Determinants of Neonatal, Infant and Child Mortalities in Iran: A Systematic Review
Abstract
Background: Children mortality is considered as one of the main indicators of population development and health, while most of the children’s deaths are preventable. This study systematically reviewed the determinants of children mortality in Iran.
Methods: This systematic review was conducted to summarize all the factors associated with children mortality in three age groups; Neonate (0-28 d), Infant (28 d-1 yr old) and children (<5 yr old), based on the PRISMA guideline. Many of the electronic international and national databases, in addition to hand searching of reference of selected articles, grey literature, formal and informal reports and government documents were screened to identify potential records up to Jan 2022. We included all studies that identified determinants of child mortality in any province of Iran or the whole country, without any restriction.
Results: Overall, 32 studies were included, published between 2000 and 2022, of which 23 were cross-sectional and 15 published in Farsi language. The associations between several risk factors (n=69) and the child mortality were examined. Among the identified factors, ‘birth weight’, ‘mother’s literacy’, ‘socioeconomic status’, ‘delivery type’, ‘gestational age’, ‘pregnancy interval’, ‘immaturity’, ‘type of nutrition’, and ‘stillbirth’ were the most important mentioned determinants of child mortality in Iran.
Conclusion: Appropriate interventions and policies should be developed and implemented in Iran, addressing the main identified associated factors, resulting from this review study, with the aim of minimizing preventable child deaths, based on their age categories.
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2. Antai D (2011). Regional inequalities in under-5 mortality in Nigeria: a population-based analysis of individual-and community-level determinants. Popul Health Metr, 9:6.
3. Antai D, Wedrén S, Bellocco R, Moradi T (2010). Migration and child health inequities in Nigeria: a multilevel analysis of contextual‐and individual‐level factors. Trop Med Int Health, 15 (12):1464-1474.
4. Anyamele OD (2009). Urban and rural differences across countries in child mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. J Health Care Poor Underserved, 20(4 Suppl):90-8.
5. Becher H, Müller O, Jahn A, Gbangou A, Kynast-Wolf G, Kouyaté B (2004). Risk factors of infant and child mortality in rural Burkina Faso. Bull World Health Organ, 82:265-273.
6. Armstrong Schellenberg JR, Nathan R, Abdulla S, et al (2002). Risk factors for child mortality in rural Tanzania. Trop Med Int Health, 7 (6):506-511.
7. Binka F, Indome F, Smith T (1998). Impact of spatial distribution of permethrin-impregnated bed nets on child mortality in rural northern Ghana. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 59 (1):80-85.
8. Kazembe LN, Mpeketula PM (2010). Quantifying spatial disparities in neonatal mortality using a structured additive regression model. PLoS One, 5 (6):e11180.
9. Johnson HL, Liu L, Fischer-Walker C, Black RE (2010). Estimating the distribution of causes of death among children age 1–59 months in high-mortality countries with incomplete death certification. Int J Epidemiol, 39 (4):1103-1114.
10. Magadi MA (2011). Household and community HIV/AIDS status and child malnutrition in sub-Saharan Africa: evidence from the demographic and health surveys. Soc Sci Med, 73 (3):436-446.
11. Organization WH (2002). The world health report 2002: reducing risks, promoting healthy life. ed. World Health Organization.
12. Ezzati M, Lopez AD, Rodgers A, Vander Hoorn S, Murray CJ (2002). Selected major risk factors and global and regional burden of disease. Lancet, 360 (9343):1347-1360.
13. Susuman AS, Hamisi HF (2012). Under-5 mortality in Tanzania: a demographic scenario. Iran J Public Health, 41 (12):8-18.
14. Ngowu R, Larson JS, Kim MS (2008). Reducing child mortality in Nigeria: A case study of immunization and systemic factors. Soc Sci Med, 67 (1):161-164.
15. Fernandes QF, Wagenaar BH, Anselmi L, Pfeiffer J, Gloyd S, Sherr K (2014). Effects of health-system strengthening on under-5, infant, and neonatal mortality: 11-year provincial-level time-series analyses in Mozambique. Lancet Glob Health, 2 (8):e468-e477.
16. IGME). UNI-aGfCMEU (2018) Levels & Trends in Child Mortality: Report 2018, Estimates developed by the United Nations Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation. United Nations Children’s Fund, New. https://www.unicef.org/reports/levels-and-trends-child-mortality-report-2018
17. UNICEF (2014) WHO WB, UN-DESA Population Division. (2014) Levels and trends in child mortality 2013. Maternal, newborn, child and adolescent health. Available at: https://data.unicef.org/resources/levels-trends-child-mortality-report-2014/
18. Nikniaz A, Tajaddini N (2006). Comparison of Under 5 Year Child Mortality Situation in Rural Areas of East Azarbaijan in 1993 and 2003. Med J Tabriz Uni Med Sciences, 28 (2):113-117.
19. Yavari P, Abadi A, Mehrabi YE (2003). Mortality and changing epidemiological trends in Iran during 1979-2001.Hakim Research Journal, 6 (3):7-14.
20. Vakili R, Khademi G, Vakili S, Saeidi M (2015). Child mortality at different world regions: a comparison review. Int J Pediatr, 3 (94): 809-816.
21. Organization WH (2013). The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). Mortality among children under five years of age as a human rights concern. Available at: https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Women/WRGS/Health/StudyMortalityAmongChildren.pdf
22. Bhusal MK, Khanal SP (2022). A Systematic Review of Factors Associated with Under-Five Child Mortality. Biomed Res Int, 2022: 1181409.
23. Shukla VV, Eggleston B, Ambalavanan N, et al (2020). Predictive modeling for perinatal mortality in resource-limited settings. JAMA Netw Open, 3 (11):e2026750.
24. Veloso FCS, Kassar LdML, Oliveira MJC, et al (2019). Analysis of neonatal mortality risk factors in Brazil: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. J Pediatr (Rio J), 95:519-530.
25. Desalew A, Sintayehu Y, Teferi N, et al (2020). Cause and predictors of neonatal mortality among neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care units of public hospitals in eastern Ethiopia: a facility-based prospective follow-up study. BMC Pediatr, 20:160.
26. Tiruneh GT, Birhanu TM, Seid A, et al (2020). Magnitude and determinants of newborn mortality in neonatal intensive care unit hospitals in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PREPRINT (Version 1) available at Research Square [https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-16396/v1].
27. Ababa A (2014) Neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) Training.
28. Behrman RE, Vaughan III VC (1983). Nelson textbook of pediatrics. ed. WB Saunders company.
29. Murphy CC, Schei B, Myhr TL, Du Mont J (2001). Abuse: a risk factor for low birth weight? A systematic review and meta-analysis. CMAJ, 164 (11):1567-1572.
30. Terra de Souza AC, Cufino E, Peterson KE, et al (1999). Variations in infant mortality rates among municipalities in the state of Ceará, Northeast Brazil: an ecological analysis. Int J Epidemiol, 28 (2):267-275.
31. Choe MK, Hongsheng H, Feng W (1995). Effects of gender, birth order, and other correlates on childhood mortality in China. Soc Biol, 42 (1-2):50-64.
32. Kravdal Ø (2004). Child mortality in India: the community-level effect of education. Popul Stud (Camb), 58 (2):177-192.
33. Boyle MH, Racine Y, Georgiades K, et al (2006). The influence of economic development level, household wealth and maternal education on child health in the developing world. Soc Sci Med, 63 (8):2242-2254.
34. Fuchs R, Pamuk E, Lutz W (2010). Education or wealth: which matters more for reducing child mortality in developing countries? Vienna Yearbook of Population Research, 8(1):175-199.
35. Lohela TJ, Nesbitt RC, Pekkanen J, Gabrysch S (2019). Comparing socioeconomic inequalities between early neonatal mortality and facility delivery: cross-sectional data from 72 low-and middle-income countries. Sci Rep, 9 (1):9786.
36. McLanahan S (2004). Diverging destinies: How children are faring under the second demographic transition. Demography, 41 (4):607-627.
37. Hauser RM (1994). Measuring socioeconomic status in studies of child development. Child Dev, 65 (6):1541-1545.
38. Sherry N (2008). An econometric investigation into the determinants of infant mortality rates. The Cambridge Undergraduate J Dev Econ, 42.
39. 20433. IBfRaDTWBWD (2020) Iran Economic Monitor Weathering the Triple-Shock WaSFoWioiatC-oiI (2020). Available at: https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/iran/publication/iran-economic-monitor-fall-2020
40. Spong CY (2015). Prevention of the first cesarean delivery. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am, 42 (2):377-380.
41. Gibbons L, Belizán JM, Lauer JA, et al (2010). The global numbers and costs of additionally needed and unnecessary caesarean sections performed per year: overuse as a barrier to universal coverage. World Health Report, 30 (1):1-31.
42. Babaei F, Aghajani M, Estambolichi L, Joshari M, Mazaheri Z, Kykhosravi F, Maher A (2017). Study of the promotion of normal delivery program in government hospitals in line with the health transformation plan and its achievements. Hakim Research Journal, 20 (1):44-53.
43. Mosadeghrad AM, Tajvar M, Janbabai G, et al (2020). Effect of Iran's normal delivery promotion plan on the cesarean delivery rates: An interrupted time series study. Hayat, 26 (2):144-162.
44. Wake GE, Chernet K, Aklilu A, et al (2022). Determinants of neonatal mortality among neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care unit of Dessie comprehensive and specialized hospital, Northeast Ethiopia; an unmatched case-control study. Front Public Health, 10:979402.
45. Rutstein SO (2005). Effects of preceding birth intervals on neonatal, infant and under‐five years mortality and nutritional status in developing countries: evidence from the demographic and health surveys. Int J Gynecol Obstet, 89 Suppl 1:S7-24.
46. Shakya S, Pokharel P, Yadav B (2011). Study on birth spacing and its determinants among women of Kirtipur Municipality of Kathmandu District. Int J Nurs Educ, 3 (1): 56-60.
47. Timæus IM, Moultrie TA (2020). Pathways to low fertility: 50 years of limitation, curtailment, and postponement of childbearing. Demography, 57 (1):267-296.
48. Conde-Agudelo A, Rosas-Bermúdez A, Kafury-Goeta AC (2006). Birth spacing and risk of adverse perinatal outcomes: a meta-analysis. JAMA, 295 (15):1809-1823.
49. Hajian K, Asnafi N, Aliakbarnia-Omran F (2008). Birth intervals and associated factors in multi-Para Women. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci, 18 (66):63-70.
50. Lamont RF, Jaggat AN (2007). Emerging drug therapies for preventing spontaneous preterm labor and preterm birth. Expert Opin Investig Drugs, 16 (3):337-345.
51. Chapieski ML, Evankovich KD (1997) Behavioral effects of prematurity. Semin perinatol, Elsevier, pp. 221-239.
52. McDonald SD, Pullenayegum E, Chapman B, et al (2012). Prevalence and predictors of exclusive breastfeeding at hospital discharge. Obstet Gynecol, 119 (6):1171-1179.
53. Forde I, Tripathi V (2018). Association of place of residence and under-five mortality in middle-and low-income countries: a meta-analysis. Children (Basel), 5 (4):51.
54. Sreeramareddy CT, Harsha Kumar H, Sathian B (2013). Time trends and inequalities of under-five mortality in Nepal: a secondary data analysis of four demographic and health surveys between 1996 and 2011. PLoS One, 8 (11):e79818.
55. Dejene T, Girma E (2013). Social determinants of under-five mortality in Ethiopia: Event history analysis using evidence from Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS). Health, 5: 879-884.
56. Kimani-Murage EW, Fotso J-C, Egondi T, et al (2014). Trends in childhood mortality in Kenya: the urban advantage has seemingly been wiped out. Health Place, 29:95-103.
57. Tran LN, Bauze A, Nguyen KH, Firth S, Jimenez-Soto E (2011). Under-five mortality analysis for Papua New Guinea. https://ghdx.healthdata.org/record/under-five-mortality-analysis-papua-new-guinea
58. Sayem AM, Nury ATMS, Hossain MD (2011). Achieving the millennium development goal for under-five mortality in Bangladesh: current status and lessons for issues and challenges for further improvements. J Health Popul Nutr, 29 (2):92-102.
59. Nguyen K-H, Jimenez-Soto E, Dayal P, Hodge A (2013). Disparities in child mortality trends: what is the evidence from disadvantaged states in India? The case of Orissa and Madhya Pradesh. Int J Equity Health, 12:45.
60. Minnery M, Jimenez-Soto E, Firth S, Nguyen K-H, Hodge A (2013). Disparities in child mortality trends in two new states of India. BMC Public Health, 13:779.
61. Van de Poel E, O’Donnell O, Van Doorslaer E (2007). Are urban children really healthier? Evidence from 47 developing countries. Soc Sci Med, 65 (10):1986-2003.
62. Zalvand R, Yaseri M, Mosadeghrad AM, Tajvar M (2019). Determinants of maternal mortality in Iran 1990-2015: a longitudinal study. Tehran Uni Med J, 77 (2):82-91.
63. Zalvand R, Tajvar M, Pourreza A, Asheghi H (2019). Determinants and causes of maternal mortality in Iran based on ICD-MM: a systematic review. Reprod Health, 16 (1):16.
2. Antai D (2011). Regional inequalities in under-5 mortality in Nigeria: a population-based analysis of individual-and community-level determinants. Popul Health Metr, 9:6.
3. Antai D, Wedrén S, Bellocco R, Moradi T (2010). Migration and child health inequities in Nigeria: a multilevel analysis of contextual‐and individual‐level factors. Trop Med Int Health, 15 (12):1464-1474.
4. Anyamele OD (2009). Urban and rural differences across countries in child mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. J Health Care Poor Underserved, 20(4 Suppl):90-8.
5. Becher H, Müller O, Jahn A, Gbangou A, Kynast-Wolf G, Kouyaté B (2004). Risk factors of infant and child mortality in rural Burkina Faso. Bull World Health Organ, 82:265-273.
6. Armstrong Schellenberg JR, Nathan R, Abdulla S, et al (2002). Risk factors for child mortality in rural Tanzania. Trop Med Int Health, 7 (6):506-511.
7. Binka F, Indome F, Smith T (1998). Impact of spatial distribution of permethrin-impregnated bed nets on child mortality in rural northern Ghana. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 59 (1):80-85.
8. Kazembe LN, Mpeketula PM (2010). Quantifying spatial disparities in neonatal mortality using a structured additive regression model. PLoS One, 5 (6):e11180.
9. Johnson HL, Liu L, Fischer-Walker C, Black RE (2010). Estimating the distribution of causes of death among children age 1–59 months in high-mortality countries with incomplete death certification. Int J Epidemiol, 39 (4):1103-1114.
10. Magadi MA (2011). Household and community HIV/AIDS status and child malnutrition in sub-Saharan Africa: evidence from the demographic and health surveys. Soc Sci Med, 73 (3):436-446.
11. Organization WH (2002). The world health report 2002: reducing risks, promoting healthy life. ed. World Health Organization.
12. Ezzati M, Lopez AD, Rodgers A, Vander Hoorn S, Murray CJ (2002). Selected major risk factors and global and regional burden of disease. Lancet, 360 (9343):1347-1360.
13. Susuman AS, Hamisi HF (2012). Under-5 mortality in Tanzania: a demographic scenario. Iran J Public Health, 41 (12):8-18.
14. Ngowu R, Larson JS, Kim MS (2008). Reducing child mortality in Nigeria: A case study of immunization and systemic factors. Soc Sci Med, 67 (1):161-164.
15. Fernandes QF, Wagenaar BH, Anselmi L, Pfeiffer J, Gloyd S, Sherr K (2014). Effects of health-system strengthening on under-5, infant, and neonatal mortality: 11-year provincial-level time-series analyses in Mozambique. Lancet Glob Health, 2 (8):e468-e477.
16. IGME). UNI-aGfCMEU (2018) Levels & Trends in Child Mortality: Report 2018, Estimates developed by the United Nations Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation. United Nations Children’s Fund, New. https://www.unicef.org/reports/levels-and-trends-child-mortality-report-2018
17. UNICEF (2014) WHO WB, UN-DESA Population Division. (2014) Levels and trends in child mortality 2013. Maternal, newborn, child and adolescent health. Available at: https://data.unicef.org/resources/levels-trends-child-mortality-report-2014/
18. Nikniaz A, Tajaddini N (2006). Comparison of Under 5 Year Child Mortality Situation in Rural Areas of East Azarbaijan in 1993 and 2003. Med J Tabriz Uni Med Sciences, 28 (2):113-117.
19. Yavari P, Abadi A, Mehrabi YE (2003). Mortality and changing epidemiological trends in Iran during 1979-2001.Hakim Research Journal, 6 (3):7-14.
20. Vakili R, Khademi G, Vakili S, Saeidi M (2015). Child mortality at different world regions: a comparison review. Int J Pediatr, 3 (94): 809-816.
21. Organization WH (2013). The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). Mortality among children under five years of age as a human rights concern. Available at: https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Women/WRGS/Health/StudyMortalityAmongChildren.pdf
22. Bhusal MK, Khanal SP (2022). A Systematic Review of Factors Associated with Under-Five Child Mortality. Biomed Res Int, 2022: 1181409.
23. Shukla VV, Eggleston B, Ambalavanan N, et al (2020). Predictive modeling for perinatal mortality in resource-limited settings. JAMA Netw Open, 3 (11):e2026750.
24. Veloso FCS, Kassar LdML, Oliveira MJC, et al (2019). Analysis of neonatal mortality risk factors in Brazil: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. J Pediatr (Rio J), 95:519-530.
25. Desalew A, Sintayehu Y, Teferi N, et al (2020). Cause and predictors of neonatal mortality among neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care units of public hospitals in eastern Ethiopia: a facility-based prospective follow-up study. BMC Pediatr, 20:160.
26. Tiruneh GT, Birhanu TM, Seid A, et al (2020). Magnitude and determinants of newborn mortality in neonatal intensive care unit hospitals in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PREPRINT (Version 1) available at Research Square [https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-16396/v1].
27. Ababa A (2014) Neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) Training.
28. Behrman RE, Vaughan III VC (1983). Nelson textbook of pediatrics. ed. WB Saunders company.
29. Murphy CC, Schei B, Myhr TL, Du Mont J (2001). Abuse: a risk factor for low birth weight? A systematic review and meta-analysis. CMAJ, 164 (11):1567-1572.
30. Terra de Souza AC, Cufino E, Peterson KE, et al (1999). Variations in infant mortality rates among municipalities in the state of Ceará, Northeast Brazil: an ecological analysis. Int J Epidemiol, 28 (2):267-275.
31. Choe MK, Hongsheng H, Feng W (1995). Effects of gender, birth order, and other correlates on childhood mortality in China. Soc Biol, 42 (1-2):50-64.
32. Kravdal Ø (2004). Child mortality in India: the community-level effect of education. Popul Stud (Camb), 58 (2):177-192.
33. Boyle MH, Racine Y, Georgiades K, et al (2006). The influence of economic development level, household wealth and maternal education on child health in the developing world. Soc Sci Med, 63 (8):2242-2254.
34. Fuchs R, Pamuk E, Lutz W (2010). Education or wealth: which matters more for reducing child mortality in developing countries? Vienna Yearbook of Population Research, 8(1):175-199.
35. Lohela TJ, Nesbitt RC, Pekkanen J, Gabrysch S (2019). Comparing socioeconomic inequalities between early neonatal mortality and facility delivery: cross-sectional data from 72 low-and middle-income countries. Sci Rep, 9 (1):9786.
36. McLanahan S (2004). Diverging destinies: How children are faring under the second demographic transition. Demography, 41 (4):607-627.
37. Hauser RM (1994). Measuring socioeconomic status in studies of child development. Child Dev, 65 (6):1541-1545.
38. Sherry N (2008). An econometric investigation into the determinants of infant mortality rates. The Cambridge Undergraduate J Dev Econ, 42.
39. 20433. IBfRaDTWBWD (2020) Iran Economic Monitor Weathering the Triple-Shock WaSFoWioiatC-oiI (2020). Available at: https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/iran/publication/iran-economic-monitor-fall-2020
40. Spong CY (2015). Prevention of the first cesarean delivery. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am, 42 (2):377-380.
41. Gibbons L, Belizán JM, Lauer JA, et al (2010). The global numbers and costs of additionally needed and unnecessary caesarean sections performed per year: overuse as a barrier to universal coverage. World Health Report, 30 (1):1-31.
42. Babaei F, Aghajani M, Estambolichi L, Joshari M, Mazaheri Z, Kykhosravi F, Maher A (2017). Study of the promotion of normal delivery program in government hospitals in line with the health transformation plan and its achievements. Hakim Research Journal, 20 (1):44-53.
43. Mosadeghrad AM, Tajvar M, Janbabai G, et al (2020). Effect of Iran's normal delivery promotion plan on the cesarean delivery rates: An interrupted time series study. Hayat, 26 (2):144-162.
44. Wake GE, Chernet K, Aklilu A, et al (2022). Determinants of neonatal mortality among neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care unit of Dessie comprehensive and specialized hospital, Northeast Ethiopia; an unmatched case-control study. Front Public Health, 10:979402.
45. Rutstein SO (2005). Effects of preceding birth intervals on neonatal, infant and under‐five years mortality and nutritional status in developing countries: evidence from the demographic and health surveys. Int J Gynecol Obstet, 89 Suppl 1:S7-24.
46. Shakya S, Pokharel P, Yadav B (2011). Study on birth spacing and its determinants among women of Kirtipur Municipality of Kathmandu District. Int J Nurs Educ, 3 (1): 56-60.
47. Timæus IM, Moultrie TA (2020). Pathways to low fertility: 50 years of limitation, curtailment, and postponement of childbearing. Demography, 57 (1):267-296.
48. Conde-Agudelo A, Rosas-Bermúdez A, Kafury-Goeta AC (2006). Birth spacing and risk of adverse perinatal outcomes: a meta-analysis. JAMA, 295 (15):1809-1823.
49. Hajian K, Asnafi N, Aliakbarnia-Omran F (2008). Birth intervals and associated factors in multi-Para Women. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci, 18 (66):63-70.
50. Lamont RF, Jaggat AN (2007). Emerging drug therapies for preventing spontaneous preterm labor and preterm birth. Expert Opin Investig Drugs, 16 (3):337-345.
51. Chapieski ML, Evankovich KD (1997) Behavioral effects of prematurity. Semin perinatol, Elsevier, pp. 221-239.
52. McDonald SD, Pullenayegum E, Chapman B, et al (2012). Prevalence and predictors of exclusive breastfeeding at hospital discharge. Obstet Gynecol, 119 (6):1171-1179.
53. Forde I, Tripathi V (2018). Association of place of residence and under-five mortality in middle-and low-income countries: a meta-analysis. Children (Basel), 5 (4):51.
54. Sreeramareddy CT, Harsha Kumar H, Sathian B (2013). Time trends and inequalities of under-five mortality in Nepal: a secondary data analysis of four demographic and health surveys between 1996 and 2011. PLoS One, 8 (11):e79818.
55. Dejene T, Girma E (2013). Social determinants of under-five mortality in Ethiopia: Event history analysis using evidence from Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS). Health, 5: 879-884.
56. Kimani-Murage EW, Fotso J-C, Egondi T, et al (2014). Trends in childhood mortality in Kenya: the urban advantage has seemingly been wiped out. Health Place, 29:95-103.
57. Tran LN, Bauze A, Nguyen KH, Firth S, Jimenez-Soto E (2011). Under-five mortality analysis for Papua New Guinea. https://ghdx.healthdata.org/record/under-five-mortality-analysis-papua-new-guinea
58. Sayem AM, Nury ATMS, Hossain MD (2011). Achieving the millennium development goal for under-five mortality in Bangladesh: current status and lessons for issues and challenges for further improvements. J Health Popul Nutr, 29 (2):92-102.
59. Nguyen K-H, Jimenez-Soto E, Dayal P, Hodge A (2013). Disparities in child mortality trends: what is the evidence from disadvantaged states in India? The case of Orissa and Madhya Pradesh. Int J Equity Health, 12:45.
60. Minnery M, Jimenez-Soto E, Firth S, Nguyen K-H, Hodge A (2013). Disparities in child mortality trends in two new states of India. BMC Public Health, 13:779.
61. Van de Poel E, O’Donnell O, Van Doorslaer E (2007). Are urban children really healthier? Evidence from 47 developing countries. Soc Sci Med, 65 (10):1986-2003.
62. Zalvand R, Yaseri M, Mosadeghrad AM, Tajvar M (2019). Determinants of maternal mortality in Iran 1990-2015: a longitudinal study. Tehran Uni Med J, 77 (2):82-91.
63. Zalvand R, Tajvar M, Pourreza A, Asheghi H (2019). Determinants and causes of maternal mortality in Iran based on ICD-MM: a systematic review. Reprod Health, 16 (1):16.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 53 No 1 (2024) | |
| Section | Review Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v53i1.14687 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Child mortality Infant mortality Neonatal mortality Systematic review Iran | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Karami B, Abbasi M, Tajvar M. Determinants of Neonatal, Infant and Child Mortalities in Iran: A Systematic Review. Iran J Public Health. 2024;53(1):104-115.
