The Influence of Cyber Victimization, Internet Use, and Perception of Cyberbullying-on-Cyberbullying Perpetration among Korean Adults: A National Sample-Based Study
Abstract
Background: Although cyberbullying has emerged as a serious problem even among adults, most researches have been conducted on the adolescents. We aimed to verify the independent effects of cyber victimization, internet use, and the perception of cyberbullying-on-cyberbullying perpetration in South Korea adults.
Methods: The data of 1500, 20s to 50s Korea adults from the 2019 Survey on the Cyberbullying conducted by the National Information Society Agency were used.
Results: A hierarchical multiple regression analysis indicated that cyber victimization and internet use were positively related to cyberbullying perpetration. In particular, the perception of cyberbullying was negatively associated with cyberbullying perpetration.
Conclusion: This study is an early effort to verify the influence of the perception of cyberbullying-on-cyberbullying perpetration. Educating that cyberbullying is an illegal and dangerous behavior is important to prevent cyberbullying perpetration.
1. National Information Society Agency (2019). The Survey on the Cyberbullying.
2. Savage MW, Tokunaga RS (2017). Moving toward a theory: Testing an integrated model of cyberbullying perpetration, aggression, social skills, and Internet self-efficacy. Comput Hum Behav, 71: 353-361.
3. Olweus D, Limber SP (2018). Some problems with cyberbullying research. Curr Opin Psychol, 19: 139-143.
4. Hamuddin B, Syahdan S, Rahman F, Rianita D, Derin T (2019). Do They Truly Intend to Harm Their Friends? The Motives Beyond Cyberbullying among University Students. International Journal of Cyber Behavior, Psychology and Learning, 9(4): 32-44.
5. Menesini E, Nocentini A, Palladino BE, et al (2012). Cyberbullying definition among adolescents: A comparison across six European countries. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw, 15(9):455-63.
6. Korean National Police Agency (2018). 2018 Police Statistical Yearbook.
7. Jenaro C, Flores N, Frías CP (2018). Systematic review of empirical studies on cyberbullying in adults: What we know and what we should investigate. Aggress Violent Behav, 38: 113-122.
8. Jun D, Kim D (2016). A study on adult's cyberviolence. Korean J Local Gov Admin Stud, 30(3): 25-43.
9. Kowalski RM, Limber SP, McCord A (2018). A developmental approach to cyberbullying: Prevalence and protective factors. Aggress Violent Behav, 45: 20-32.
10. Akbulut Y, Eristi B (2011). Cyberbullying and victimisation among Turkish university students. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 27(7): 1155-1170.
11. Francisco SM, Simão AMV, Ferreira PC, das Dores Martins MJ (2015). Cyberbullying: The hidden side of college students. Comput Hum Behav, 43: 167-182.
12. Zsila Á, Urbán R, Griffiths MD, Demetrovics Z (2019). Gender differences in the association between cyberbullying victimization and perpetration: The role of anger rumination and traditional bullying experiences. Int J Ment Health Addict, 17(5): 1252-1267.
13. Agnew R, White HR (1992). An empirical test of general strain theory. Criminology, 30(4): 475-500.
14. Jang H, Song J, Kim R (2014). Does the offline bully-victimization influence cyberbullying behavior among youths? Application of general strain theory. Comput Hum Behav, 31: 85-93.
15. Lee J, Lee SS (2014). The effect of cyber victimization on cyber offending and gender differences in testing a general strain theory. J Youth Stud, 25(4): 137-158.
16. Lee G, Sanchez M (2018). Cyber bullying behaviors, anonymity, and general strain theory: A study of undergraduate students at a South Eastern University in the United States. Int J Cyber Criminol, 12(1): 84-96.
17. Balakrishnan V (2015). Cyberbullying among young adults in Malaysia: The roles of gender, age and Internet frequency. Comput Hum Behav, 46: 149-157.
18. Walrave M, Heirman W (2011). Cyberbullying: Predicting victimisation and perpetration. Child Soc, 25(1): 59-72.
19. Celik S, Atak H, Erguzen A (2012). The effect of personality on cyberbullying among university students in Turkey. Eurasian J Educ Res, 49: 129-150.
20. Musharraf S, Bauman S, Anis-ul-Haque M, Malik JA (2019). General and ICT self-efficacy in different participants roles in cyberbullying/victimization among Pakistani university students. Front Psychol, 10: 1098.
21. Eden S, Heiman T, Olenik‐Shemesh D (2013). Teachers’ perceptions, beliefs and concerns about cyberbullying. Br J Educ Technol, 44(6): 1036-1052.
22. Lampridis E (2015). Stereotypical beliefs about cyber bullying: An exploratory study in terms of myths. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 3(2): 135-147.
23. Oksanen A, Oksa R, Savela N, Kaakinen M, Ellonen N (2020). Cyberbullying victimization at work: Social media identity bubble approach. Comput Hum Behav, 109: 106363.
24. Lee SS (2009). The effects of strain, low self-control, and Internet time use on cyber delinquency: Testing three theories of delinquency. Korean Crim Rev, 3: 95-115.
25. Kırcaburun K, Kokkinos CM, Demetrovics Z, Király O, Griffiths MD, Çolak TS (2019). Problematic online behaviors among adolescents and emerging adults: Associations between cyberbullying perpetration, problematic social media use, and psychosocial factors. Int J Ment Health Addiction, 17(4): 891-908.
26. Yamawaki N, Ostenson J, Brown CR (2009). The functions of gender role traditionality, ambivalent sexism, injury, and frequency of assault on domestic violence perception: A study between Japanese and American college students. Violence Against Women, 15(9): 1126-1142.
27. Lundgren R, Amin A (2015). Addressing intimate partner violence and sexual violence among adolescents: Emerging evidence of effectiveness. J Adolesc Health, 56(1 Suppl): S42-50.
28. Kim SH, Park HS (2014). Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors Impacting Individuals` Cyber Ethics Awareness and Behavior Intention. The Journal of Information Systems, 23(1): 111-138.
29. Yahaya A, Ramli J, Hashim S, Ibrahim MA, Rahman RRRA (2009). Teachers and students perception towards bullying in Batu Pahat district secondary school. Eur J Soc Sci educ res, 11(4): 643-658.
30. Frisén A, Jonsson AK, Persson C (2007). Adolescents’ perception of bullying: Who is the victim? Who is the bully? What can be done to stop bullying. Adolescence, 42(168): 749-761.
31. Antecol H, Cobb Clark D (2003). Does sexual harassment training change attitudes? A view from the federal level. Social Science Quarterly, 84(4): 826-842.
32. Davison CB, Stein CH (2014). The dangers of cyberbullying. North American Journal of Psychology, 16(3): 595-595.
33. Bae SM (2021). The relationship between exposure to risky online content, cyber victimization, perception of cyberbullying, and cyberbullying offending in Korean adolescents. Child Youth Serv Rev, 123: 105946.
34. Sobba KN, Paez RA, Bensel TT (2017). Perceptions of cyberbullying: An assessment of perceived severity among college students. Tech Trends, 61: 570-579.
35. Erdur-Baker Ö (2010). Cyberbullying and its correlation to traditional bullying, gender and frequent and risky usage of internet-mediated communication tools. New Media Soc, 12(1): 109-125.
36. Ortega-Barón J, Buelga S, Cava MJ, Torralba E (2017). Violencia escolar y actitud hacia la autoridad de estudiantes agresores de cyberbullying. Rev de Psicodidáctica, 22(1): 23-28.
37. Souza SB, Veiga Simão AM, Ferreira AI, Ferreira PC (2017). University students’ perceptions of campus climate, cyberbullying and cultural issues: implications for theory and practice. Stud High Edu, 43(11): 2072-2087.
38. Álvarez-García D, Núñez JC, García T, Barreiro-Collazo A (2018). Individual, family, and community predictors of cyber-aggression among adolescents. Eur J Psychol Appl Legal Context, 10(2): 79-88.
39. Barlett C, Coyne SM (2014). A meta‐analysis of sex differences in cyber‐bullying behavior: The moderating role of age. Aggress Behav, 40(5): 474-488.
40. Young K, Govender C (2018). A comparison of gender, age, grade, and experiences of authoritarian parenting amongst traditional and cyberbullying perpetrators. South African Journal of Education, 38(Supplement 1):S1-S11
41. López-Castro L, Priegue D (2019). Influence of family variables on cyberbullying perpetration and victimization: A systematic literature review. Soc Sci, 8(3): 98.
42. Soares S, Brochado S, Barros H, Fraga S (2017). Does cyberbullying prevalence among adolescents relate with country socioeconomic and development indicators? an ecological study of 31 countries. Violence Vict, 32(5): 771-790.
43. Lee C, Shin N (2017). Prevalence of cyberbullying and predictors of cyberbullying perpetration among Korean adolescents. Comput Hum Behav, 68: 352-358.
44. Grunig JE, Hunt TT (1984). Managing pub rel, Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
45. Lee YH, Kim JD, Park JH. (2016). A Study on Development of Common Criteria for Evaluation of Internet Ethics Index. J Internet Comput Serv, 17(3): 75-85.
46. Molluzzo JC, Lawler J (2012). A study of the perceptions of college students on cyberbullying. Information Systems Education Journal, 10(4): 84.
2. Savage MW, Tokunaga RS (2017). Moving toward a theory: Testing an integrated model of cyberbullying perpetration, aggression, social skills, and Internet self-efficacy. Comput Hum Behav, 71: 353-361.
3. Olweus D, Limber SP (2018). Some problems with cyberbullying research. Curr Opin Psychol, 19: 139-143.
4. Hamuddin B, Syahdan S, Rahman F, Rianita D, Derin T (2019). Do They Truly Intend to Harm Their Friends? The Motives Beyond Cyberbullying among University Students. International Journal of Cyber Behavior, Psychology and Learning, 9(4): 32-44.
5. Menesini E, Nocentini A, Palladino BE, et al (2012). Cyberbullying definition among adolescents: A comparison across six European countries. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw, 15(9):455-63.
6. Korean National Police Agency (2018). 2018 Police Statistical Yearbook.
7. Jenaro C, Flores N, Frías CP (2018). Systematic review of empirical studies on cyberbullying in adults: What we know and what we should investigate. Aggress Violent Behav, 38: 113-122.
8. Jun D, Kim D (2016). A study on adult's cyberviolence. Korean J Local Gov Admin Stud, 30(3): 25-43.
9. Kowalski RM, Limber SP, McCord A (2018). A developmental approach to cyberbullying: Prevalence and protective factors. Aggress Violent Behav, 45: 20-32.
10. Akbulut Y, Eristi B (2011). Cyberbullying and victimisation among Turkish university students. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 27(7): 1155-1170.
11. Francisco SM, Simão AMV, Ferreira PC, das Dores Martins MJ (2015). Cyberbullying: The hidden side of college students. Comput Hum Behav, 43: 167-182.
12. Zsila Á, Urbán R, Griffiths MD, Demetrovics Z (2019). Gender differences in the association between cyberbullying victimization and perpetration: The role of anger rumination and traditional bullying experiences. Int J Ment Health Addict, 17(5): 1252-1267.
13. Agnew R, White HR (1992). An empirical test of general strain theory. Criminology, 30(4): 475-500.
14. Jang H, Song J, Kim R (2014). Does the offline bully-victimization influence cyberbullying behavior among youths? Application of general strain theory. Comput Hum Behav, 31: 85-93.
15. Lee J, Lee SS (2014). The effect of cyber victimization on cyber offending and gender differences in testing a general strain theory. J Youth Stud, 25(4): 137-158.
16. Lee G, Sanchez M (2018). Cyber bullying behaviors, anonymity, and general strain theory: A study of undergraduate students at a South Eastern University in the United States. Int J Cyber Criminol, 12(1): 84-96.
17. Balakrishnan V (2015). Cyberbullying among young adults in Malaysia: The roles of gender, age and Internet frequency. Comput Hum Behav, 46: 149-157.
18. Walrave M, Heirman W (2011). Cyberbullying: Predicting victimisation and perpetration. Child Soc, 25(1): 59-72.
19. Celik S, Atak H, Erguzen A (2012). The effect of personality on cyberbullying among university students in Turkey. Eurasian J Educ Res, 49: 129-150.
20. Musharraf S, Bauman S, Anis-ul-Haque M, Malik JA (2019). General and ICT self-efficacy in different participants roles in cyberbullying/victimization among Pakistani university students. Front Psychol, 10: 1098.
21. Eden S, Heiman T, Olenik‐Shemesh D (2013). Teachers’ perceptions, beliefs and concerns about cyberbullying. Br J Educ Technol, 44(6): 1036-1052.
22. Lampridis E (2015). Stereotypical beliefs about cyber bullying: An exploratory study in terms of myths. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 3(2): 135-147.
23. Oksanen A, Oksa R, Savela N, Kaakinen M, Ellonen N (2020). Cyberbullying victimization at work: Social media identity bubble approach. Comput Hum Behav, 109: 106363.
24. Lee SS (2009). The effects of strain, low self-control, and Internet time use on cyber delinquency: Testing three theories of delinquency. Korean Crim Rev, 3: 95-115.
25. Kırcaburun K, Kokkinos CM, Demetrovics Z, Király O, Griffiths MD, Çolak TS (2019). Problematic online behaviors among adolescents and emerging adults: Associations between cyberbullying perpetration, problematic social media use, and psychosocial factors. Int J Ment Health Addiction, 17(4): 891-908.
26. Yamawaki N, Ostenson J, Brown CR (2009). The functions of gender role traditionality, ambivalent sexism, injury, and frequency of assault on domestic violence perception: A study between Japanese and American college students. Violence Against Women, 15(9): 1126-1142.
27. Lundgren R, Amin A (2015). Addressing intimate partner violence and sexual violence among adolescents: Emerging evidence of effectiveness. J Adolesc Health, 56(1 Suppl): S42-50.
28. Kim SH, Park HS (2014). Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors Impacting Individuals` Cyber Ethics Awareness and Behavior Intention. The Journal of Information Systems, 23(1): 111-138.
29. Yahaya A, Ramli J, Hashim S, Ibrahim MA, Rahman RRRA (2009). Teachers and students perception towards bullying in Batu Pahat district secondary school. Eur J Soc Sci educ res, 11(4): 643-658.
30. Frisén A, Jonsson AK, Persson C (2007). Adolescents’ perception of bullying: Who is the victim? Who is the bully? What can be done to stop bullying. Adolescence, 42(168): 749-761.
31. Antecol H, Cobb Clark D (2003). Does sexual harassment training change attitudes? A view from the federal level. Social Science Quarterly, 84(4): 826-842.
32. Davison CB, Stein CH (2014). The dangers of cyberbullying. North American Journal of Psychology, 16(3): 595-595.
33. Bae SM (2021). The relationship between exposure to risky online content, cyber victimization, perception of cyberbullying, and cyberbullying offending in Korean adolescents. Child Youth Serv Rev, 123: 105946.
34. Sobba KN, Paez RA, Bensel TT (2017). Perceptions of cyberbullying: An assessment of perceived severity among college students. Tech Trends, 61: 570-579.
35. Erdur-Baker Ö (2010). Cyberbullying and its correlation to traditional bullying, gender and frequent and risky usage of internet-mediated communication tools. New Media Soc, 12(1): 109-125.
36. Ortega-Barón J, Buelga S, Cava MJ, Torralba E (2017). Violencia escolar y actitud hacia la autoridad de estudiantes agresores de cyberbullying. Rev de Psicodidáctica, 22(1): 23-28.
37. Souza SB, Veiga Simão AM, Ferreira AI, Ferreira PC (2017). University students’ perceptions of campus climate, cyberbullying and cultural issues: implications for theory and practice. Stud High Edu, 43(11): 2072-2087.
38. Álvarez-García D, Núñez JC, García T, Barreiro-Collazo A (2018). Individual, family, and community predictors of cyber-aggression among adolescents. Eur J Psychol Appl Legal Context, 10(2): 79-88.
39. Barlett C, Coyne SM (2014). A meta‐analysis of sex differences in cyber‐bullying behavior: The moderating role of age. Aggress Behav, 40(5): 474-488.
40. Young K, Govender C (2018). A comparison of gender, age, grade, and experiences of authoritarian parenting amongst traditional and cyberbullying perpetrators. South African Journal of Education, 38(Supplement 1):S1-S11
41. López-Castro L, Priegue D (2019). Influence of family variables on cyberbullying perpetration and victimization: A systematic literature review. Soc Sci, 8(3): 98.
42. Soares S, Brochado S, Barros H, Fraga S (2017). Does cyberbullying prevalence among adolescents relate with country socioeconomic and development indicators? an ecological study of 31 countries. Violence Vict, 32(5): 771-790.
43. Lee C, Shin N (2017). Prevalence of cyberbullying and predictors of cyberbullying perpetration among Korean adolescents. Comput Hum Behav, 68: 352-358.
44. Grunig JE, Hunt TT (1984). Managing pub rel, Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
45. Lee YH, Kim JD, Park JH. (2016). A Study on Development of Common Criteria for Evaluation of Internet Ethics Index. J Internet Comput Serv, 17(3): 75-85.
46. Molluzzo JC, Lawler J (2012). A study of the perceptions of college students on cyberbullying. Information Systems Education Journal, 10(4): 84.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 53 No 10 (2024) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| Keywords | ||
| Cyberbullying perpetration Cyber victimization Internet use Cyberbullying perception | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Park S-R, Bae S-M. The Influence of Cyber Victimization, Internet Use, and Perception of Cyberbullying-on-Cyberbullying Perpetration among Korean Adults: A National Sample-Based Study. Iran J Public Health. 2024;53(10):2271-2278.
