Knowledge, Awareness and Perception towards Thyroid Cancer in General Population: A Systematic Review
-
Yongjin Li
,
Li Wang
,
Jianfeng Ni
,
Jiali Gu
Abstract
Background: A good perception of disease risk can help patients adopt correct preventive behaviors and good adherence to treatment. We examined knowledge, awareness, and perception towards thyroid cancer (TC) by a systematic analysis of published literature.
Methods: Four databases, including PubMed, Medline, Embase, and Web of science were searched using relevant keywords for papers prior to June 30, 2022. The levels of knowledge, awareness, and perception about TC, as well as risk factors, clinical signs, and sources of health were narratively synthesized.
Results: Ten papers were finally included in this study for analysis. Despite relative good awareness, both the general population and medical students have relatively poor levels of knowledge and perception of TC and risk factors. The results of most studies showed that less than half of the participants had good knowledge about TC and its risk factors. Most participants are increasingly turning to the Internet and social media to obtain information about TC. This study also indicated that poor levels of knowledge regarding TC were strongly related to educational attainment and type of participants.
Conclusion: The findings of this paper provide valuable information for intervention providers to prevent and control of TC and encourage them to carry out health promotion campaigns to enhance knowledge and awareness of TC.
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4. Bibbins-Domingo K, Grossman DC, Curry SJ, et al (2017). Screening for Thyroid Cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA, 317(18): 1882-1887.
5. Haugen BR (2017). 2015 American Thyroid Association Management Guidelines for Adult Patients with Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: What is new and what has changed? Cancer, 123(3): 372-381.
6. Sugitani I, Ito Y, Takeuchi D, et al (2021). Indications and Strategy for Active Surveillance of Adult Low-Risk Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma: Consensus Statements from the Japan Association of Endocrine Surgery Task Force on Management for Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma. Thyroid, 31(2): 183-192.
7. Lohia S, Hanson M, Tuttle RM, et al (2020). Active surveillance for patients with very low-risk thyroid cancer. Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol, 5(1): 175-182.
8. Medicine Io, Speaking of Health: Assessing Health Communication Strategies for Diverse Populations, 2002, Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. 376.
9. Ryan P (2009). Integrated Theory of Health Behavior Change: background and intervention development. Clin Nurse Spec, 23(3): 161-170; quiz 171-2.
10. Paasche-Orlow MK,Wolf MS (2007). The causal pathways linking health literacy to health outcomes. Am J Health Behav, 31 Suppl 1:S19-26.
11. Bollu M, Koushik K, Prakash A, et al (2015). Study of knowledge, attitude, and practice of general population of guntur toward silent killer diseases: hypertension and diabetes. Asian J Pharm Clin Res, 874-78.
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16. Pedersen VH, Dagenais P,Lehoux P (2011). Multi-source synthesis of data to inform health policy. Int J Technol Assess Health Care, 27(3): 238-46.
17. Al Fayi MS (2021). Thyroid cancer awareness among women in the asir region of Saudi Arabia. KKUJHS, 6(1): 27.
18. Treki MMA, Ruhi S, Saleh K, et al (2020). Knowledge and Awareness of Thyroid Disorder Among Women in Selangor 2019. J Pharm Biol Sci, 8(2): 07-11.
19. Liu P, Lin J, Nie Y, et al (2021). Awareness of thyroid cancer among medical students: A questionnaire-based study. Sci Prog, 104(2): 00368504211023654.
20. Park SH, Lee B, Lee S, et al (2015). A qualitative study of women's views on overdiagnosis and screening for thyroid cancer in Korea. BMC Cancer, 15858.
21. Hirsch D, Ginat M, Levy S, et al (2009). Illness perception in patients with differentiated epithelial cell thyroid cancer. Thyroid, 19(5): 459-65.
22. Iqbal A, Azhar S, Ibrahim NA, et al (2021). Thyroid cancer risk factors and Pakistani University students’ awareness towards its preventive practice. J Oncol Pharm Pract, 27(3): 570-578.
23. Schoormans D, Wijnberg L, Haak H, et al (2020). Negative illness perceptions are related to poorer health-related quality of life among thyroid cancer survivors: Results from the PROFILES registry. Head & Neck, 42(9): 2533-2541.
24. Issa LF, Alzahrani OA, Alsharif MH, et al (2021). Awareness of screening thyroid tumors among medical students in Saudi Arabia. IJMDC, 5(7): 1411-1416.
25. Chen DW, Reyes‐Gastelum D, Wallner LP, et al (2020). Disparities in risk perception of thyroid cancer recurrence and death. J Cancer, 126(7): 1512-1521.
26. Yasser A AM, Khlid A AH, Ali H AW, et al (2004). Thyroid cancer in Yemen. Saudi Med J, 25(1): 55-59.
27. Rani TA, Zaman MO,Islam MT (2020). Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices towards Thyroid Risk of Women: A Study in Barishal. IOSR J Humanit Soc Sci, 25(7): 5-14.
28. Chang K, Berthelet E, Grubbs E, et al (2020). Websites, Websites Everywhere: How Thyroid Cancer Patients Use the Internet. J Cancer Educ, 35(6): 1177-1183.
29. Kreiger N, Parkes R (2000). Cigarette smoking and the risk of thyroid cancer. Eur J Cancer, 36(15): 1969-1973.
30. Rossing MA, Cushing KL, Voigt LF, et al (2000). Risk of papillary thyroid cancer in women in relation to smoking and alcohol consumption. J Epidemiol, 49-54.
31. Zimmermann MB, Galetti V (2015). Iodine intake as a risk factor for thyroid cancer: a comprehensive review of animal and human studies. Thyroid Res, 8:8.
32. Nixon IJ, Suárez C, Simo R, et al (2016). The impact of family history on non-medullary thyroid cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol, 42(10): 1455-1463.
33. Kim HK, Yoon JH, Kim SJ, et al (2013). Higher TSH level is a risk factor for differentiated thyroid cancer. Clin Endocrinol, 78(3): 472-477.
34. Azizi G,Malchoff CD (2011). Autoimmune thyroid disease: a risk factor for thyroid cancer. Endocr Pract, 17(2): 201-209.
35. Derwahl M,Nicula D (2014). Estrogen and its role in thyroid cancer. Endocr-Relat Cancer, 21(5): T273-T283.
36. Han JM, Kim TY, Jeon MJ, et al (2013). Obesity is a risk factor for thyroid cancer in a large, ultrasonographically screened population. Eur J Endocrinol, 168(6): 879-86.
37. Yeo Y, Ma S-H, Hwang Y, et al (2014). Diabetes mellitus and risk of thyroid cancer: a meta-analysis. PloS One, 9(6): e98135.
38. Choi WJ,Kim J (2014). Dietary factors and the risk of thyroid cancer: a review. Clin Nutr Res, 3(2): 75-88.
39. Schonfeld SJ, Lee C,de Gonzalez AB (2011). Medical exposure to radiation and thyroid cancer. J Clin Oncol, 23(4): 244-250.
40. Lehrer S,Rosenzweig KE (2014). Cold climate is a risk factor for thyroid cancer. Clin Thyroidol, 26(10): 273-276.
41. Mazurat A, Torroni A, Hendrickson-Rebizant J, et al (2013). The age factor in survival of a population cohort of well-differentiated thyroid cancer. Endocr Connect, 2(3): 154-160.
42. Schmid D, Behrens G, Jochem C, et al (2013). Physical activity, diabetes, and risk of thyroid cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Epidemiol, 28(12): 945-958.
43. Thomson CA, McCullough ML, Wertheim BC, et al (2014). Nutrition and physical activity cancer prevention guidelines, cancer risk, and mortality in the women's health initiative. Cancer Prev Res (Phila), 7(1): 42-53.
44. Kohler LN, Garcia DO, Harris RB, et al (2016). Adherence to diet and physical activity cancer prevention guidelines and cancer outcomes: a systematic review. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 25(7): 1018-1028.
45. Friedenreich CM,Orenstein MR (2002). Physical activity and cancer prevention: etiologic evidence and biological mechanisms. J Nutr,132(11): 3456S-3464S.
46. Popkin BM, Adair LS,Ng SW (2012). Global nutrition transition and the pandemic of obesity in developing countries. Nutr Rev, 70(1): 3-21.
47. Peterson E, De P,Nuttall R (2012). BMI, diet and female reproductive factors as risks for thyroid cancer: a systematic review. PloS One, 7(1): e29177.
48. Ferreira-Borges C, Ketsela T, Munodawafa D, et al (2013). Reduction of the harmful use of alcohol: a strategy for the WHO African region. Afr Health Monit, 1631-4.
49. Hong S-H, Myung S-K, Kim HS, et al (2017). Alcohol Intake and Risk of Thyroid Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. Cancer Res Treat, 49(2): 534-547.
50. Meinhold C, Park Y, Stolzenberg-Solomon R, et al (2009). Alcohol intake and risk of thyroid cancer in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study. Br J Cancer, 101(9): 1630-1634.
51. Terry MB, Zhang FF, Kabat G, et al (2006). Lifetime alcohol intake and breast cancer risk. Ann Epidemiol, 16(3): 230-240.
52. Kalla A, Figueredo VM (2017). Alcohol and cardiovascular disease in the geriatric population. Clin Cardiol, 40(7): 444-449.
53. Sarich P, Canfell K, Egger S, et al (2021). Alcohol consumption, drinking patterns and cancer incidence in an Australian cohort of 226,162 participants aged 45 years and over. Br J Cancer, 124(2): 513-523.
54. Pearlin LI, Schieman S, Fazio EM, et al (2005). Stress, health, and the life course: Some conceptual perspectives. J Health Soc Behav, 46(2): 205-219.
55. Krueger PM,Chang VW (2008). Being poor and coping with stress: health behaviors and the risk of death. Am J Public Health, 98(5): 889-896.
56. Bagnasco M, Bossert I,Pesce G (2006). Stress and Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases. Neuroimmunomodulation, 13(5-6): 309-317.
57. Nadolnik L (2010). Stress and thyroid gland. Biomed Khim, 56(4): 443-456.
58. Stubbs B, Veronese N, Vancampfort D, et al (2017). Perceived stress and smoking across 41 countries: A global perspective across Europe, Africa, Asia and the Americas. Sci Rep, 7(1): 7597-7597.
59. Nagelhout ES, Parsons BG, Haaland B, et al (2019). Differences in reported sun protection practices, skin cancer knowledge, and perceived risk for skin cancer between rural and urban high school students. Cancer Causes Control, 30(11): 1251-1258.
60. Muthoni A,Miller AN (2010). An exploration of rural and urban Kenyan women's knowledge and attitudes regarding breast cancer and breast cancer early detection measures. Health Care Women Int, 31(9): 801-816.
61. Wang L, Li Y (2021). The impact of communication on women's risk perceptions for osteoporosis in China. Women Health, 61(9): 845-853.
62. Zhang X, Wen D, Liang J, et al (2017). How the public uses social media wechat to obtain health information in china: a survey study. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak, 17(Suppl 2): 66.
63. Covello VT,Peters RG (2002). Women's perceptions of the risks of age-related diseases, including breast cancer: reports from a 3-year research study. Health Commun, 14(3): 377-95.
64. Li J, Tang J, Liu X, et al (2019). How do users adopt health information from social media? The narrative paradigm perspective. Health Inf Manag, 48(3): 116-126.
65. Yang Q (2017). Are Social Networking Sites Making Health Behavior Change Interventions More Effective? A Meta-Analytic Review. Health Commun, 22(3): 223-233.
66. Berryman C, Ferguson CJ,Negy C (2018). Social Media Use and Mental Health among Young Adults. Psychiatr Q, 89(2): 307-314.
67. Gabarron E, Bradway M, Fernandez-Luque L, et al (2018). Social media for health promotion in diabetes: study protocol for a participatory public health intervention design. BMC Health Serv Res, 18(1): 414.
68. Kelly Y, Zilanawala A, Booker C, et al (2018). Social Media Use and Adolescent Mental Health: Findings From the UK Millennium Cohort Study. EClinicalMedicine, 659-68.
69. Jensen M, George M, Russell M, et al(2019). Young Adolescents' Digital Technology Use and Mental Health Symptoms: Little Evidence of Longitudinal or Daily Linkages. Clin Psychol Sci, 7(6): 1416-1433.
70. Orben A, Dienlin T,Przybylski AK (2019). Social media's enduring effect on adolescent life satisfaction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 116(21): 10226-10228.
2. Wang J, Yu F, Shang Y, et al (2020). Thyroid cancer: incidence and mortality trends in China, 2005–2015. Endocr, 68(1): 163-173.
3. Enewold L, Zhu K, Ron E, et al (2009). Rising Thyroid Cancer Incidence in the United States by Demographic and Tumor Characteristics, 1980-2005. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 18(3): 784-791.
4. Bibbins-Domingo K, Grossman DC, Curry SJ, et al (2017). Screening for Thyroid Cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA, 317(18): 1882-1887.
5. Haugen BR (2017). 2015 American Thyroid Association Management Guidelines for Adult Patients with Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: What is new and what has changed? Cancer, 123(3): 372-381.
6. Sugitani I, Ito Y, Takeuchi D, et al (2021). Indications and Strategy for Active Surveillance of Adult Low-Risk Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma: Consensus Statements from the Japan Association of Endocrine Surgery Task Force on Management for Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma. Thyroid, 31(2): 183-192.
7. Lohia S, Hanson M, Tuttle RM, et al (2020). Active surveillance for patients with very low-risk thyroid cancer. Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol, 5(1): 175-182.
8. Medicine Io, Speaking of Health: Assessing Health Communication Strategies for Diverse Populations, 2002, Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. 376.
9. Ryan P (2009). Integrated Theory of Health Behavior Change: background and intervention development. Clin Nurse Spec, 23(3): 161-170; quiz 171-2.
10. Paasche-Orlow MK,Wolf MS (2007). The causal pathways linking health literacy to health outcomes. Am J Health Behav, 31 Suppl 1:S19-26.
11. Bollu M, Koushik K, Prakash A, et al (2015). Study of knowledge, attitude, and practice of general population of guntur toward silent killer diseases: hypertension and diabetes. Asian J Pharm Clin Res, 874-78.
12. Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, et al (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, 372n71.
13. (CASP) CASP. Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) Qualitative Research Checklist. Available from: http://media.wix.com/ugd/dded87_29c5b002d99342f788c6ac670e49f274.pdf
14. Health NIo. Available from: https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/study-quality-assessment-tools
15. Thomas J,Harden A (2008). Methods for the thematic synthesis of qualitative research in systematic reviews. BMC Med Res Methodol, 8:45.
16. Pedersen VH, Dagenais P,Lehoux P (2011). Multi-source synthesis of data to inform health policy. Int J Technol Assess Health Care, 27(3): 238-46.
17. Al Fayi MS (2021). Thyroid cancer awareness among women in the asir region of Saudi Arabia. KKUJHS, 6(1): 27.
18. Treki MMA, Ruhi S, Saleh K, et al (2020). Knowledge and Awareness of Thyroid Disorder Among Women in Selangor 2019. J Pharm Biol Sci, 8(2): 07-11.
19. Liu P, Lin J, Nie Y, et al (2021). Awareness of thyroid cancer among medical students: A questionnaire-based study. Sci Prog, 104(2): 00368504211023654.
20. Park SH, Lee B, Lee S, et al (2015). A qualitative study of women's views on overdiagnosis and screening for thyroid cancer in Korea. BMC Cancer, 15858.
21. Hirsch D, Ginat M, Levy S, et al (2009). Illness perception in patients with differentiated epithelial cell thyroid cancer. Thyroid, 19(5): 459-65.
22. Iqbal A, Azhar S, Ibrahim NA, et al (2021). Thyroid cancer risk factors and Pakistani University students’ awareness towards its preventive practice. J Oncol Pharm Pract, 27(3): 570-578.
23. Schoormans D, Wijnberg L, Haak H, et al (2020). Negative illness perceptions are related to poorer health-related quality of life among thyroid cancer survivors: Results from the PROFILES registry. Head & Neck, 42(9): 2533-2541.
24. Issa LF, Alzahrani OA, Alsharif MH, et al (2021). Awareness of screening thyroid tumors among medical students in Saudi Arabia. IJMDC, 5(7): 1411-1416.
25. Chen DW, Reyes‐Gastelum D, Wallner LP, et al (2020). Disparities in risk perception of thyroid cancer recurrence and death. J Cancer, 126(7): 1512-1521.
26. Yasser A AM, Khlid A AH, Ali H AW, et al (2004). Thyroid cancer in Yemen. Saudi Med J, 25(1): 55-59.
27. Rani TA, Zaman MO,Islam MT (2020). Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices towards Thyroid Risk of Women: A Study in Barishal. IOSR J Humanit Soc Sci, 25(7): 5-14.
28. Chang K, Berthelet E, Grubbs E, et al (2020). Websites, Websites Everywhere: How Thyroid Cancer Patients Use the Internet. J Cancer Educ, 35(6): 1177-1183.
29. Kreiger N, Parkes R (2000). Cigarette smoking and the risk of thyroid cancer. Eur J Cancer, 36(15): 1969-1973.
30. Rossing MA, Cushing KL, Voigt LF, et al (2000). Risk of papillary thyroid cancer in women in relation to smoking and alcohol consumption. J Epidemiol, 49-54.
31. Zimmermann MB, Galetti V (2015). Iodine intake as a risk factor for thyroid cancer: a comprehensive review of animal and human studies. Thyroid Res, 8:8.
32. Nixon IJ, Suárez C, Simo R, et al (2016). The impact of family history on non-medullary thyroid cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol, 42(10): 1455-1463.
33. Kim HK, Yoon JH, Kim SJ, et al (2013). Higher TSH level is a risk factor for differentiated thyroid cancer. Clin Endocrinol, 78(3): 472-477.
34. Azizi G,Malchoff CD (2011). Autoimmune thyroid disease: a risk factor for thyroid cancer. Endocr Pract, 17(2): 201-209.
35. Derwahl M,Nicula D (2014). Estrogen and its role in thyroid cancer. Endocr-Relat Cancer, 21(5): T273-T283.
36. Han JM, Kim TY, Jeon MJ, et al (2013). Obesity is a risk factor for thyroid cancer in a large, ultrasonographically screened population. Eur J Endocrinol, 168(6): 879-86.
37. Yeo Y, Ma S-H, Hwang Y, et al (2014). Diabetes mellitus and risk of thyroid cancer: a meta-analysis. PloS One, 9(6): e98135.
38. Choi WJ,Kim J (2014). Dietary factors and the risk of thyroid cancer: a review. Clin Nutr Res, 3(2): 75-88.
39. Schonfeld SJ, Lee C,de Gonzalez AB (2011). Medical exposure to radiation and thyroid cancer. J Clin Oncol, 23(4): 244-250.
40. Lehrer S,Rosenzweig KE (2014). Cold climate is a risk factor for thyroid cancer. Clin Thyroidol, 26(10): 273-276.
41. Mazurat A, Torroni A, Hendrickson-Rebizant J, et al (2013). The age factor in survival of a population cohort of well-differentiated thyroid cancer. Endocr Connect, 2(3): 154-160.
42. Schmid D, Behrens G, Jochem C, et al (2013). Physical activity, diabetes, and risk of thyroid cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Epidemiol, 28(12): 945-958.
43. Thomson CA, McCullough ML, Wertheim BC, et al (2014). Nutrition and physical activity cancer prevention guidelines, cancer risk, and mortality in the women's health initiative. Cancer Prev Res (Phila), 7(1): 42-53.
44. Kohler LN, Garcia DO, Harris RB, et al (2016). Adherence to diet and physical activity cancer prevention guidelines and cancer outcomes: a systematic review. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 25(7): 1018-1028.
45. Friedenreich CM,Orenstein MR (2002). Physical activity and cancer prevention: etiologic evidence and biological mechanisms. J Nutr,132(11): 3456S-3464S.
46. Popkin BM, Adair LS,Ng SW (2012). Global nutrition transition and the pandemic of obesity in developing countries. Nutr Rev, 70(1): 3-21.
47. Peterson E, De P,Nuttall R (2012). BMI, diet and female reproductive factors as risks for thyroid cancer: a systematic review. PloS One, 7(1): e29177.
48. Ferreira-Borges C, Ketsela T, Munodawafa D, et al (2013). Reduction of the harmful use of alcohol: a strategy for the WHO African region. Afr Health Monit, 1631-4.
49. Hong S-H, Myung S-K, Kim HS, et al (2017). Alcohol Intake and Risk of Thyroid Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. Cancer Res Treat, 49(2): 534-547.
50. Meinhold C, Park Y, Stolzenberg-Solomon R, et al (2009). Alcohol intake and risk of thyroid cancer in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study. Br J Cancer, 101(9): 1630-1634.
51. Terry MB, Zhang FF, Kabat G, et al (2006). Lifetime alcohol intake and breast cancer risk. Ann Epidemiol, 16(3): 230-240.
52. Kalla A, Figueredo VM (2017). Alcohol and cardiovascular disease in the geriatric population. Clin Cardiol, 40(7): 444-449.
53. Sarich P, Canfell K, Egger S, et al (2021). Alcohol consumption, drinking patterns and cancer incidence in an Australian cohort of 226,162 participants aged 45 years and over. Br J Cancer, 124(2): 513-523.
54. Pearlin LI, Schieman S, Fazio EM, et al (2005). Stress, health, and the life course: Some conceptual perspectives. J Health Soc Behav, 46(2): 205-219.
55. Krueger PM,Chang VW (2008). Being poor and coping with stress: health behaviors and the risk of death. Am J Public Health, 98(5): 889-896.
56. Bagnasco M, Bossert I,Pesce G (2006). Stress and Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases. Neuroimmunomodulation, 13(5-6): 309-317.
57. Nadolnik L (2010). Stress and thyroid gland. Biomed Khim, 56(4): 443-456.
58. Stubbs B, Veronese N, Vancampfort D, et al (2017). Perceived stress and smoking across 41 countries: A global perspective across Europe, Africa, Asia and the Americas. Sci Rep, 7(1): 7597-7597.
59. Nagelhout ES, Parsons BG, Haaland B, et al (2019). Differences in reported sun protection practices, skin cancer knowledge, and perceived risk for skin cancer between rural and urban high school students. Cancer Causes Control, 30(11): 1251-1258.
60. Muthoni A,Miller AN (2010). An exploration of rural and urban Kenyan women's knowledge and attitudes regarding breast cancer and breast cancer early detection measures. Health Care Women Int, 31(9): 801-816.
61. Wang L, Li Y (2021). The impact of communication on women's risk perceptions for osteoporosis in China. Women Health, 61(9): 845-853.
62. Zhang X, Wen D, Liang J, et al (2017). How the public uses social media wechat to obtain health information in china: a survey study. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak, 17(Suppl 2): 66.
63. Covello VT,Peters RG (2002). Women's perceptions of the risks of age-related diseases, including breast cancer: reports from a 3-year research study. Health Commun, 14(3): 377-95.
64. Li J, Tang J, Liu X, et al (2019). How do users adopt health information from social media? The narrative paradigm perspective. Health Inf Manag, 48(3): 116-126.
65. Yang Q (2017). Are Social Networking Sites Making Health Behavior Change Interventions More Effective? A Meta-Analytic Review. Health Commun, 22(3): 223-233.
66. Berryman C, Ferguson CJ,Negy C (2018). Social Media Use and Mental Health among Young Adults. Psychiatr Q, 89(2): 307-314.
67. Gabarron E, Bradway M, Fernandez-Luque L, et al (2018). Social media for health promotion in diabetes: study protocol for a participatory public health intervention design. BMC Health Serv Res, 18(1): 414.
68. Kelly Y, Zilanawala A, Booker C, et al (2018). Social Media Use and Adolescent Mental Health: Findings From the UK Millennium Cohort Study. EClinicalMedicine, 659-68.
69. Jensen M, George M, Russell M, et al(2019). Young Adolescents' Digital Technology Use and Mental Health Symptoms: Little Evidence of Longitudinal or Daily Linkages. Clin Psychol Sci, 7(6): 1416-1433.
70. Orben A, Dienlin T,Przybylski AK (2019). Social media's enduring effect on adolescent life satisfaction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 116(21): 10226-10228.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 52 No 2 (2023) | |
| Section | Review Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v52i2.11876 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Thyroid cancer Risk factor Awareness Risk perception Knowledge | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Li Y, Wang L, Ni J, Gu J. Knowledge, Awareness and Perception towards Thyroid Cancer in General Population: A Systematic Review. Iran J Public Health. 2023;52(2):219-229.
