Concepts and Application of Tai Ji in Stroke Rehabilitation: A Narrative Review
Abstract
Stroke remains a leading cause of adult disability, and it decreases the health-related quality of life due to functional disability and poor functional recovery in stroke. Tai Ji has been recently introduced to overcome disabilities. This review aims to explain the effects of Tai Ji on functional recovery in stroke patients, linking it to current approaches, concepts and therapies such as Bobath and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation techniques. A compilation of recent literature on Tai Ji's use in stroke rehabilitation from Google scholar and PubMed Central (2018 to 2022). The benefits of Tai Ji in stroke functional recovery were studied and explained based on its similarity in concepts to current conventional stroke rehabilitation approaches. There were few randomized controlled trials on Tai Ji in functional recovery among stroke patients. However, all literature identified Tai Ji as beneficial in stroke rehabilitation. However, there was no literature on explaining the Tai Ji movement based on current conventional stroke rehabilitation approaches. Tai Ji carries similar theories to the current neurorehabilitation approach. Tai Ji can be modified and incorporated into stroke rehabilitation programs based on patients’ needs to produce promising outcomes.
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6. Park SJ, Oh S (2020). Effect of diagonal pat-tern training on trunk function, balance, and gait in stroke patients. Applied Sciences, 10(13):4635.
7. Zhang Y, Liu H, Zhou L, et al (2014). Ap-plying Tai Chi as a rehabilitation program for stroke patients in the recovery phase: Study protocol for a randomized con-trolled trial. Trials, 15(1):1–7.
8. Miller S, Taylor-Piliae R (2021). Perceptions of the eight active ingredients of Tai Chi exercise among older adults. The Journal of the International Society of Chinese Health Prac-tices, 2(1):1–9.
9. Guo Y, Qiu P, Liu T (2014). Tai Ji Quan: An overview of its history, health benefits, and cultural value. J Sport Health Sci, 3(1):3–8.
10. Hu C, Qin X, Jiang M, et al (2022). Effects of Tai Chi exercise on balance function in stroke patients: An overview of systemat-ic review. Neural Plast, 9:3895514.
11. Song R, Park M, Jang T, Oh J, Sohn MK (2021). Effects of a Tai Chi-based stroke rehabilitation program on symptom clus-ters, physical and cognitive functions, and quality of life: A randomized feasibility study. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 18(10):5453.
12. Lyu D, Wang J, Yang F, et al (2021). Effect of Tai Chi on post-stroke non-motor disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Rehabil, 35(1):26–38.
13. Zhao J, Chau JPC, Chan AWK, et al (2022). Tailored sitting Tai Chi program for sub-acute stroke survivors: A randomized controlled trial. Stroke, 53(7):2192-2203.
14. Zheng X, Wu X, Liu Z, et al (2021). The in-fluences of Tai Chi on balance function and exercise capacity among stroke pa-tients: A meta-analysis. Evid Based Comple-ment Alternat Med, 2021:6636847.
15. Taylor-Piliae R, Dolan H, Yako A (2021). Personal efficacy beliefs and outcome ex-pectations of Tai Chi exercise: A qualita-tive descriptive study. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 18(24):13001.
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2. Ajoolabady A, Wang S, Kroemer G, et al (2021). Targeting autophagy in ischemic stroke: From molecular mechanisms to clinical therapeutics. Pharmacol Ther, 225:107848.
3. Duncan PW, Bushnell C, Sissine M, et al (2020). Comprehensive stroke care and outcomes: Time for a paradigm shift. Stroke, 385–93.
4. Schneider S, Taba N, Saapar M, Vibo R, Kõrv J (2021). Determinants of long-term health-related quality of life in young ischemic stroke patients. J Stroke Cerebro-vasc Dis, 30(2):105499.
5. Babyar SR, Holland TJ, Rothbart D, Pell J (2022). Electromyographic analyses of trunk musculature after stroke: An inte-grative review. Top Stroke Rehabil, 29(5):366–81.
6. Park SJ, Oh S (2020). Effect of diagonal pat-tern training on trunk function, balance, and gait in stroke patients. Applied Sciences, 10(13):4635.
7. Zhang Y, Liu H, Zhou L, et al (2014). Ap-plying Tai Chi as a rehabilitation program for stroke patients in the recovery phase: Study protocol for a randomized con-trolled trial. Trials, 15(1):1–7.
8. Miller S, Taylor-Piliae R (2021). Perceptions of the eight active ingredients of Tai Chi exercise among older adults. The Journal of the International Society of Chinese Health Prac-tices, 2(1):1–9.
9. Guo Y, Qiu P, Liu T (2014). Tai Ji Quan: An overview of its history, health benefits, and cultural value. J Sport Health Sci, 3(1):3–8.
10. Hu C, Qin X, Jiang M, et al (2022). Effects of Tai Chi exercise on balance function in stroke patients: An overview of systemat-ic review. Neural Plast, 9:3895514.
11. Song R, Park M, Jang T, Oh J, Sohn MK (2021). Effects of a Tai Chi-based stroke rehabilitation program on symptom clus-ters, physical and cognitive functions, and quality of life: A randomized feasibility study. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 18(10):5453.
12. Lyu D, Wang J, Yang F, et al (2021). Effect of Tai Chi on post-stroke non-motor disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Rehabil, 35(1):26–38.
13. Zhao J, Chau JPC, Chan AWK, et al (2022). Tailored sitting Tai Chi program for sub-acute stroke survivors: A randomized controlled trial. Stroke, 53(7):2192-2203.
14. Zheng X, Wu X, Liu Z, et al (2021). The in-fluences of Tai Chi on balance function and exercise capacity among stroke pa-tients: A meta-analysis. Evid Based Comple-ment Alternat Med, 2021:6636847.
15. Taylor-Piliae R, Dolan H, Yako A (2021). Personal efficacy beliefs and outcome ex-pectations of Tai Chi exercise: A qualita-tive descriptive study. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 18(24):13001.
16. Gan QF, Foo CN, Choy KW, et al (2020). Frequency and types of recreational phys-ical activity determines static and dynamic stability. Gazzetta Medica Italiana Archivio per le Scienze Mediche, 179(9):538-45.
17. Tan T, Meng Y, Lyu JL, et al (2022). A sys-tematic review and meta-analysis of Tai Chi training in cardiorespiratory fitness of elderly people. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2022:4041612.
18. Yang FC, Desai AB, Esfahani P, Sokolovskaya T V, Bartlett DJ (2021). Ef-fectiveness of Tai Chi for health promo-tion of older adults: A scoping review of meta-Analyses. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 0(0). doi:10.1177/15598276211001291.
19. Xianjian C, Datao X (2021). Effects of Tai Chi Chuan on the physical and mental health of the elderly: A systematic review. Physical Activity and Health, 5(1):21–7.
20. Cai Q, Cai S Bin, Chen J Kun, et al (2022). Tai Chi for anxiety and depression symp-toms in cancer, stroke, heart failure, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Com-plement Ther Clin Pract, 46:101510.
21. Yanez S (2021). Health benefits of Tai Chi. Plant Family Therapeutics. Available from: https://www.plant-family.com/health-benefits-of-tai-chi/
22. Cobb PJ, Woo EMW, Pan NFC, et al (2021). Sharing the Past: The Library as Digital Co-Design Space for Intergenera-tional Heritage Preservation. Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries, 320–1.
23. Hall AM, Maher CG, Latimer J, Ferreira ML, Lam P (2009). A randomized con-trolled trial of tai chi for long-term low back pain (TAI CHI): Study rationale, de-sign, and methods. BMC Musculoskelet Dis-ord, 10(1):1–8.
24. Cui L, Yin HC, Lyu SJ, et al (2019). Tai Chi Chuan vs general aerobic exercise in brain plasticity: A multimodal MRI study. Scientific Reports, 9(1):1–7.
25. Li W (2022). Application of fine motion capture method for Tai Chi Chuan assis-tant training. J Sens, 1–11.
26. Celnikl PA, Makey MJ, Fridman E, Cohen LG (2022). Neuroplasticity. Neuroprosthet-ics: Theory and Practice, Second Edition. World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., Singapore, pp.:192–212.
27. Scheets PL, George Hornby T, Perry SB, et al (2021). Moving forward. J Neurol Phys Ther, 45(1):46–9.
28. Eschweiler M, Bohr L, Kessler J, Fink GR, Kalbe E, Onur OA (2021). Combined cognitive and motor training improves the outcome in the early phase after stroke and prevents a decline of executive functions: A pilot study. NeuroRehabilita-tion, 48(1):97–108.
29. Sousa ASP, Moreira J, Silva C, et al (2022). Usability of functional electrical stimula-tion in upper limb rehabilitation in post-stroke patients: A narrative review. Sensors, 22(4):1409.
30. Ghrouz A, Marco E, Muñoz-Redondo E, Boza R, Ramirez-Fuentes C, Duarte E (2022). The effect of motor relearning on balance, mobility and performance of ac-tivities of daily living among post-stroke patients: Study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Eur Stroke J, 7(1):76-84.
31. Abajobir AA, Abate KH, Abbafati C, et al (2017). Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 be-havioural, environmental and occupation-al, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet, 390(10100):1345–422.
32. Xing Y, Bai Y (2020). A review of exercise-induced neuroplasticity in ischemic stroke: pathology and mechanisms. Mol Neurobiol, 57(10):4218–31.
33. Kerr AL (2021). Contralesional plasticity fol-lowing constraint-induced movement therapy benefits outcome: Contributions of the intact hemisphere to functional re-covery. Rev Neurosci, 33(3):269–83.
34. Bayona NA, Bitensky J, Salter K, Teasell R (2005). The role of task-specific training in rehabilitation therapies. Top Stroke Re-habil, 12(3):58–65.
35. Zhou M, Liao H, Sreepada LP, Ladner JR, Balschi JA, Lin AP (2018). Tai Chi im-proves brain metabolism and muscle en-ergetics in older adults. J Neuroimaging, 28(4):359–64.
36. Promsri A, Haid T, Werner I, Federolf P (2020). Leg dominance effects on postur-al control when performing challenging balance exercises. Brain Sci, 10(3):128.
37. Murray K, Aquino N, Nugent J (2019). The role of the physical therapist on the neu-ro-rehabilitation team. Acquired Brain Inju-ry, 163–99.
38. Smedes F, Giacometti da Silva L (2019). Motor learning with the PNF-concept, an alternative to constrained induced movement therapy in a patient after a stroke; a case report. J Bodyw Mov Ther, 23(3):622–7.
39. Michielsen M, Vaughan-Graham J, Holland A, Magri A, Suzuki M (2017). The Bobath concept – a model to illustrate clinical practice. Disabil Rehabil, 41(17):2080–92.
40. Verde G (2022). Inquiry on Rehabilitation Methods. Rehabilitation Methodology and Strategies, 3–9.
41. Suharto S, Arpandjam’an A, Rahman A, Su-riani S (2021). The effectiveness of Bo-bath exercises on the ability to walk and leg spasticity of stroke patients. Urban Health, 3(12):9-14.
42. Hua H, Zhu D, Wang Y (2022). Compara-tive study on the joint biomechanics of different skill level practitioners in Chen-Style Tai Chi punching. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 19(10):5915.
43. Lee K, Lee DG, Hong SK, et al (2021). The relationship between sitting balance, trunk control and mobility with predictive for current mobility level in survivors of sub-acute stroke. PLoS One, 16(8):e0251977.
44. Massion J (1994). Postural control system. Curr Opin Neurobiol, 4(6):877–87.
45. Quan Fu G, Navajyothi D, Christopher S, Elanchezhian C, Sawri Rajan Rajagopal Naidu (2016). The effects on subtalar neutral angle in non-weight bearing posi-tion on postural stability. FASEB.
46. Quan Fu G, Chye Wah Y, Sura S, Jagadee-san S, Chinnavan E, Judson JPE (2018). Influence of rearfoot alignment on static and dynamic postural stability. Int J Ther Rehabil, 25(12):628–35.
47. Cury AC, Pinto RZ, Madaleno FO, Resende RA (2021). Do older adults present al-tered pelvic and trunk movement pattern during gait? A systematic review with me-ta-analysis and GRADE recommenda-tions. Braz J Phys Ther, 25(5):484–99.
48. Van Dieën JH, Prins MR, Bruijn SM, et al (2021). Coordination of axial trunk rota-tions during gait in low back pain. A nar-rative review. J Hum Kinet, 76(1):35–50.
49. Sánchez N, Winstein CJ (2021). Lost in Translation: Simple steps in experimental design of neurorehabilitation-based re-search interventions to promote motor recovery post-stroke. Front Hum Neurosci, 15:204.
50. Zhang L, Guo S, Sun Q (2020). Develop-ment and assist-as-needed control of an end-effector upper limb rehabilitation ro-bot. Applied Sciences, 10(19):6684.
51. Cui L, Tao S, Yin HC, et al (2021). Tai Chi Chuan alters brain functional network plasticity and promotes cognitive flexibil-ity. Front Psychol, 12:2514.
52. Solianik R, Mickevičienė D, Žlibinaitė L, Čekanauskaitė A (2021). Tai Chi im-proves psychoemotional state, cognition, and motor learning in older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. Exp Gerontol, 150:111363.
53. Pauleen D, Intezari A, Küpers W (2022). Wise relational management: Tai Chi Chuan as an exemplar of embodied and balanced responsiveness. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 38(3):101218.
54. Ho TJ, Chou KT, Li CH, Kuo BC, Huang TC (2018). Quantitative motion analysis of Tai Chi Chuan: The upper extremity movement. Biomed Res Int, 2018:2538765.
55. Lee LH, Lin HT, Tsai NW, et al (2018). De-velopment of a direction-oriented motion and short-sitting and lying Tai Chi (DOM-SSLTC) model for function re-covery in stroke patients. J Med Biol Eng, 39(5):773–82.
56. Ko BJ, Lee TT, Hsu TY, Huang CF (2022). The effects of Tai Chi Chuan exercise training on the lower extremities of mid-dle-aged and elderly. Applied Sciences, 12(9):4460.
57. Lee KYT, Hui-Chan CWY, Tsang WWN (2015). The effects of practicing sitting Tai Chi on balance control and eye-hand coordination in the older adults: a ran-domized controlled trial. Disabil Rehabil, 37(9):790–4.
58. Zhao J, Chau JPC, Lo SHS, Choi KC, Liang S (2021). The effects of sitting Tai Chi on physical and psychosocial health out-comes among individuals with impaired physical mobility: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Nurs Stud, 118:103911.
59. Xie G, Rao T, Lin L, et al (2018). Effects of Tai Chi Yunshou exercise on communi-ty-based stroke patients: a cluster ran-domized controlled trial. Eur Rev Aging Phys Act, 15(17):1–12.
60. Jiang LH, Zhao LJ, Liu Y, et al (2022). Ef-fectiveness of Tai Chi Yunshou motor imagery training for hemiplegic upper ex-tremity motor function in poststroke pa-tients: study protocol for a randomized clinical trial. Trials, 23(1):1–9.
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| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 51 No 11 (2022) | |
| Section | Review Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v51i11.11162 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Tai Ji Stroke rehabilitation Review | ||
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Alkharji H, Gan QF, Foo CN. Concepts and Application of Tai Ji in Stroke Rehabilitation: A Narrative Review. Iran J Public Health. 2022;51(11):2449-2457.
