ,5th ed. https://psychiatryonline.org/doi/book/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787
10. Taylor K (2020), Nosology and metaphor: How pornography viewers make sense of pornography addiction. Sexualities, 23(4):609-29.
11. Aghamiri FS, Luetz JM, Hills K (2022). Por-nography addiction and its impacts on intimate female partner wellbeing—A systematic narrative synthesis. J Addict Dis, 40(4):472-480.
12. Diamond M (2009). Pornography, public acceptance and sex related crime: A Re-view. Int J Law Psychiatry, 32(5):304–314.
13. Hanseder S, Dantas JA (2023). Males’ Lived Experience with Self-Perceived Pornog-raphy Addiction: A Qualitative Study of Problematic Porn Use. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 20(2):1497.
14. Rahman NA, Razak TM, Mohmud MS, Ha-run NU, Tukiran AY, Hashim NM, Rasit RM (2022). The Implications of Pornog-raphy Addiction among Adolescents. Journal of Positive School Psychology, 6(3):8904-8913.
15. De Alarcón R, de la Iglesia JI, Casado NM, Montejo AL (2019). Online porn addic-tion: What we know and what we don’t—A systematic review. J Clin Med, 8(1):91.
16. Willoughby BJ, Dover CR (2024). Context Matters: Moderating Effects in the Asso-ciations between Pornography Use, Per-ceived Addiction, and Relationship Well-being. J Sex Res, 61(1):37-50.
17. Hall P (2018). Understanding and Treating Sex and Pornography Addiction: a comprehensive guide for people who struggle with sex addiction and those who want to help them. 2nd Edition. Routledge.
18. Kohut T, Štulhofer A (2018). Is pornogra-phy use a risk for adolescent well-being? an examination of temporal relation-ships in two independent panel samples. PLoS One, 13(8):e0202048 .
19. Borgogna NC, McDermott RC, Berry AT, Browning BR (2020). Masculinity and problematic pornography viewing: The moderating role of self-esteem. Psychology of Men & Masculinities, 21(1):81-94.
20. Campbell L, Kohut T (2017). The use and effects of pornography in romantic re-lationships. Curr Opin Psychol, 13:6-10.
21. Stewart DN, Szymanski DM (2012). Young adult women’s reports of their male ro-mantic partner’s pornography use as a correlate of their self-esteem, relation-ship quality, and sexual satisfaction. Sex Roles, 67:257-271.
22. Lundin Kvalem I, Træen B, Lewin B, Štulhofer A (2014). Self-perceived effects of Internet pornography use, genital ap-pearance satisfaction, and sexual self-esteem among young Scandinavian adults. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 8(4): 4.
23. Price J, Patterson R, Regnerus M, Walley J (2016). How much more XXX is Gener-ation X consuming? Evidence of chang-ing attitudes and behaviors related to pornography since 1973. J Sex Res, 53(1):12-20.
24. Poulsen FO, Busby DM, Galovan AM (2013). Pornography use: Who uses it and how it is associated with couple outcomes. J Sex Res, 50(1):72-83.
25. Perry SL (2016). From bad to worse? Por-nography consumption, spousal religios-ity, gender, and marital quality. Sociologi-cal Forum, 31(2):441-464.
26. Dawson SJ, Chivers ML (2014). Gender dif-ferences and similarities in sexual de-sire. Curr Sex Health Rep, 6(4):211-219.
27. Johansson T, Hammarén N (2007). Hege-monic masculinity and pornography: Young people's attitudes toward and re-lations to pornography. The Journal of Men’s Studies, 15(1):57-70.
28. Petersen JL, Hyde JS (2011). Gender differ-ences in sexual attitudes and behaviors: A review of meta-analytic results and large datasets. J Sex Res, 48(2-3):149-165.
29. Perry SL, Schleifer C (2019). Race and trends in pornography viewership, 1973–2016: Examining the moderating roles of gender and religion. J Sex Res, 56(1):62-73.
30. Ali AA, Muhammad NA, Jamil TR, Ahmad S, Abd Aziz NA (2021). Internet pornog-raphy exposures amongst young people in Malaysia: A cross-sectional study looking into the role of gender and per-ceived realism versus the actual sexual activities. Addict Behav Rep, 14:100350.
31. Rouvier M, Campero L, Walker D, Caballe-ro M (2011). Factors that influence communication about sexuality between parents and adolescents in the cultural context of Mexican families. Sex Educa-tion, 11(2):175–191.
32. Hutchinson M, Wood B (2007). Reconcep-tualizing adolescent sexual risk in a par-ent-based expansion of the theory of planned behavior. J Nurs Scholarsh, 39(2):141–146.
33. Maina BW, Ushie BA, Kabiru CW (2020). Parent-child sexual and reproductive health communication among very young adolescents in Korogocho in-formal settlement in Nairobi. Kenya. Reprod Health, 17(1):79.
34. Paslakis G, Chiclana Actis C, Mestre-Bach G (2022). Associations between pornog-raphy exposure, body image and sexual body image: A systematic review. J Health Psychol, 27(3):743-760.
35. Grubbs JB, Sessoms J, Wheeler DM, Volk F (2010). The cyber-pornography use in-ventory: The development of a new as-sessment instrument. Sexual Addiction Compulsivity, 17(2):106–126.
36. Goldberg DP (1972). The detection of psychiat-ric illness by questionnaire: A technique for the identification and assessment of non-psychotic psychiatric illness. London: Oxford Univ. Press.
37. Fine MA, Worley SM, Schwebel AI (1985). The Parent-Child Relationship Survey: An Examination of its psychometric properties. Psychological Reports, 57(1):155–161.
38. Laemmle-Ruff IL, Raggatt M, Wright CJ, et al (2019). Personal and reported partner pornography viewing by Australian women, and association with mental health and Body Image. Sex Health, 16(1):75-79.
39. Mestre-Bach G, Blycker GR, Potenza MN (2020). Pornography use in the setting of the covid-19 pandemic. J Behav Addict, 9(2):181–183.
40. Cheung RY, Ng MC (2019). Mindfulness and symptoms of depression and anxie-ty: The underlying roles of awareness, acceptance, impulse control, and emo-tion regulation. Mindfulness, 10(6):1124-1135.
41. Stark R, Klucken T, Potenza MN, Brand M, Strahler J (2018). A current understand-ing of the behavioral neuroscience of compulsive sexual behavior disorder and problematic pornography use. Cur-rent Behavioral Neuroscience Reports, 5:218-231.
42. Cisler JM, Olatunji BO (2012). Emotion regulation and anxiety disorders. Current Psychiatry Rep, 14(3):182-187.
43. Leonard A (2010). An investigation of mas-turbation and coping style. In Poster Pre-sented at the April (2010) 38th Annual West-ern Pennsylvania Undergraduate Psychology Conference.
44. Willoughby BJ, Busby DM, Young-Petersen B (2019). Understanding associations be-tween personal definitions of pornog-raphy, using pornography, and depres-sion. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 16:342-356.
45. Perry SL (2018). Pornography use and de-pressive symptoms: Examining the role of moral incongruence. Society and Mental Health, 8(3):195-213.
46. Timisela NR, Elia H, Mamahit FY (2021). The correlation between adolescent ex-periences of violence and parental at-tachment with adolescent desire to use online pornography. Veritas: Jurnal Teologi dan Pelayanan. 20(2):297–315.
47. Esmaeili A, Farahbakhsh K, Shariatmadar A (2022). Differential Prediction Por-nography Addiction: Based on the Qual-ity of Communication in Family of Origin and Difficulties in Intimacy. Rooyesh, 10 (10) :63-74.
48. Nieh H-P, Chang L-Y, Chang H-Y, Chiang T-L, Yen L-L (2020). Pubertal timing, parenting style, and trajectories of por-nography use in adolescence: Peer por-nography use as the mediator. J Sex Res, 57(1):29–41.
49. Romito P, Beltramini L (2011). Watching pornography: Gender differences, vio-lence and victimization. An exploratory study in Italy. Violence Against Women, 17(10):1313-1326.
50. Lo VH, Wei R (2002). Third-person effect, gender, and pornography on the lnter-net. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Me-dia, 46(1):13-33.
51. Paul B, Shim JW (2008). Gender, sexual af-fect, and motivations for Internet por-nography use. International Journal of Sexu-al Health, 20(3):187-199.
52. Miller ED (2013). Why the father wound matters: Consequences for male mental health and the father‐son relationship. Child Abuse Rev, 22(3):194-208.
53. Mallers MH, Charles ST, Neupert SD, Al-meida DM (2010). Perceptions of child-hood relationships with mother and fa-ther: daily emotional and stressor expe-riences in adulthood. Dev Psychol, 46(6):1651-61.
54. Widom CS, Czaja SJ, Kozakowski SS, Chauhan P (2018). Does adult attach-ment style mediate the relationship be-tween childhood maltreatment and mental and physical health outcomes? Child Abuse Negl, 76:533-545.
55. Bretherton I (1992). The origins of attach-ment theory: John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth. Developmental Psychology, 28(5): 759–775.
56. Buss DM, Schmitt DP (1993). Sexual strate-gies theory: an evolutionary perspective on human mating. Psychol Rev, 100(2):204-232.
57. Meyer B, Pilkonis PA (2001). Attachment style. Psychotherapy Theory Research Practice Training, 38(4):466-472.
58. Sedigh Arfaei F, Rahimi H, Ghodusi Z (2014). Relationship between attachment styles and mental health among nurses. Iran Journal of Nursing, 27(88):11-21.
59. Mikulincer M, Florian V (2003). Attachment style and affect regulation: Implications for coping with stress and mental health. Blackwell handbook of social psycholo-gy: Interpersonal processes, 535-557.
60. Feeney JA, Noller P (1990). Attachment style as a predictor of adult romantic re-lationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(2):281-291.
61. Shi L (2003). The association between adult attachment styles and conflict resolution in romantic relationships. American Jour-nal of Family Therapy, 31(3):143-57.
62. Maas MK, Vasilenko SA, Willoughby BJ (2018). A dyadic approach to pornogra-phy use and relationship satisfaction among heterosexual couples: The role of pornography acceptance and anxious attachment. The J Sex Res, 55(6):772-782.
63. Buss DM, Schmitt DP (2021). Sexual strategies theory. In Encyclopedia of evolutionary psycho-logical science, (pp. 7509-7513). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
64. Hald GM (2006). Gender differences in pornography consumption among young heterosexual Danish adults. Arch Sex Behav, 35:577-85.
65. Buss DM (2016). The evolution of desire: Strate-gies of human mating. Hachette UK.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 53 No 9 (2024) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v53i9.16468 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Mental health Pornography Communication Parents Anxiety | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Javaheri A, Haji Abu K, Shahmoradi S. Predicting Pornography Use Based on Mental Health and Quality of Communication with Parents. Iran J Public Health. 2024;53(9):2150-2159.
