Disease-Related Stigma, Stigmatizers, Causes, and Consequences: A Systematic Review
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Abstract
Background: Stigma is a sociological concept that is important in medicine and health because it threatens health as much as the disease itself. We aimed to explore the causes, stigmatizers, consequences and coping strategies related to the stigma of diseases by systematically analyzing relevant literature.
Methods: This systematic review examined 65 articles on Disease-Related Stigma by searching Noormags, Magiran, SID, Google Scholar, and PubMed databases. The articles were published in Persian and English between 2001 and 2022 and conducted in Iran. We used a three-step systematic review process to select articles that met the research criteria.
Results: Conflict in society, lack of knowledge, specific characteristics of the disease, and the contagious nature of disease are the main causes of stigma, leading to stigmatization by different groups such as significant others, generalized others, institutional others, and macro others. Patients experiencing stigma face various psychological, physical, and social complications, and they may use concealment as a coping strategy, which can pose a potential threat to society's general health.
Conclusion: By knowing the causes and stigmatizers of disease-related, it is possible to reduce stigma with less cost and time.
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2. Goffman E (2007). Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. Ed (s). Tehran.pp.:28-35.
3. Corrigan PW (2014). The stigma of disease and disability: Understanding causes and overcoming injustices. Ed (f). American Psychological Association: Washington.pp.:4-5.
4. Link BG, Phelan JC (2001). Conceptualizing stigma. Annu Rev of Sociol, 27: 363-385.
5. Joint United Nations Programme.2022. Available from: https:www.refworld.org.
6. Link BG, Phelan JC (2006). Stigma and its public health implications. Lancet, 367(9509): 528-529.
7. Gray DE (1993). Perceptions of stigma: the parents of autistic children. Sociol Health llln, 15: 102-120.
8. Holleman M (2020). Introducing a novel approach to the cross-cultural measurement of stigma versus social integration using methods from the field of cognitive anthropology. J Theory Soc Behav, 4(50): 534-552.
9. World Health Organization (2001). Mental health Problems: The Undefined and Hidden Burden. Geneva. Available from: https: www.who.int
10. Scheff TJ (1991). Being Mentally Ill, A Sociological Study. Ed(r) Taylor and Francis. Available from: https://www.perlego.com/book/1545080/being-mentally-ill-a-sociological-study-pdf.
11. Sheehan L, Corrigan P, Richards C, Cohen L (2020). Stigma of Disease and Its Impact on Health. In: The Wiley Encyclopedia of Health Psychology. Ed(f). vol.3. pp.:57-65.
12. Leary MR, Schreindorfer LS (1998). The stigmatization of HIV and AIDS: Rubbing salt in the wound. In V. J. Derlega & A. P. Barbee (Eds.), HIV and social interaction (pp. 12–29). Sage Publications, Inc.
13. Levenstein S, Li Z, Almer S, et al (2001). Cross-cultural variation in disease-related concerns among patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol, 96(6): 1822-1830.
14. Gudzune KA, Bennett WL, Cooper LA, et al (2014). Patients who feel judged about their weight have lower trust in their primary care providers. Patient Educ Couns, 97(1): 128-131.
15. Ratanawongsa N, Karter AJ, Parker MM, et al (2013). Communication and medication refill adherence: the Diabetes Study of Northern California. JAMA Intern Med, 173(3): 210-218.
16. Sharma S, Lal Gautam P, Sharma S, et al (2019). Questionnaire-based Evaluation of Factors Leading to Patient-physician Distrust and Violence against Healthcare Workers. Indian J Crit Care Med, 23(7): 302-309.
17. Cuffee YL, Hargraves JL, Rosal M, et al (2013). Reported racial discrimination, trust in physicians, and medication adherence among inner-city African Americans with hypertension. Am J Public Health, 103(11): e55-62.
18. Volpe U, Fiorillo A, Luciano M, et al (2014). Pathways to mental health care in Italy: Results from a multicenter study. Int J Soc Psychiatry, 60(5): 508-513.
19. Hebl MR, Xu J (2001). Weighing the care: physicians' reactions to the size of a patient. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord, 25(8): 1246-1252.
20. Kroska A, Harkness S (2021). Information vs. inspiration: Evaluating the effective-ness of mental illness stigma-reduction messages. Soc Sci Res, 96: 102543.
21. Akbari H, Safari S (2020). Conditions of experienced stigma in people living with HIV in Iran: a qualitative comparative analysis. Sociol Health Illn , 42(5): 1060-1076.
22. Susanti I, Mahardita N, Alfianto R, et al (2017). Social stigma, adherence to med-ication and motivation for healing: A cross-sectional study of leprosy patients at Jember Public Health Center, Indone-sia. J Taibah Univ Med Sci, 13(1): 97-102.
23. Vrinten C, Gallagher A, Waller J, et al (2019). Cancer stigma and cancer screen-ing attendance: A population based sur-vey in England. BMC Cancer, 19(1): 566.
24. Aubé B, Follenfant A, Goudeau S, Derguy C (2021). Public Stigma of Autism Spec-trum Disorder at School: Implicit Atti-tudes Matter. J Autism Dev Disord, 51(5): 1584-1597.
25. Jain R, Thomasma D, Ragas R (2002). Down Syndrome: Still a Social Stigma. Am J Perinatol, 19(2): 99-108.
26. Schabert J, Browne JL, Mosely K, et al (2013). Social Stigma in Diabetes: a framework to understand a growing problem for an increasing epidemic. Pa-tient, 6(1): 1-10.
27. Puhl R, Heuer C (2009). The Stigma of Obesity: A Review and Update. Obesity (Silver Spring), 17(5): 941-964.
28. Keefer L, Taft T (2016). A systematic review of disease-related stigmatization in pa-tients living with inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Exp Gastroenterol, 9: 49-58.
29. Leaffer EB, Hesdorffer DC, Begley C (2014). Psychosocial and sociodemo-graphic associates of felt stigma in epi-lepsy. Epilepsy Behav, 37: 104-109.
30. Dar S, Khurshid S, Wani Z, et al (2020). Correction: Stigma in coronavirus dis-ease-19 survivors in Kashmir, India: A cross-sectional exploratory study. PLoS One, 15(11): e0240152.
31. Sadeghi M, Kaviani H, Rezai R (2003). Stigma of Mental Disorder Among Families of Patients With Major Depressive Disorder, Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia. Advances in Cognitive Sciences, 5(2): 16-25.
32. Nikbakht R, Haghayegh SA (2020). The role of the relationship between parenting stress and stigma with parent-child interactions in mothers having autistic children. Cultural Psychology, 3(2): 124-138.
33. Rezaei Dehnavi S, Hemati Alamdarlou G (2015). The impact of perceived stigma On mental health of mothers of children with autism spectrum disorders. J Of Family Research, 11(11): 123-139.
34. Behbahani Mandizadeh A, Homaei R (2020). The casual hour relationship Stigma infertility and psychological distress with quality of marital relationship through the mediation of meta-emotion in infertile women. J Of Family Research, 16(1): 55-76.
35. Lauber C, Rössler W (2007). Stigma towards people with mental illness in developing countries in Asia. Int Rev Psychiatry, 19(2): 157-178.
36. Quinn D, Earnshaw V (2013). Concealable stigmatized identities and psychological well‐being. Soc Personal Psychol Compass, 7(1): 40-51.
37. Almeida CPBd, Goulart BNGd (2017). How to avoid bias in systematic reviews of observational studies. Rev CEFAC, 19(4): 551–555.
38. Hennessy EA, Johnson BT, Keenan C (2019). Best practice guidelines and es-sential methodological steps to conduct rigorous and systematic meta-reviews. Appl psychol Health well Being, 11(3): 353–381.
39. Oaten M, Stevenson RJ, Case TI (2011). Disease avoidance as a functional basis for stigmatization. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 366(1583): 3433-3452.
40. Drucker AM, Fleming P , Chan AW (2016). Research Techniques Made Simple: Assessing Risk of Bias in Systematic Reviews. J Invest Dermatol, 136 (11): e109-e114.
41. Heidari H, Hasanpour M, Fooladi M (2012). The Iranian Parents of Premature Infants in NICU Experience Stigma of Shame. Med Arh, 66(1): 35-40.
42. Tavakol M, Nikayin D, Rezaei M (2021). The effect of AIDS stigmatization on curing patients and physician- HIV/AIDS patient relationship. Bioethics and Health Law J (BHL), 1(1): 1-9.
43. Ravrad A, Aghaei A (2018). Discourse analysis constructing the semantic sState of HIV/AIDS in iran TV case ctudy: The "PARIA" series. IAOCSC, 14(52): 139-153.
44. Keene DE, Padilla M (2010). Race, class and the stigma of place: moving to "opportunity" in Eastern Iowa. Health place, 16(6): 1216-1223.
45. Goldberg DS (2017). On stigma & Health. J Law, Med Ethics, 45(4): 475-483.
46. Link BG, Phelan JC (2013). Labeling and stigma. Handbook of the sociology of mental health. Ed(s). pp.: 525-541.
47. Hansen CH, Hansen RD (1988). Finding the face in the crowd: an anger superiority effect. J Pers Soc Psychol, 54(6): 917-924.
48. Rahmati F, Niknami S, Amin F, et al (2020). HIV/AIDS patients’ experiences about stigma: A qualitative study. J Qual Res Health Sci, 1(2): 71-80.
49. Shakoori A, Darkesh M (2013). The Explorative Study of the Socio-Economic State of HIV Affected Patients in Iran (The Case of Patients of the Infectious Sector in Imam Khomeini Hospital). J of Social Problems of Iran, 4(1): 21-43.
50. Rezaei Dehnavi S, Nouri AA, Jafari M, et al (2009). Investigating Stigma Phenomenon Among Mothers With Down Syndrome Children In Isfahan: A Psycho-Social Approach. J of Family Research, 5(3): 401-416.
51. Pouraboli B, Abedi H, Abbaszadeh A, et al (2014). Silent Screams: Experiences of caregiver suffering By parents of children with thalassemia: A qualitative study. J Qual Res Health Sci, 3(3): 281-291.
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| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 52 No 10 (2023) | |
| Section | Review Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v52i10.13842 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Causes of stigma Stigmatizers Outcomes of the stigma | ||
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Akbari H, Mohammadi M, Husseini A. Disease-Related Stigma, Stigmatizers, Causes, and Consequences: A Systematic Review. Iran J Public Health. 2023;52(10):2042-2054.
