The Association between Healthy Eating Index-2015 and Serum Metabolic Parameters in Women with Gallstone Disease: A Case-Control Study
Abstract
Background: One of the most prevalent gastrointestinal tract ailments is gallstone disease (GD). Diet has been acknowledged as a modifiable GD risk factor. The Healthy Eating Index (HEI) is a scale for evaluating the quality of diets; therefore, this study aimed to determine whether the HEI-2015 score was associated with serum metabolic parameters in women with GD.
Methods: This case-control study was conducted on a sample of 75 women diagnosed with GD and 75 healthy women at the Gastroenterology and Hepatology Clinic of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science in Tehran, Iran. Standard laboratory methods were employed to measure the biochemical parameters. The participants' habitual dietary intake was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The HEI-2015 score was computed for all participants. The study employed multivariate logistic regression to identify the optimal predictor of GD. The Pearson Correlation was employed to determine the correlation between the HEI-2015 and serum metabolic parameters.
Results: The study found a significant negative association between the risk of GD and serum HDL-c (OR: 0.84; 95% CI: 0.76–0.95, P=0.008). Moreover, a significant positive association was detected between HOMA-IR (OR: 3.27; 95% CI: 1.16-9.19, P=0.025), and the risk of GD. The study did not find a statistically significant correlation between the HEI-2015 and serum parameters.
Conclusion: While an association was discovered between certain serum metabolic parameters and the risk of GD, the results do not provide a significant association between serum metabolic parameters and HEI-2015 score.
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13. Azadbakht L, Akbari F, Esmaillzadeh A (2015). Diet quality among Iranian adolescents needs improvement. Public Health Nutr, 18 (4): 615-21.
14. Krebs-Smith SM, Pannucci TE, Subar AF, et al (2018). Update of the healthy eating index: HEI-2015. J Acad Nutr Diet, 118 (9): 1591-1602.
15. Yu D, Sonderman J, Buchowski MS, et al (2015). Healthy eating and risks of total and cause-specific death among low-income populations of African-Americans and other adults in the southeastern United States: a prospective cohort study. PLoS Med, 12 (5): e1001830.
16. Harmon BE, Boushey CJ, Shvetsov YB, et al (2015). Associations of key diet-quality indexes with mortality in the Multiethnic Cohort: the Dietary Patterns Methods Project. Am J Clin Nutr, 101 (3): 587-97.
17. Reedy J, Krebs-Smith SM, Miller PE, et al (2014). Higher diet quality is associated with decreased risk of all-cause, cardiovascular disease, and cancer mortality among older adults. J Nutr, 144 (6): 881-9.
18. Hayat S, Hassan Z, Changazi SH, et al (2019). Comparative analysis of serum lipid profiles in patients with and without gallstones: A prospective cross-sectional study. Ann Med Surg (Lond), 42: 11-13.
19. Mirmiran P, Esfahani FH, Mehrabi Y, et al (2010). Reliability and relative validity of an FFQ for nutrients in the Tehran lipid and glucose study. Public Health Nutr, 13 (5): 654-62.
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21. Wirth J, Song M, Fung TT, et al (2018). Diet-quality scores and the risk of symptomatic gallstone disease: a prospective cohort study of male US health professionals. Int J Epidemiol, 47 (6): 1938-46.
22. Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS (1972). Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem, 18 (6): 499-502.
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24. Committee IR (2004). Guidelines for data processing and analysis of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ)-short and long forms. https://www.physio-pedia.com/images/c/c7/Quidelines_for_interpreting_the_IPAQ.pdf
25. Eknoyan G (2008). Adolphe Quetelet (1796–1874)—the average man and indices of obesity. Nephrol Dial Transplant, 23 (1): 47-51.
26. Wang J, Shen S, Wang B, et al (2020). Serum lipid levels are the risk factors of gallbladder stones: a population-based study in China. Lipids Health Dis, 19 (1): 50.
27. Campos-Perez W, Perez-Robles M, Rodriguez-Echevarria R, et al (2022). High dietary ω-6: ω-3 PUFA ratio and simple carbohydrates as a potential risk factors for gallstone disease: A cross-sectional study. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol, 46 (3): 101802.
28. Zhang J, Chen L, Shen K, et al (2023). Association between metabolically healthy overweight/obesity and gallstones in Chinese adults. Nutr Metab (Lond), 20 (1):20.
29. Zhang M, Mao M, Zhang C, et al (2022). Blood lipid metabolism and the risk of gallstone disease: a multi-center study and meta-analysis. Lipids Health Dis, 21 (1): 26.
30. Zeng D, Wu H, Huang Q, et al (2020). Serum Lipid, Total Bile Acid and Total Bilirubin Levels are the Risk Factors of Gallstones. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-112989/v1
31. Olokoba A, Bojuwoye B, Katibi I, et al (2006). Relationship between gallstone disease and serum lipids in normal adult Nigerians. African Scientist, 7 (3): 113-116.
32. Ahmed HAE. Assessment of Insulin Resistance Index (HOMA-IR) among Gallstone Patients in Khartoum State [MSc thesis]. College of Graduate studies, Sudan University of Science & Technology, Sudan; 2017.
33. Shabanzadeh DM, Skaaby T, Sørensen LT, et al (2017). Metabolic biomarkers and gallstone disease–a population-based study. Scand J Gastroenterol, 52 (11): 1270-77.
34. Hasan BF, Muhi SA, Ibrahim NAK (2015). The Association among Serum Leptin, Insulin and Insulin Resistance in Iraqi Patients with Cholelithiasis. American Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, 5 (1): 20-25.
35. Zanlungo S, Nervi F (2003). The molecular and metabolic basis of biliary cholesterol secretion and gallstone disease. Front Biosci, 8: s1166-74.
36. Janowitz P, Wechsler J, Kuhn K, et al (1992). The relationship between serum lipids, nucleation time, and biliary lipids in patients with gallstones. Clin Investig, 70(5): 430-6.
37. Thornton J, Heaton K, Macfarlane D (1981). A relation between high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol and bile cholesterol saturation. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed), 283 (6303): 1352-4.
38. Hussaini SH, Pereira SP, Murphy GM, Dowling RH (1995). Deoxycholic acid influences cholesterol solubilization and microcrystal nucleation time in gallbladder bile. Hepatology, 22 (6): 1735-44.
39. Cavallini A, Messa C, Mangini V, et al (1987). Serum and bile lipids in young women with radiolucent gallstones. Am J Gastroenterol, 82 (12): 1279-1282.
2. Marschall HU, Einarsson C (2007). Gallstone disease. J Intern Med, 261 (6): 529-42.
3. Madden AM, Trivedi D, Smeeton NC, Culkin A (2024). Modified dietary fat intake for treatment of gallstone disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2(2):CD012608.
4. Friedman GD (1993). Natural history of asymptomatic and symptomatic gallstones. Am J Surg, 165 (4): 399-404.
5. Everhart JE, Ruhl CE (2009). Burden of digestive diseases in the United States Part III: Liver, biliary tract, and pancreas. Gastroenterology, 136 (4): 1134-44.
6. Ruhl CE, Everhart JE (2013). Relationship of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with cholecystectomy in the US population. Am J Gastroenterol, 108 (6): 952-8.
7. Sun H, Tang H, Jiang S, et al (2009). Gender and metabolic differences of gallstone diseases. World J Gastroenterol, 15 (15): 1886-91.
8. Tarantino G, Magistri P, Ballarin R, et al (2017). Surgery in biliary lithiasis: from the traditional “open” approach to laparoscopy and the “rendezvous” technique. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int, 16 (6): 595-601.
9. Chen CH, Huang MH, Yang JC, et al (2006). Prevalence and risk factors of gallstone disease in an adult population of Taiwan: an epidemiological survey. J Gastoentrol Hepatol, 21 (11): 1737-43.
10. Tseng M, Everhart JE, Sandler RS (1999). Dietary intake and gallbladder disease: a review. Public Health Nutr, 2 (2): 161-72.
11. Park Y, Kim D, Lee JS, et al (2017). Association between diet and gallstones of cholesterol and pigment among patients with cholecystectomy: a case-control study in Korea. J Health Popul Nutr, 36: 39.
12. Jessri M, Rashidkhani B (2015). Dietary patterns and risk of gallbladder disease: a hospital-based case-control study in adult women. J Health Popul Nutr, 33 (1): 39-49.
13. Azadbakht L, Akbari F, Esmaillzadeh A (2015). Diet quality among Iranian adolescents needs improvement. Public Health Nutr, 18 (4): 615-21.
14. Krebs-Smith SM, Pannucci TE, Subar AF, et al (2018). Update of the healthy eating index: HEI-2015. J Acad Nutr Diet, 118 (9): 1591-1602.
15. Yu D, Sonderman J, Buchowski MS, et al (2015). Healthy eating and risks of total and cause-specific death among low-income populations of African-Americans and other adults in the southeastern United States: a prospective cohort study. PLoS Med, 12 (5): e1001830.
16. Harmon BE, Boushey CJ, Shvetsov YB, et al (2015). Associations of key diet-quality indexes with mortality in the Multiethnic Cohort: the Dietary Patterns Methods Project. Am J Clin Nutr, 101 (3): 587-97.
17. Reedy J, Krebs-Smith SM, Miller PE, et al (2014). Higher diet quality is associated with decreased risk of all-cause, cardiovascular disease, and cancer mortality among older adults. J Nutr, 144 (6): 881-9.
18. Hayat S, Hassan Z, Changazi SH, et al (2019). Comparative analysis of serum lipid profiles in patients with and without gallstones: A prospective cross-sectional study. Ann Med Surg (Lond), 42: 11-13.
19. Mirmiran P, Esfahani FH, Mehrabi Y, et al (2010). Reliability and relative validity of an FFQ for nutrients in the Tehran lipid and glucose study. Public Health Nutr, 13 (5): 654-62.
20. Ghaffarpour M, Houshiar-Rad A, Kianfar H. The manual for household measures, cooking yields factors and edible portion of foods. Publication of Agricultural Sciences; Tehran, Iran: 1999.
21. Wirth J, Song M, Fung TT, et al (2018). Diet-quality scores and the risk of symptomatic gallstone disease: a prospective cohort study of male US health professionals. Int J Epidemiol, 47 (6): 1938-46.
22. Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS (1972). Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem, 18 (6): 499-502.
23. Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, et al (1985). Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and β-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia, 28: 412-9.
24. Committee IR (2004). Guidelines for data processing and analysis of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ)-short and long forms. https://www.physio-pedia.com/images/c/c7/Quidelines_for_interpreting_the_IPAQ.pdf
25. Eknoyan G (2008). Adolphe Quetelet (1796–1874)—the average man and indices of obesity. Nephrol Dial Transplant, 23 (1): 47-51.
26. Wang J, Shen S, Wang B, et al (2020). Serum lipid levels are the risk factors of gallbladder stones: a population-based study in China. Lipids Health Dis, 19 (1): 50.
27. Campos-Perez W, Perez-Robles M, Rodriguez-Echevarria R, et al (2022). High dietary ω-6: ω-3 PUFA ratio and simple carbohydrates as a potential risk factors for gallstone disease: A cross-sectional study. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol, 46 (3): 101802.
28. Zhang J, Chen L, Shen K, et al (2023). Association between metabolically healthy overweight/obesity and gallstones in Chinese adults. Nutr Metab (Lond), 20 (1):20.
29. Zhang M, Mao M, Zhang C, et al (2022). Blood lipid metabolism and the risk of gallstone disease: a multi-center study and meta-analysis. Lipids Health Dis, 21 (1): 26.
30. Zeng D, Wu H, Huang Q, et al (2020). Serum Lipid, Total Bile Acid and Total Bilirubin Levels are the Risk Factors of Gallstones. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-112989/v1
31. Olokoba A, Bojuwoye B, Katibi I, et al (2006). Relationship between gallstone disease and serum lipids in normal adult Nigerians. African Scientist, 7 (3): 113-116.
32. Ahmed HAE. Assessment of Insulin Resistance Index (HOMA-IR) among Gallstone Patients in Khartoum State [MSc thesis]. College of Graduate studies, Sudan University of Science & Technology, Sudan; 2017.
33. Shabanzadeh DM, Skaaby T, Sørensen LT, et al (2017). Metabolic biomarkers and gallstone disease–a population-based study. Scand J Gastroenterol, 52 (11): 1270-77.
34. Hasan BF, Muhi SA, Ibrahim NAK (2015). The Association among Serum Leptin, Insulin and Insulin Resistance in Iraqi Patients with Cholelithiasis. American Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, 5 (1): 20-25.
35. Zanlungo S, Nervi F (2003). The molecular and metabolic basis of biliary cholesterol secretion and gallstone disease. Front Biosci, 8: s1166-74.
36. Janowitz P, Wechsler J, Kuhn K, et al (1992). The relationship between serum lipids, nucleation time, and biliary lipids in patients with gallstones. Clin Investig, 70(5): 430-6.
37. Thornton J, Heaton K, Macfarlane D (1981). A relation between high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol and bile cholesterol saturation. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed), 283 (6303): 1352-4.
38. Hussaini SH, Pereira SP, Murphy GM, Dowling RH (1995). Deoxycholic acid influences cholesterol solubilization and microcrystal nucleation time in gallbladder bile. Hepatology, 22 (6): 1735-44.
39. Cavallini A, Messa C, Mangini V, et al (1987). Serum and bile lipids in young women with radiolucent gallstones. Am J Gastroenterol, 82 (12): 1279-1282.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 53 No 5 (2024) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v53i5.15595 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Gallstone disease Common bile duct stone Healthy eating index-2015 Metabolic parameters | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Ghorbani M, Sadeghi A, Asghari Jafarabadi M, Alipour B. The Association between Healthy Eating Index-2015 and Serum Metabolic Parameters in Women with Gallstone Disease: A Case-Control Study. Iran J Public Health. 2024;53(5):1137-1145.
