Effect of Baduanjin Exercise on Metabolic Syndrome Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Abstract
Background: While people’s living standards are improving, the incidence of chronic diseases due to a lack of exercise is increasing. Complex health conditions (e.g., metabolic syndrome) are becoming common, and means to lower their incidence are essential.
Methods: This study systematically reviewed the literature and performed a meta-analysis on the effects of Baduanjin exercise on metabolic syndrome-related factors. Using four English databases and three Chinese databases, randomized controlled trials on the effects of Baduanjin exercise on metabolic syndrome were identified. We analyzed whether Baduanjin could alleviate various metabolic syndrome indicators according to our selection guidelines.
Results: We found that Baduanjin exercise had positive effects on blood pressure (systolic blood pressure: mean difference (MD)=-6.39; 95% confidence interval (CI): -9.86 to -2.92; I2=12%; diastolic blood pressure: MD=-2.86; 95% CI: -5.96 to -0.23; I2=35%; P=0.07) and total cholesterol (standardized mean (SMD)=-0.55; 95% CI: -1.11 to 0.02; I2=86%; P=0.06), triglyceride (SMD=-0.29; 95% CI: -1.13 to - 0.56; I2=94%; P<0.51), and low-density cholesterol (SMD =-0.33; 95% CI: -0.52 to -0.14; I2=0%; P<0.0007) levels.
Conclusion: This evidence shows that Baduanjin exercise provides beneficial effects by improving metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease in adults. This suggests that Baduanjin exercise could be an effective alternative or complementary approach to conventional treatments for adults with metabolic problems. Additionally, these findings suggest that more rigorous randomized control trials are needed in the future.
1. Alberti KG, Eckel RH, Grundy SM, et al (2009). Harmonizing the metabolic syn-drome: a joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity. Circulation. 120: 1640–1645.
2. Myers J, Kokkinos P, Nyelin E (2019). Phys-ical activity, cardiores piratory fitness, and the metabolic syndrome. Nutrients, 11: 1652.
3. Alberti KG, Zimmet P, Shaw J (2005). IDF Epidemiology Task Force Consensus Group. The metabolic syndrome—a new worldwide definition. Lancet, 366: 1059–1062.
4. Bano KA, Batool A (2007). Metabolic syn-drome, cardiovascular disease and type-2 diabetes. J Pak Med Assoc, 57: 511–515.
5. Bianchi G, Rossi V, Muscari A, Magalotti D, Zoli M (2008). Pianoro Study Group. Physical activity is negatively associated with the metabolic syndrome in the elder-ly. Q J M, 101: 713–721.
6. Galmes-Panades AM, Varela-Mato V, Konieczna J, et al (2019). Isotemporal substitution of inactive time with physical activity and time in bed: cross-sectional associations with cardiometabolic health in the PREDIMED-Plus study. Int. J. Be-hav. Nutr Phys Act, 16: 137.
7. Pucci G, Alcidi R, Tap L, Battista F, Mattace-Raso F, Schillaci G (2017). Sex- and gen-der-related prevalence, cardiovascular risk and therapeutic approach in metabolic syndrome: a review of the literature. Pharmacol Res, 120: 34–42.
8. Myers J, McAuley P, Lavie CJ, Despres JP, Arena R, Kokkinos P (2015). Physical ac-tivity and cardiorespiratory fitness as ma-jor markers of cardiovascular risk: their independent and interwoven importance to health status. Prog Cardiovasc Dis, 57: 306–314.
9. Chau J, Chey T, Burks-Young S, Engelen L, Bauman A (2017). Trends in prevalence of leisure time physical activity and inac-tivity: results from Australian National Health Surveys 1989 to 2011. Aust N Z J Public Health, 41: 617–624.
10. Ostman C, Smart NA, Morcos D, Duller A, Ridley W, Jewiss D (2017). The effect of exercise training on clinical outcomes in patients with the metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Car-diovasc Diabetol, 16: 110.
11. Golbidi S, Laher I (2014). Exercise induced adipokine changes and the metabolic syndrome. J Diabetes Res, 2014:726861.
12. Earnest CP, Johannsen NM, Swift DL, Gil-lison FB, Mikus CR, Lucia A, et al (2014). Aerobic and strength training in concom-itant metabolic syndrome and type 2 dia-betes. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 46: 1293–1301.
13. Dieli-Conwright CM, Courneya KS, De-mark-Wahnefried W, et al (2018). Effects of aerobic and resistance exercise on metabolic syndrome, sarcopenic obesity, and circulating biomarkers in overweight or obese survivors of breast cancer: A randomized controlled trial. J Clin Oncol, 36: 875–883.
14. Slentz CA, Duscha BD, Johnson JL, et al (2004). Effects of the amount of exercise on body weight, body composition, and measures of central obesity: STRRIDE—a randomized controlled study. Arch In-tern Med, 164: 31–39.
15. Chen HH, Yeh ML, Lee FY (2006). The ef-fects of Baduanjin qigong in the preven-tion of bone loss for middle-aged wom-en. Am J Chin Med, 34: 741–747.
16. Shao BY, Zhang XT, Vernooij RWM, et al (2020). The effectiveness of Baduanjin exercise for hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC Complement. Med Ther, 20: 304.
17. Zhou XQ, Zeng YQ, Yang BL, Wang AL (2007). Effects of health Qigong and Baduanjin on the middle and old aged people’s blood lipid. J Beijing Sport Univ, 30: 795–797.
18. Zou L, Yeung A, Quan X, Boyden SD, Wang H (2018). A systematic review and meta-analysis of mindfulness-based (Baduanjin) exercise for alleviating muscu-loskeletal pain and improving sleep quali-ty in people with chronic diseases. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 15: 206.
19. Xiao C, Yang Y, Zhuang Y (2016). Effect of health qigong Ba Duan Jin on blood pressure of individuals with essential hy-pertension. J Am Geriatr Soc, 64: 211–213.
20. Xiong X, Wang P, Li S, Zhang Y, Li X (2015). Effect of Baduanjin exercise for hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Maturitas, 80: 370–378.
21. Zheng, G, Chen B, Fang Q, et al (2014). Primary prevention for risk factors of is-chemic stroke with Baduanjin exercise in-tervention in the community elder popu-lation: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials, 15: 113.
22. Kontopantelis E, Springate DA, Reeves D (2013). A re-analysis of the Cochrane Li-brary data: the dangers of unobserved heterogeneity in meta-analyses. Plos One, 8: e69930.
23. Zhang XQ (2008). The Effect of Baduanjin of Health Qigong on the Relational In-dex of Metabolic Syndrome in Middle Aged Overweight or Fat Women; Beijing Sport University: Beijing, China.
24. Miao FS, Liu XY, Li Y, Wang XC (2009). Ef-fect of fitness Qigong Baduanjin on plasma lipid and lipoprotein metabolism of patients with hyperlipidemia. J Shan-dong Inst Phys Educ Sports, 25: 46–48.
25. Zheng G, Chen B, Fang Q, Lin Q, Tao J, Chen L (2019). Baduanjin exercise inter-vention for community adults at risk of ischamic stroke: A randomized controlled trial. Sci Rep, 9: 1240.
26. Sun G, Chao F, Wang AL (2008). Influence of fitness Qigong (Baduanjin) on blood lipid and physiological function of the elder male people. China Sport Sci Technol, 44: 81–84.
27. Yu H (2013). Clinical observation of Baduanjin exercise therapy on 104 cases of hypertensive and obese patients. Chin Clin, 41: 47–48.
28. Liu T, Bai S, Zhang RC (2018). Effects of health Qigong Baduanjin on diabetes re-lated indexes in middle-aged obese wom-en. Zhongguo ying yong sheng li xue za zhi, 34: 19–22.
29. Li R, Jin L, Hong P, et al (2014). The effect of Baduanjin on promoting the physical fitness and health of adults. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat Med, 784059. DOI:10.1155/2014/784059.
30. Wu YM, Lin KL, Chen RF (2011). Interven-tion of prediabetes with eight-section brocade health preservation exercise. J Guangzhou Univ Trad Chin Med, 28: 109–112.
31. Ruiz-Ramie JJ, Barber JL, Sarzynski MA (2019). Effects of exercise on HDL func-tionality. Curr Opin. Lipidol, 30: 16–23.
2. Myers J, Kokkinos P, Nyelin E (2019). Phys-ical activity, cardiores piratory fitness, and the metabolic syndrome. Nutrients, 11: 1652.
3. Alberti KG, Zimmet P, Shaw J (2005). IDF Epidemiology Task Force Consensus Group. The metabolic syndrome—a new worldwide definition. Lancet, 366: 1059–1062.
4. Bano KA, Batool A (2007). Metabolic syn-drome, cardiovascular disease and type-2 diabetes. J Pak Med Assoc, 57: 511–515.
5. Bianchi G, Rossi V, Muscari A, Magalotti D, Zoli M (2008). Pianoro Study Group. Physical activity is negatively associated with the metabolic syndrome in the elder-ly. Q J M, 101: 713–721.
6. Galmes-Panades AM, Varela-Mato V, Konieczna J, et al (2019). Isotemporal substitution of inactive time with physical activity and time in bed: cross-sectional associations with cardiometabolic health in the PREDIMED-Plus study. Int. J. Be-hav. Nutr Phys Act, 16: 137.
7. Pucci G, Alcidi R, Tap L, Battista F, Mattace-Raso F, Schillaci G (2017). Sex- and gen-der-related prevalence, cardiovascular risk and therapeutic approach in metabolic syndrome: a review of the literature. Pharmacol Res, 120: 34–42.
8. Myers J, McAuley P, Lavie CJ, Despres JP, Arena R, Kokkinos P (2015). Physical ac-tivity and cardiorespiratory fitness as ma-jor markers of cardiovascular risk: their independent and interwoven importance to health status. Prog Cardiovasc Dis, 57: 306–314.
9. Chau J, Chey T, Burks-Young S, Engelen L, Bauman A (2017). Trends in prevalence of leisure time physical activity and inac-tivity: results from Australian National Health Surveys 1989 to 2011. Aust N Z J Public Health, 41: 617–624.
10. Ostman C, Smart NA, Morcos D, Duller A, Ridley W, Jewiss D (2017). The effect of exercise training on clinical outcomes in patients with the metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Car-diovasc Diabetol, 16: 110.
11. Golbidi S, Laher I (2014). Exercise induced adipokine changes and the metabolic syndrome. J Diabetes Res, 2014:726861.
12. Earnest CP, Johannsen NM, Swift DL, Gil-lison FB, Mikus CR, Lucia A, et al (2014). Aerobic and strength training in concom-itant metabolic syndrome and type 2 dia-betes. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 46: 1293–1301.
13. Dieli-Conwright CM, Courneya KS, De-mark-Wahnefried W, et al (2018). Effects of aerobic and resistance exercise on metabolic syndrome, sarcopenic obesity, and circulating biomarkers in overweight or obese survivors of breast cancer: A randomized controlled trial. J Clin Oncol, 36: 875–883.
14. Slentz CA, Duscha BD, Johnson JL, et al (2004). Effects of the amount of exercise on body weight, body composition, and measures of central obesity: STRRIDE—a randomized controlled study. Arch In-tern Med, 164: 31–39.
15. Chen HH, Yeh ML, Lee FY (2006). The ef-fects of Baduanjin qigong in the preven-tion of bone loss for middle-aged wom-en. Am J Chin Med, 34: 741–747.
16. Shao BY, Zhang XT, Vernooij RWM, et al (2020). The effectiveness of Baduanjin exercise for hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC Complement. Med Ther, 20: 304.
17. Zhou XQ, Zeng YQ, Yang BL, Wang AL (2007). Effects of health Qigong and Baduanjin on the middle and old aged people’s blood lipid. J Beijing Sport Univ, 30: 795–797.
18. Zou L, Yeung A, Quan X, Boyden SD, Wang H (2018). A systematic review and meta-analysis of mindfulness-based (Baduanjin) exercise for alleviating muscu-loskeletal pain and improving sleep quali-ty in people with chronic diseases. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 15: 206.
19. Xiao C, Yang Y, Zhuang Y (2016). Effect of health qigong Ba Duan Jin on blood pressure of individuals with essential hy-pertension. J Am Geriatr Soc, 64: 211–213.
20. Xiong X, Wang P, Li S, Zhang Y, Li X (2015). Effect of Baduanjin exercise for hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Maturitas, 80: 370–378.
21. Zheng, G, Chen B, Fang Q, et al (2014). Primary prevention for risk factors of is-chemic stroke with Baduanjin exercise in-tervention in the community elder popu-lation: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials, 15: 113.
22. Kontopantelis E, Springate DA, Reeves D (2013). A re-analysis of the Cochrane Li-brary data: the dangers of unobserved heterogeneity in meta-analyses. Plos One, 8: e69930.
23. Zhang XQ (2008). The Effect of Baduanjin of Health Qigong on the Relational In-dex of Metabolic Syndrome in Middle Aged Overweight or Fat Women; Beijing Sport University: Beijing, China.
24. Miao FS, Liu XY, Li Y, Wang XC (2009). Ef-fect of fitness Qigong Baduanjin on plasma lipid and lipoprotein metabolism of patients with hyperlipidemia. J Shan-dong Inst Phys Educ Sports, 25: 46–48.
25. Zheng G, Chen B, Fang Q, Lin Q, Tao J, Chen L (2019). Baduanjin exercise inter-vention for community adults at risk of ischamic stroke: A randomized controlled trial. Sci Rep, 9: 1240.
26. Sun G, Chao F, Wang AL (2008). Influence of fitness Qigong (Baduanjin) on blood lipid and physiological function of the elder male people. China Sport Sci Technol, 44: 81–84.
27. Yu H (2013). Clinical observation of Baduanjin exercise therapy on 104 cases of hypertensive and obese patients. Chin Clin, 41: 47–48.
28. Liu T, Bai S, Zhang RC (2018). Effects of health Qigong Baduanjin on diabetes re-lated indexes in middle-aged obese wom-en. Zhongguo ying yong sheng li xue za zhi, 34: 19–22.
29. Li R, Jin L, Hong P, et al (2014). The effect of Baduanjin on promoting the physical fitness and health of adults. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat Med, 784059. DOI:10.1155/2014/784059.
30. Wu YM, Lin KL, Chen RF (2011). Interven-tion of prediabetes with eight-section brocade health preservation exercise. J Guangzhou Univ Trad Chin Med, 28: 109–112.
31. Ruiz-Ramie JJ, Barber JL, Sarzynski MA (2019). Effects of exercise on HDL func-tionality. Curr Opin. Lipidol, 30: 16–23.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 52 No 5 (2023) | |
| Section | Review Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v52i5.12705 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Qigong Baduanjin Metabolic syndrome Risk factor Exercise Meta-analysis | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Yu J, Chun B, Lee D, Rokni L. Effect of Baduanjin Exercise on Metabolic Syndrome Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Iran J Public Health. 2023;52(5):880-891.
