Investigating the Relationship between Cadmium Exposure and the Risk of Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis
Abstract
Background: Cadmium, a toxic heavy metal, experienced a surge in production during the 20th century due to the rise of nickel-cadmium batteries, metal plating, and plastic stabilizers. Exposure to cadmium primarily occurs through the consumption of contaminated food, such as vegetables and grains, as well as drinking water or inhaling polluted air. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between cadmium exposure and the incidence of prostate cancer using a systematic review and meta-analysis approach.
Methods: This research involved searching and retrieving observational and experimental studies conducted until May 2022 from various databases, including ISI Web of Science, Cochrane, Science Direct, Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar. Data analysis was performed using Stata 15 statistical software.
Results: The initial search yielded 794 articles, which were subsequently reduced to 427 articles after eliminating duplicates. Following the application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 16 studies were included in the meta-analysis. The odds ratio of prostate cancer compared to the first quartile of exposure in the second quartile was 1.03 (0.95-1.12), in the third quartile it was 1.12 (0.99-1.26) and in the fourth quartile of exposure was equal to 1.16 (0.79-1.70). Regarding the investigation of the probability of the occurrence of publication bias, the results of Begg's and Egger's tests were not statistically significant.
Conclusion: Although exposure to cadmium leads to an increase in the chance of prostate cancer, this chance increase was not statistically significant.
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2. Ali H, Khan E, Ilahi I (2019). Environmental chemistry and ecotoxicology of hazardous heavy metals: environmental persistence, toxicity, and bioaccumulation. J Chem, 2019: 6730305.
3. Jaishankar M, Tseten T, Anbalagan N, et al (2014). Toxicity, mechanism and health effects of some heavy metals. Interdiscip Toxicol, 7 (2):60-72.
4. Tchounwou PB, Yedjou CG, Patlolla AK, Sutton DJ (2012). Heavy metal toxicity and the environment. Exp Suppl, 101:133-64.
5. Morais S, Costa FG, Pereira MdL (2012). Heavy metals and human health. Environmental Health–Emerging Issues and Practice, 10 (1):227-246.
6. Sadeghi R SM, Abdizadeh R, Forouzandeh S, Asadi (2019). Amirabadi M R. Investigation of Biological Removal of Nickel (II) Using the Isolated Bacteria from Industrial Wastewater of Mobarakeh Steel Complex in Isfahan. Journal of Ilam University of Medical Sciences, 27 (4) :13-24,
7. Bastos RS, Araújo JL, Azevedo VS, et al (2021). Cadmio complexes with biological activity: scientific and technological prospection. Research, Society and Development, 10(5):e45610515152.
8. Ju-Kun S, Yuan D-B, Rao H-F, et al (2016). Association between Cd exposure and risk of prostate cancer: a PRISMA-compliant systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore), 95(6):e2708.
9. Fatehi MH, Shayegan J, Zabihi M (2018). A review of methods for removing heavy metal from aqueous media. Iran J Ecohydrol, 5(3):855-74.
Annar S (2022). The Characteristics, Toxicity And Effects Of Heavy Metals Arsenic, Mercury And Cadmium: A Review.
10. Genchi G, Sinicropi MS, Lauria G, et al (2020). The Effects of Cadmium Toxicity. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17(11):3782.
11. Zimta A-A, Schitcu V, Gurzau E, et al (2019). Biological and molecular modifications induced by cadmium and arsenic during breast and prostate cancer development. Environ Res, 178:108700.
12. Sarkar A, Ravindran G, Krishnamurthy V (2013). A brief review on the effect of cadmium toxicity: from cellular to organ level. Int J Biotechnol Res, 3 (1):17-36.
13. Joshi S (2021). Potential risks of cadmium toxicty from cocoa based products: a review. International Journal of Current Medical and Pharmaceutical Research, 7(03A):5650-5653.
14. Wang Y, Mandal AK, Son Y-O, et al (2018). Roles of ROS, Nrf2, and autophagy in cadmium-carcinogenesis and its prevention by sulforaphane. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 353:23-30.
15. Rafiemanesh H, Maleki F, Mohammadian-Hafshejani A, et al (2016). The trend in histological changes and the incidence of esophagus cancer in Iran (2003–2008). Int J Prev Med, 7:31.
16. Rafiemanesh H, Mehtarpoor M, Mohammadian-Hafshejani A, et al (2015). Cancer epidemiology and trends in Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran. Med J Islam Repub Iran, 29:254.
17. Pakzad R, Moudi A, Pournamdar Z, et al (2016). Spatial analysis of colorectal cancer in Iran. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 17:53-58.
18. Pakzad R, Khani Y, Pakzad I, et al (2016). Spatial analysis of stomach cancer incidence in Iran. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 17(S3):27-32.
19. Mohammadian M, Bakeshei KA, Mohammadian-Hafshejani A (2020). International epidemiology of liver cancer: geographical distribution, secular trends and predicting the future. J Prev Med Hyg, 61(2):E259-E289.
20. Mohammadian M, Salehiniya H, Mohammadian-Hafshejani A (2017). Some facts on incidence and mortality of cancer in Iran. Iran J Public Health, 46 (10):1446-1447.
21. Rawla P (2019). Epidemiology of prostate cancer. World J Oncol, 10 (2):63-89.
22. Belkahla S, Nahvi I, Biswas S, et al (2022). Advances and development of prostate cancer, treatment, and strategies: A systemic review. Front Cell Dev Biol, 10:991330.
23. Gandaglia G, Leni R, Bray F, Fleshner N, et al (2021). Epidemiology and prevention of prostate cancer. Eur Urol Oncol, 4(6):877-892.
24. Hassanipour-Azgomi S, Mohammadian-Hafshejani A, Ghoncheh M, et al (2016). Incidence and mortality of prostate cancer and their relationship with the Human Development Index worldwide. Prostate Int, 4(3):118-24.
25. Pakzad R, Mohammadian-Hafshejani A, Ghoncheh M, et al (2015). The incidence and mortality of prostate cancer and its relationship with development in Asia. Prostate Int, 3(4):135-40.
26. Rafimanesh H, Ghoncheh M, Salehinia H, Mohammadian Hafashjani A (2016). Epidemiology of prostate cancer and its incidence trends in Iran. Journal of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, 23 (2):320-327.
27. Cao Maomao CW (2021). GLOBOCAN 2020 Global Cancer Statistics Interpretation. Chinese Journal of Medical Frontiers, 13 (3):63-69.
28. Jun Li RMB, Kevin C. Ward (2009). Cadmium, Sexually Transmitted Disease, and Risk for Prostate Cancer. The Open Epidemiology Journal, 2:14-19.
29. Chen YC, Pu YS, Wu HC, et al (2009). Cadmium burden and the risk and phenotype of prostate cancer. BMC Cancer, 9:429.
30. Vinceti M, Venturelli M, Sighinolfi C, et al (2007). Case-control study of toenail cadmium and prostate cancer risk in Italy. Sci Total Environ, 373 (1):77-81.
31. Platz EA, Helzlsouer KJ, Hoffman SC, et al (2002). Prediagnostic toenail cadmium and zinc and subsequent prostate cancer risk. Prostate, 52 (4):288-296.
32. Vandergulden JWJ, Kolk JJ, Verbeek ALM (1995). Work-environment and prostate-cancer risk. Prostate, 27 (5):250-257.
33. Rooney C, Beral V, Maconochie N, et al (1993). Case-control study of prostatic-cancer in employees of the united-kingdom-atomic-energy-authority. BMJ, 307 (6916):1391-1397.
34. West DW, Slattery ML, Robison LM, et al (1991). Adult dietary intake and prostate cancer risk in Utah: a case-control study with special emphasis on aggressive tumors. Cancer Causes Control, 2 (2):85-94.
35. Elghany NA, Schumacher MC, Slattery ML, et al (1990). Occupation, cadmium exposure, and prostate cancer. Epidemiology, 1 (2):107-115.
36. Checkoway H, Diferdinando G, Hulka BS, et al (1987). Medical, life‐style, and occupational risk factors for prostate cancer. Prostate, 10 (1):79-88.
37. Armstrong BG, Kazantzis G (1985). Prostatic cancer and chronic respiratory and renal disease in British cadmium workers: A case control study. Br J Ind Med, 42 (8):540-545.
38. Kjellström T, Friberg L, Rahnster B (1979). Mortality and cancer morbidity among cadmium-exposed workers. Environ Health Perspect, 28:199-204.
39. Vijayakumar V, Abern MR, Jagai JS, Kajdacsy‐balla A (2021). Observational study of the association between air cadmium exposure and prostate cancer aggressiveness at diagnosis among a nationwide retrospective cohort of 230,540 patients in the united states. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 18(16):8333.
40. Nyqvist F, Helmfrid I, Augustsson A, Wingren G (2017). Increased cancer incidence in the local population around metal-contaminated glassworks sites. J Occup Environ Med, 59(5):e84-e90.
41. Sawada N, Iwasaki M, Inoue M, et al (2012). Long-term dietary cadmium intake and cancer incidence. Epidemiology, 23(3):368-376.
42. Julin B, Wolk A, Johansson JE, et al (2012). Dietary cadmium exposure and prostate cancer incidence: A population-based prospective cohort study. Br J Cancer, 107 (5):895-900.
43. Eriksen KT, Halkjaer J, Meliker JR, et al (2015). Dietary cadmium intake and risk of prostate cancer: a Danish prospective cohort study. BMC Cancer, 15:177.
44. Aronson KJ, Siemiatycki J, Dewar R, Gérin M (1996). Occupational risk factors for prostate cancer: results from a case-control study in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Am J Epidemiol, 143 (4):363-373.
45. Lo CK-L, Mertz D, Loeb M (2014). Newcastle-Ottawa Scale: comparing reviewers’ to authors’ assessments. BMC Med Res Methodol, 14:45.
46. Swain S, Sarmanova A, Coupland C, et al (2020). Comorbidities in Osteoarthritis: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of observational studies. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken), 72(7):991-1000.
47. Schaefer HR, Flannery BM, Crosby LM, et al (2022). A systematic review of adverse health effects associated with oral cadmium exposure. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol, 134:105243.
48. Gasser M, Lenglet S, Bararpour N, et al (2022). Cadmium acute exposure induces metabolic and transcriptomic perturbations in human mature adipocytes. Toxicology, 470:153153.
49. Bosland MC, Mahmoud AM (2011). Hormones and prostate carcinogenesis: androgens and estrogens. J Carcinog, 10:33.
50. Rapisarda V, Miozzi E, Loreto C, et al (2018). Cadmium exposure and prostate cancer: insights, mechanisms and perspectives. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed), 23(9):1687-1700.
51. Eriksen KT, Halkjær J, Meliker JR, et al (2015). Dietary cadmium intake and risk of prostate cancer: a Danish prospective cohort study. BMC Cancer, 15:177.
52. Ju-Kun S, Yuan D, Rao H, et al (2016). Association Between Cd Exposure and Risk of Prostate Cancer: A PRISMA-Compliant Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Medicine (Baltimore), 95(6):e2708.
2. Ali H, Khan E, Ilahi I (2019). Environmental chemistry and ecotoxicology of hazardous heavy metals: environmental persistence, toxicity, and bioaccumulation. J Chem, 2019: 6730305.
3. Jaishankar M, Tseten T, Anbalagan N, et al (2014). Toxicity, mechanism and health effects of some heavy metals. Interdiscip Toxicol, 7 (2):60-72.
4. Tchounwou PB, Yedjou CG, Patlolla AK, Sutton DJ (2012). Heavy metal toxicity and the environment. Exp Suppl, 101:133-64.
5. Morais S, Costa FG, Pereira MdL (2012). Heavy metals and human health. Environmental Health–Emerging Issues and Practice, 10 (1):227-246.
6. Sadeghi R SM, Abdizadeh R, Forouzandeh S, Asadi (2019). Amirabadi M R. Investigation of Biological Removal of Nickel (II) Using the Isolated Bacteria from Industrial Wastewater of Mobarakeh Steel Complex in Isfahan. Journal of Ilam University of Medical Sciences, 27 (4) :13-24,
7. Bastos RS, Araújo JL, Azevedo VS, et al (2021). Cadmio complexes with biological activity: scientific and technological prospection. Research, Society and Development, 10(5):e45610515152.
8. Ju-Kun S, Yuan D-B, Rao H-F, et al (2016). Association between Cd exposure and risk of prostate cancer: a PRISMA-compliant systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore), 95(6):e2708.
9. Fatehi MH, Shayegan J, Zabihi M (2018). A review of methods for removing heavy metal from aqueous media. Iran J Ecohydrol, 5(3):855-74.
Annar S (2022). The Characteristics, Toxicity And Effects Of Heavy Metals Arsenic, Mercury And Cadmium: A Review.
10. Genchi G, Sinicropi MS, Lauria G, et al (2020). The Effects of Cadmium Toxicity. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17(11):3782.
11. Zimta A-A, Schitcu V, Gurzau E, et al (2019). Biological and molecular modifications induced by cadmium and arsenic during breast and prostate cancer development. Environ Res, 178:108700.
12. Sarkar A, Ravindran G, Krishnamurthy V (2013). A brief review on the effect of cadmium toxicity: from cellular to organ level. Int J Biotechnol Res, 3 (1):17-36.
13. Joshi S (2021). Potential risks of cadmium toxicty from cocoa based products: a review. International Journal of Current Medical and Pharmaceutical Research, 7(03A):5650-5653.
14. Wang Y, Mandal AK, Son Y-O, et al (2018). Roles of ROS, Nrf2, and autophagy in cadmium-carcinogenesis and its prevention by sulforaphane. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 353:23-30.
15. Rafiemanesh H, Maleki F, Mohammadian-Hafshejani A, et al (2016). The trend in histological changes and the incidence of esophagus cancer in Iran (2003–2008). Int J Prev Med, 7:31.
16. Rafiemanesh H, Mehtarpoor M, Mohammadian-Hafshejani A, et al (2015). Cancer epidemiology and trends in Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran. Med J Islam Repub Iran, 29:254.
17. Pakzad R, Moudi A, Pournamdar Z, et al (2016). Spatial analysis of colorectal cancer in Iran. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 17:53-58.
18. Pakzad R, Khani Y, Pakzad I, et al (2016). Spatial analysis of stomach cancer incidence in Iran. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 17(S3):27-32.
19. Mohammadian M, Bakeshei KA, Mohammadian-Hafshejani A (2020). International epidemiology of liver cancer: geographical distribution, secular trends and predicting the future. J Prev Med Hyg, 61(2):E259-E289.
20. Mohammadian M, Salehiniya H, Mohammadian-Hafshejani A (2017). Some facts on incidence and mortality of cancer in Iran. Iran J Public Health, 46 (10):1446-1447.
21. Rawla P (2019). Epidemiology of prostate cancer. World J Oncol, 10 (2):63-89.
22. Belkahla S, Nahvi I, Biswas S, et al (2022). Advances and development of prostate cancer, treatment, and strategies: A systemic review. Front Cell Dev Biol, 10:991330.
23. Gandaglia G, Leni R, Bray F, Fleshner N, et al (2021). Epidemiology and prevention of prostate cancer. Eur Urol Oncol, 4(6):877-892.
24. Hassanipour-Azgomi S, Mohammadian-Hafshejani A, Ghoncheh M, et al (2016). Incidence and mortality of prostate cancer and their relationship with the Human Development Index worldwide. Prostate Int, 4(3):118-24.
25. Pakzad R, Mohammadian-Hafshejani A, Ghoncheh M, et al (2015). The incidence and mortality of prostate cancer and its relationship with development in Asia. Prostate Int, 3(4):135-40.
26. Rafimanesh H, Ghoncheh M, Salehinia H, Mohammadian Hafashjani A (2016). Epidemiology of prostate cancer and its incidence trends in Iran. Journal of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, 23 (2):320-327.
27. Cao Maomao CW (2021). GLOBOCAN 2020 Global Cancer Statistics Interpretation. Chinese Journal of Medical Frontiers, 13 (3):63-69.
28. Jun Li RMB, Kevin C. Ward (2009). Cadmium, Sexually Transmitted Disease, and Risk for Prostate Cancer. The Open Epidemiology Journal, 2:14-19.
29. Chen YC, Pu YS, Wu HC, et al (2009). Cadmium burden and the risk and phenotype of prostate cancer. BMC Cancer, 9:429.
30. Vinceti M, Venturelli M, Sighinolfi C, et al (2007). Case-control study of toenail cadmium and prostate cancer risk in Italy. Sci Total Environ, 373 (1):77-81.
31. Platz EA, Helzlsouer KJ, Hoffman SC, et al (2002). Prediagnostic toenail cadmium and zinc and subsequent prostate cancer risk. Prostate, 52 (4):288-296.
32. Vandergulden JWJ, Kolk JJ, Verbeek ALM (1995). Work-environment and prostate-cancer risk. Prostate, 27 (5):250-257.
33. Rooney C, Beral V, Maconochie N, et al (1993). Case-control study of prostatic-cancer in employees of the united-kingdom-atomic-energy-authority. BMJ, 307 (6916):1391-1397.
34. West DW, Slattery ML, Robison LM, et al (1991). Adult dietary intake and prostate cancer risk in Utah: a case-control study with special emphasis on aggressive tumors. Cancer Causes Control, 2 (2):85-94.
35. Elghany NA, Schumacher MC, Slattery ML, et al (1990). Occupation, cadmium exposure, and prostate cancer. Epidemiology, 1 (2):107-115.
36. Checkoway H, Diferdinando G, Hulka BS, et al (1987). Medical, life‐style, and occupational risk factors for prostate cancer. Prostate, 10 (1):79-88.
37. Armstrong BG, Kazantzis G (1985). Prostatic cancer and chronic respiratory and renal disease in British cadmium workers: A case control study. Br J Ind Med, 42 (8):540-545.
38. Kjellström T, Friberg L, Rahnster B (1979). Mortality and cancer morbidity among cadmium-exposed workers. Environ Health Perspect, 28:199-204.
39. Vijayakumar V, Abern MR, Jagai JS, Kajdacsy‐balla A (2021). Observational study of the association between air cadmium exposure and prostate cancer aggressiveness at diagnosis among a nationwide retrospective cohort of 230,540 patients in the united states. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 18(16):8333.
40. Nyqvist F, Helmfrid I, Augustsson A, Wingren G (2017). Increased cancer incidence in the local population around metal-contaminated glassworks sites. J Occup Environ Med, 59(5):e84-e90.
41. Sawada N, Iwasaki M, Inoue M, et al (2012). Long-term dietary cadmium intake and cancer incidence. Epidemiology, 23(3):368-376.
42. Julin B, Wolk A, Johansson JE, et al (2012). Dietary cadmium exposure and prostate cancer incidence: A population-based prospective cohort study. Br J Cancer, 107 (5):895-900.
43. Eriksen KT, Halkjaer J, Meliker JR, et al (2015). Dietary cadmium intake and risk of prostate cancer: a Danish prospective cohort study. BMC Cancer, 15:177.
44. Aronson KJ, Siemiatycki J, Dewar R, Gérin M (1996). Occupational risk factors for prostate cancer: results from a case-control study in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Am J Epidemiol, 143 (4):363-373.
45. Lo CK-L, Mertz D, Loeb M (2014). Newcastle-Ottawa Scale: comparing reviewers’ to authors’ assessments. BMC Med Res Methodol, 14:45.
46. Swain S, Sarmanova A, Coupland C, et al (2020). Comorbidities in Osteoarthritis: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of observational studies. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken), 72(7):991-1000.
47. Schaefer HR, Flannery BM, Crosby LM, et al (2022). A systematic review of adverse health effects associated with oral cadmium exposure. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol, 134:105243.
48. Gasser M, Lenglet S, Bararpour N, et al (2022). Cadmium acute exposure induces metabolic and transcriptomic perturbations in human mature adipocytes. Toxicology, 470:153153.
49. Bosland MC, Mahmoud AM (2011). Hormones and prostate carcinogenesis: androgens and estrogens. J Carcinog, 10:33.
50. Rapisarda V, Miozzi E, Loreto C, et al (2018). Cadmium exposure and prostate cancer: insights, mechanisms and perspectives. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed), 23(9):1687-1700.
51. Eriksen KT, Halkjær J, Meliker JR, et al (2015). Dietary cadmium intake and risk of prostate cancer: a Danish prospective cohort study. BMC Cancer, 15:177.
52. Ju-Kun S, Yuan D, Rao H, et al (2016). Association Between Cd Exposure and Risk of Prostate Cancer: A PRISMA-Compliant Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Medicine (Baltimore), 95(6):e2708.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 53 No 3 (2024) | |
| Section | Review Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v53i3.15136 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Cadmium Prostate cancer Systematic review Dose-response meta-analysis | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Mohammadian-Hafshejani A, Farahmandian P, Fadaei A, Sadeghi R. Investigating the Relationship between Cadmium Exposure and the Risk of Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis. Iran J Public Health. 2024;53(3):553-567.
