Antifungal Resistance of Clinical Candida albicans Isolates in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
-
Firoozeh Kermani
,
Mojtaba Taghizadeh‐Armaki
,
Seyed Abdollah Hosseini
,
Nasrin Amirrajab
,
Javad Javidnia
,
Mahmoud Fami Zaghrami
,
Tahereh Shokohi
Abstract
Background: The present systematic review aimed to investigate the drug susceptibility patterns of Iranian clinical Candida albicans isolates to antifungal drugs (azoles, polyenes, and echinocandins).
Methods: Six electronic databases including “PubMed,” “Scopus,” “Web of Science,” “IranDoc”, “SID”, and “Magiran” were searched from May 2000 to June 2021. The susceptibility of 6322 C. albicans strains from 19967 patients against 14 antifungal drugs was evaluated according to CLSI method.
Results: The pooled prevalence of antifungal resistance ranged from 0% to 26%. The lowest resistance levels among azoles were observed in luliconazole with a frequency of 0% and voriconazole of 3.94%.
Conclusion: Due to the emergence of multi-drug resistant C. albicans, rational drug prescription based on the antifungal stewardship strategy and therapeutic drug monitoring is warranted.
1. Badiee P, Alborzi A, Shakiba E, et al. (2009). Molecular identification and in-vitro susceptibility of Candida albicans and C. dubliniensis isolated from immunocompromised patients. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal, 11(4): 391-97.
2. Alimehr S, Shekari Ebrahim Abad H, Fallah F, et al. (2015). Candida infection in the intensive care unit: A study of antifungal susceptibility pattern of Candida Species in Milad hospital, Tehran, Iran. J Mycol Med, 25(4): e113-17.
3. Jahanshiri Z, Manifar S, Moosa H, et al. (2018). Oropharyngeal candidiasis in head and neck cancer patients in Iran: Species identification, antifungal susceptibility and pathogenic characterization. J Mycol Med, 28(2): 361-66.
4. Baghdadi E, Khodavaisy S, Rezaie S, et al. (2016). Antifungal susceptibility patterns of Candida species recovered from endotracheal Tube in an intensive care unit. Adv Med, 2016:9242031.
5. Badiee P, Alborzi A (2011). Susceptibility of clinical Candida species isolates to antifungal agents by E-test, Southern Iran: A five year study. Iran J Microbiol, 3(4): 183-88.
6. Shamseer L, Moher D, Clarke M, et al. (2015). Research methods and reporting. BMJ, 350:g7647.
7. Akbari S (2007). Antifungal activity of Thymus vulgaris L. and Origanum vulgare L. against fluconazol-resistant and susceptible Candida albicans isolates. J Med Plants, 6(Supple 3): 53-62.
8. Mohammadi R, Yadgari M, Moatar F, et al. (2007). Antifungal activity of Boswellia serrata essential oil against fluconazole-resistant and susceptible isolates of Candida albicans. J Isfahan Med, 24(82): 30-36.
9. Jafari Nodoushan A, Dehghani M, Mirbagheri S (2007). In vitro antifungal effect of aqueous Garlic (Allium sativum) extract and its combination with fluconazole against five common clinical Candida isolated from candidiasis lesions. J Kerman Univ Med Sci, 14(3): 153-61.
10. Eskandari A, Halakouei M, Yadgari MH, et al. (2007). Evaluation of ethanolic extracts of Tagetes minuta against Candida albicans, Susceptible and resistance to fluconazole. Kowsar Med J, 12(1): 21-28.
11. Zarinfar H, Yadgari MH, Katiraei F, et al. (2007). Comparison of the ketoconazole, fluconazole and clotrimazole against Candida albicans in women with chronic vaginitis in laboratory conditions. J Ilam Univ Med Sci, 15(1): 1-7.
12. Satari M, Natanzian Ghahfarokhi M, Yadgari MH, et al. (2008). Antifungal activity of essential oil and alcoholic extract of Carum copticum against fluconazole resistant and susceptible Candida albicans isolated. Pathobiol Res, 11(1-2): 91-97.
13. Nemati Shirzi L, Shams Ghahfarokhi M, Yadgari MH (2008). Evaluation of disk diffusion and broth microdilution methods for fluconazole susceptibility testing in one group of Candida spp. in Tehran. Daneshvar Med, 15(73): 51-58.
14. Katiraei F, Eydi S, Bahonar AR, et al. (2008). Comparision of MICs of some Iranian herbal essences against azole resistance and azole susceptible of Candida albicans. J Med Plants, 7(27): 37-44.
15. Khosravi AR, Shokri H, Mansouri P, et al. (2008). Candida species isolated from nails and their in vitro susceptibility to antifungal drugs in the department of dermatology (University of Tehran, Iran). J Mycol Med, 18(4): 210-15.
16. Moghadasi B, Shams ghahfarokhi B, Zeini F, et al. (2008). In vitro antifungal effects of ketoconazole against clinical isolates of Candida from vulvovaginal candidiasis. Daneshvar Med, 15(5): 75-82.
17. Falahati M, Sharifinia S, Foroumadi A, et al. (2009). Drug resistance pattern in Candida species isolated from vaginitis. Razi J Med Sci, 16: 40-45.
18. Badiee P, Alborzi A, Davarpanah MA, et al. (2010). Distributions and antifungal susceptibility of Candida species from mucosal sites in HIV positive patients. Arch Iran Med, 13(4): 282-87.
19. Yarfani R, Khosravi AR, Shokri H (2010). The antifungal activity of Iranian propolis samples against fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans strains isolated from HIV+ patients with oropharyngeal candidiasis. Journal of Apiproduct and Apimedical Science, 2(4): 161-66.
20. Moallaie H, Verissimo C, Brando J, et al. (2010). The sensitivity and resistance of yeasts isolated from women with vulvovaginal candidiasis to common antifungal drugs using disc diffusion. J Sabzevar Uni Med Sci, 16(4): 213-19.
21. Mahmoudi Rad M, Zafarghandi A, Shivaei M, et al. (2010). Antifungal susceptibility testing of vaginal Candida isolates: the broth microdilution method. Tehran Uni Med J, 67(11): 793-798.
22. Taghizadeh-Armaki M, Farahbakhsh E, Yadegari MH, et al. (2011). Evaluating the Sensitivity of Candida albicans isolates from oral candidiasis of AIDS patients to fluconazole by microdilution broth and disk diffusion methods. J Isfahan Med Sch, 29(158): 1583-91
23. Badiee P, Alborzi A, Shakiba E, et al. (2011). Susceptibility of Candida species isolated from immunocompromised patients to antifungal agents. East Mediterr Health J, 17(5): 425-30.
24. Zomorodian K, Rahimi MJ, Pakshir K, et al. (2011). Determination of antifungal susceptibility patterns among the clinical isolates of Candida species. J Glob Infect Dis, 3(4): 357-60.
25. Shokohi T, Bandalizadeh Z, Hedayati MT, et al. (2011). In vitro antifungal susceptibility of Candida species isolated from oropharyngeal lesions of patients with cancer to some antifungal agents. Jundishapur J Microbiol, 4(12): 19-26.
26. Alinejad M, Nasrollahi Omran A, Hashemi S (2012). Drug resistance of Candida species isolated from fungal peritonitis by PCR-RFLP method. J Babol Univ Med Sci, 14(1): 53-62.
27. Nasrollahi Omran AA, Vakili L, Jafarpur M (2011). Determination of vaginal candidiasis in women referred to Shahid Rajaei Hospital in Tonekabon (2009-2010). Med Lab J, 5(1): 1-7.
28. Kiasat N, Zarei MA, Zarrin M, et al. (2013). Fungal strains frequency and antifungal sensitivity assay against antifungal drugs in admitted patients from Ahvaz Taleghani Hospital. Jentashapir J Cell Mol Biol, (Supp):113-120.
29. Katiraee F, Khosravi AR, Khalaj V, et al. (2012). In vitro antifungal susceptibility of oral Candida species from Iranian HIV infected patients. Tehran Uni Med J, 70(2): 96-103.
30. Nozari S, Haydari Kohan F, Ashrafi Khozani M, et al. (2012). Comparision of antifungal effect of fluconazole alone and in combination with nanosilver particles against Candida species isolated from chronic candidal vulvovaginitis. Razi J Med Sci, 18(93): 8-14.
31. Nowrozi H, Kazemi A, Teshfam M, et al. (2014). Efficacy of ultraviolet radiation on drug susceptibility of Candida Spp. to itraconazole, fluconazole and amphotericin B. J Gorgan Uni Med Sci, 15(4): 53-58.
32. Siavoshi F, Tavakolian A, Foroumadi A, et al. (2012). Comparison of the effect of non-antifungal and antifungal agents on Candida isolates from the gastrointestinal tract. Arch Iran Med, 15(1): 27-31.
33. Diba K, Chavoshin A, Hoseyni Jazani N, et al. (2015). Identification and determination of drug resistant of Candida species isolated from hospital acquired infections. Armaghane Danesh, 19(10): 870-82.
34. Haddadi P, Zareifar S, Badiee P, et al. (2014). Yeast colonization and drug susceptibility pattern in the pediatric patients with neutropenia. Jundishapur J Microbiol, 7(9): e11858.
35. Razzaghi-Abyaneh M, Sadeghi G, Zeinali E, et al. (2014). Species distribution and antifungal susceptibility of Candida spp. isolated from superficial candidiasis in outpatients in Iran. J Mycol Med, 24(2): e43-e50.
36. Samiei M, Moazeni M, Ajudani Far H, et al. (2014). Molecular identification and antifungal susceptibility of Candida albicans isolated from vulvovaginitis candidiasis. Int J Mol Clin Microbiol, 4(1): 383-388.
37. Aminian N, Dehghan P, Chadeganipuor M, et al. (2014). Antifungal effect of Echinophora platyloba essence against the Candida species isolated from vulvovaginal candidiasis, compared with fluconazole. J Isfahan Med Sch, 32(30): 1646-58.
38. Falahati M, Nozari S, Makhdoomi A (2014). Effects of several common antifungal drugs (clotrimazole, miconazole, fluconazole) alone and in combination with amphotericin B on Candida species isolated from chronic candidal vulvovaginitis. J Fasa Univ Med Sci, 4(3): 327-34.
39. Nademi A, Shahrokh H, Kordbacheh P, et al. (2015). Identification and antifungal susceptibility pattern of Candida species isolated from patients with nosocomial candiduria. J Mycol, 2(2): 77-84.
40. Mahmoudi S, Roustaei M, Zaini F, et al. (2015). In vitro antifungal activities of Euphorbia macroclada and fluconazole against pathogenic Candida species. Curr Med Mycol, 1(2): 7-12.
41. Shekari Ebrahim Abad H, Zaini F, Kordbacheh P, et al. (2015). In vitro activity of caspofungin against fluconazole-resistant Candida species isolated from clinical samples in Iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol, 8(6): e18353.
42. Pakshir K, Zomorodian K, Zakaei A, et al. (2015). Molecular identification and in-vitro antifungal susceptibility testing of Candida species isolated from patients with onychomycosis. Curr Med Mycol, 1(4): 26-32.
43. Katiraee F, Teifoori, F, Soltani M (2015). Emergence of azole-resistant Candida species in AIDS patients with oropharyngeal candidiasis in Iran. Curr Med Mycol, 1(3): 11-16.
44. Abastabar M, Shokohi T, Rouhi Kord R, et al. (2015). In vitro activity of econazole in comparison with three common antifungal agents against clinical Candida strains isolated from superficial infections. Curr Med Mycol, 1(4): 7-12.
45. Yazdanparast SA, Khodavaisy S, Fakhim H, et al. (2015). Molecular characterization of highly susceptible Candida africana from vulvovaginal candidiasis. Mycopathologia, 180(5-6): 317-23.
46. Mohamadi J, Havasian MR, Panahi J, et al. (2015). Antifungal drug resistance pattern of Candida spp. isolated from vaginitis in Ilam, Iran during 2013-2014. Bioinformation, 11(4): 203-06.
47. Shokohi T, Badali H, Amirrajab N, et al. (2016). In vitro activity of five antifungal agents against Candida albicans isolates, Sari, Iran. Curr Med Mycol, 2(2): 34-39.
48. Rezazadeh E, Moazeni M, Sabokbar A (2016). Use of cost effective and rapid molecular tools for identification of Candida species, opportunistic pathogens. Curr Med Mycol, 2(3): 1-4.
49. Mohammadi R, Badiee P, Badali H, et al. (2015). Use of restriction fragment length polymorphism to identify Candida species, related to onychomycosis. Adv Biomed Res, 4: 95.
50. Kazemi A, Nowrozi H, Badiee Moghadam M (2017). Drug susceptibility testing of clinical isolates of Candida albicans against amphotericin B and ketoconazole by microdilution and disk diffusion methods. J Gorgan Uni Med Sci, 19(2):59-64.
51. Zomorodian K, Bandegani A, Mirhendi H, et al. (2016). In vitro susceptibility and trailing growth effect of clinical isolates of Candida species to azole drugs. Jundishapur J Microbiol, 9(2): e28666.
52. Sharifynia S, Badali H, Sharifi Sorkherizi M, et al. (2016). In vitro antifungal susceptibility profiles of Candida albicans complex isolated from patients with respiratory infections. Acta Med Iran, 54(6): 376-81.
53. Badiee P, Badali H, Diba K, et al. (2016). Susceptibility pattern of Candida albicans isolated from Iranian patients to antifungal agents. Curr Med Mycol, 2(1): 24-29.
54. Memarian M, Javadi A, Fateh R (2016). Antifungal effects of gold nanoparticles conjugated fluconazole against fluconazole resistant strains of Candida albicans isolated from patients with chronic vulvovaginitis. Qom Uni Med Sci J, 10(7): 10-19.
55. Rezaei-Matehkolaei A, Shafiei S, Zarei-Mahmoudabadi, A (2016). Isolation, molecular identification, and antifungal susceptibility profiles of vaginal isolates of Candida species. Iran J Microbiol, 8(6): 410-17.
56. Salari S, Khosravi AR, Mousavi SA, et al. (2016). Mechanisms of resistance to fluconazole in Candida albicans clinical isolates from Iranian HIV-infected patients with oropharyngeal candidiasis. J Mycol Med, 26(1): 35-41.
57. Ghorbani S, Daie Ghazvini R, Hashemi SJ, et al. (2017). Drug susceptibility pattern of Candida species isolated from skin of neonates to fluconazole, amphotericin B and caspofungin. Tehran Uni Med J, 75(4): 267-72.
58. Badiee P, Badali H, Diba K, et al. (2017). Multicenter identification and antifungal susceptibility patterns of Candida species isolated from clinical samples. Jundishapur J Microbiol, 10(12) :e56117.
59. Alizadeh F, Khodavandi A, Zalakian S (2017). Quantitation of ergosterol content and gene expression profile of ERG11 gene in fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans. Curr Med Mycol, 3(1): 13-19.
60. Badiee P, Badali H, Boekhout T, et al. (2017). Antifungal susceptibility testing of Candida species isolated from the immunocompromised patients admitted to ten university hospitals in Iran: comparison of colonizing and infecting isolates. BMC Infect Dis, 17(1): 727.
61. Badiee P, Choopanizadeh M, Moghadam AG, et al. (2017). Antifungal susceptibility patterns of colonized Candida species isolates from immunocompromised pediatric patients in five university hospitals. Iran J Microbiol, 9(6): 363-71.
62. Majdi M, Koohpar ZK, Omran AN (2019). Investigation of mutations of ERG11 gene in fluconazole resistant strains of Candida albicans isolated from patients with volvovaginitis in west of Mazandaran. Iran J Med Microbiol, 13(1): 14-21.
63. Naji S, Diba K, Yosefzadeh R, et al. (2017). Interspecies differences of Candida species causing recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis in response to fluconazole treatment. Tehran Uni Med J, 75(4): 280-87.
64. Golpour H, Ranji N, Sharami SH (2017). Investigation of antifungal effect of nanoparticle-encapsulated curcumin on CDR1 gene expression in fluconazole-resistant isolates of Candida albicans. J Microbial World, 10(3): 222-30.
65. Mohammadi-Ghalehbin B, Javanpour Heravi H, Arzanlou M, et al. (2017). Prevalence and antibiotic resistance pattern of Candida spp. isolated from pregnant women referred to health centers in Ardabil, Iran. J Ardabil Uni Med Sci, 16(4): 409-421.
66. Sharifynia S, Falahati M, Akhlaghi L, et al. (2017). Molecular identification and antifungal susceptibility profile of Candida species isolated from patients with vulvovaginitis in Tehran, Iran. J Res Med Sci, 22: 132.
67. Aslani N, Janbabaei G, Abastabar M, et al. (2018). Identification of uncommon oral yeasts from cancer patients by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. BMC Infect Dis, 18(1): 24.
68. Majdabadi N, Falahati M, Heidarie-Kohan F, et al. (2018). Study on synergistic effect of 2-phenylethanol and clotrimazole on Candida species isolated from patients with chronic vulvovaginal candidiasis. Tehran Uni Med J, 75(11): 839-47.
69. Mahdavi Omran S, Rezaei Dastjerdi M, Zuashkiani M, et al. (2018). In vitro antifungal susceptibility of Candida species isolated from iranian patients with denture stomatitis. Biomed Res Int, 2018: 3086586.
70. Hedayati MT, Tavakoli M, Zakavi F, et al. (2018). In vitro antifungal susceptibility of Candida species isolated from diabetic patients. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop, 51(4): 542-45.
71. Khedri S, Santos ALS, Roudbary M, et al. (2018). Iranian HIV/AIDS patients with oropharyngeal candidiasis: identification, prevalence and antifungal susceptibility of Candida species. Lett Appl Microbiol, 67(4): 392-99.
72. Salehi RM, Bayat M, Owlia P, et al. (2018). Effect of Saccharomyces boulardii extract on SAP2 gene expression and antifungal susceptibility of Candida albicans. Jundishapur J Microbiol, 11(3):e59891
73. Roudbary M, Keyvani H, Mousavi SAJ, et al. (2019). Investigation of fungal colonization among iranian patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis; molecular identification and antifungal susceptibility pattern. Arch Clin Infect Dis, 14(2 ):e65758.
74. Aslani N, Abastabar M, Hedayati MT, et al. (2018). Molecular identification and antifungal susceptibility testing of Candida species isolated from dental plaques. J Mycol Med, 28(3): 433-36.
75. Khodavandi A, Alizadeh F, Marashi N (2018). Antibiofilm activity of fluconazole/terbinafine combination in Candida albicans HWP1 gene expression. J Arak Uni Med Sci, 20(11): 22-33.
76. Shamsizadeh A, Nikfar R, Mombini M, et al. (2018). The relative frequency and susceptibility patterns of Candida species isolated from blood and urine of children with malignancy. Arch Pediatr Infect Dis, 6(2) :e12399.
77. Taghipour S, Rezaei-Matehkolaei A, Zarei Mahmoudabadi A (2018). Antifungal susceptibility profiles of Candida species isolated from Ahvaz Jundishapur educational hospitals. Jundishapur J Microbiol, 11(11): e78851.
78. Abastabar M, Haghani I, Shokohi T, et al. (2018). Low in vitro antifungal activity of tavaborole against yeasts and molds from onychomycosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 62(12): e01632-18.
79. Kooshki P, Rezaei-Matehkolaei A, Mahmoudabadi AZ (2018). The patterns of colonization and antifungal susceptibility of Candida isolated from preterm neonates in Khorramabad, south west of Iran. J Mycol Med, 28(2): 340-44.
80. Diba K, Makhdoomi K, Nasri E, et al. (2018). Emerging Candida species isolated from renal transplant recipients: Species distribution and susceptibility profiles. Microb Pathog, 125: 240-45.
81. Keikha N, Shafaghat M, Mousavia SM, et al. (2018). Antifungal effects of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Vitexagnus-castus against vaginal isolates of Candida albicans. Curr Med Mycol, 4(1): 1-5.
82. Sharifzadeh A, Shokri H, Abbaszadeh S (2019). Interaction of carvacroland voriconazole against drug - resistant Candida strains isolated from patients with candidiasis. J Mycol Med, 29(1): 44-48.
83. Arastehfar A, Daneshnia F, Farahyar S, et al. (2019). Incidence and spectrum of yeast species isolated from the oral cavity of Iranian patients suffering from hematological malignancies. J Oral Microbiol, 11(1): 1601061.
84. Sharifynia S, Rezaie S, Mohamadnia A, et al. (2019). Genetic diversity and antifungal susceptibility of Candida albicans isolated from Iranian patients. Med Mycol, 57(1): 127-31.
85. Aslani N, Shokohi T, Ataollahi MR, et al. (2019). In vitro activity of four triazole antifungal drugs against clinically common and uncommon yeast species. Curr Med Mycol, 5(4): 14-19.
86. Hamzehee S, Kalantar-Neyestanaki D, Afshari SAK, et al. (2019). Molecular identification of Candida species, assessment of the antifungal susceptibility and the genetic relationship of Candida albicans isolated from immunocompromised patients in Kerman, Iran. Gene Rep, 17: 100484.
87. Lavaee F, Moshaverinia M, Malek Hosseini SA, et al. (2019). Antifungal effect of sesame medicinal herb on Candida species: original study and mini-review. Braz J Pharm Sci, 55: e17479.
88. Haghani I, Shams-Ghahfarokhi M, Dalimi Asl A, et al. (2019). Molecular identification and antifungal susceptibility of clinical fungal isolates from onychomycosis (uncommon and emerging species). Mycoses, 62(2): 128-143.
89. Pakshir K, Ghasemi N, Zomorodian K, et al. (2019). Identification and antifungal activity profile of Candida species isolated from patients with Pemphigus vulgaris with oral lesions. Acta Dermatovenerol Croat, 27(3): 137-141.
90. Neamati S, Khodavandi A, Alizadeh F (2019). Inhibitory effect of fluconazole combined with amphotericin b on fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans biofilm formation. J Adv Med Biomed Res, 27(122): 1-8.
91. Hashemi SE, Shokohi T, Abastabar M, et al. (2019). Species distribution and susceptibility profiles of Candida species isolated from vulvovaginal candidiasis, emergence of C. lusitaniae. Curr Med Mycol, 5(4): 26-34.
92. Arastehfar A, Khanjari S, Zareshahrabadi Z, et al. (2021). Clinical and microbiological features of candiduria in critically ill adult patients in Shiraz, Iran (2016-2018): deviations from international guidelines and fluconazole therapeutic failure. Med Mycol, 59(6): 600–07.
93. Salehi M, Ahmadikia K, Mahmoudi S, et al. (2020). Oropharyngeal candidiasis in hospitalised COVID-19 patients from Iran: Species identification and antifungal susceptibility pattern. Mycoses, 63(8): 771-78.
94. Mardani M, Abolghasemi S, Darvishnia D, et al. (2020). Oral Candidiasis in hematological malignancy patients: Identification and antifungal susceptibility patterns of isolates. Jundishapur J Microbiol, 13(8): e103290.
95. Soleimani M, Salehi Z, Fattahi A, et al. (2020). Ocular fungi: Molecular identification and antifungal susceptibility pattern to azoles. Jundishapur J Microbiol, 13(3): e99922.
96. Mohammadi F, Ghasemi Z, Familsatarian B, et al. (2020). Relationship between antifungal susceptibility profile and virulence factors in Candida albicans isolated from nail specimens. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop, 53: e20190214.
97. Khalandi H, Masoori L, Farahyar S, et al. (2020). Antifungal activity of capric acid, nystatin, and fluconazole and their in vitro interactions against Candida isolates from neonatal oral thrush. Assay Drug Dev Technol, 18(4): 195-201.
98. Gharaghani M, Halvaeezadeh M, Ali Jalaee G, et al. (2020). Antifungal susceptibility profiles of otomycosis etiological agents in Ahvaz, Iran. Curr Med Mycol, 6(2): 18-22.
99. Shokoohi G, Rasekh-Jahromi A, Solhjoo K, et al. (2020). Molecular characterization and antifungal susceptibility of Candida species isolated from vulvovaginitis in Jahrom City, south of Iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol, 13(10): e106825.
100. Gharaghani M, Rezaei-Matehkolaei A, Hardani AK, et al. (2021). Genotypic diversity and antifungal susceptibility pattern of Candida albicans species isolated from hospitalized paediatric patients with urinary tract infection in Iran. J Appl Microbiol, 131(2): 1017-27.
101. Kiakojuri K, Mahdavi Omran S, Roodgari S, et al. (2021). Molecular identification and antifungal susceptibility of yeasts and molds isolated from patients with otomycosis. Mycopathologia, 186(2):245-57.
102. Kermani F, Sadeghian M, Shokohi T, et al. (2021). Molecular identification and antifungal susceptibility testing of Candida species isolated from oral lesions in patients with head and neck cancer undergoing radiotherapy. Curr Med Mycol, 7(1): 44-50.
103. Tamai IA, Pakbin B, Fasaei BN (2021). Genetic diversity and antifungal susceptibility of Candida albicans isolates from Iranian HIV-infected patients with oral candidiasis. BMC Res Notes, 14(1)93.
104. Costa-de-Oliveira S, Rodrigues AG (2020). Candida albicans antifungal resistance and tolerance in bloodstream infections: The triad yeast-host-antifungal. Microorganisms, 8(2): 154.
105. Johnson E, Goldstein B, Davey K, et al. (2004). Comparison of the in vitro activity of anidulafungin with amphotericin B, caspofungin, fluconazole, itraconazole and voriconazole against a panel of 780 yeast isolates obtained from five European centres. Clin Microbiol Infect, 10 (Supp 3): 113.
106. Dodgson AR, Dodgson KJ, Pujol C, et al. (2004). Clade-specific flucytosine resistance is due to a single nucleotide change in the FUR1 gene of Candida albicans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 48(6): 2223-27.
107. Gopinathan S, Janagond AB, Agatha D, et al. (2013). Detection of FUR1 gene in 5-flucytosine resistant Candida isolates in vaginal candidiasis patients. J Clin Diagn Res, 7(11): 2452-55.
2. Alimehr S, Shekari Ebrahim Abad H, Fallah F, et al. (2015). Candida infection in the intensive care unit: A study of antifungal susceptibility pattern of Candida Species in Milad hospital, Tehran, Iran. J Mycol Med, 25(4): e113-17.
3. Jahanshiri Z, Manifar S, Moosa H, et al. (2018). Oropharyngeal candidiasis in head and neck cancer patients in Iran: Species identification, antifungal susceptibility and pathogenic characterization. J Mycol Med, 28(2): 361-66.
4. Baghdadi E, Khodavaisy S, Rezaie S, et al. (2016). Antifungal susceptibility patterns of Candida species recovered from endotracheal Tube in an intensive care unit. Adv Med, 2016:9242031.
5. Badiee P, Alborzi A (2011). Susceptibility of clinical Candida species isolates to antifungal agents by E-test, Southern Iran: A five year study. Iran J Microbiol, 3(4): 183-88.
6. Shamseer L, Moher D, Clarke M, et al. (2015). Research methods and reporting. BMJ, 350:g7647.
7. Akbari S (2007). Antifungal activity of Thymus vulgaris L. and Origanum vulgare L. against fluconazol-resistant and susceptible Candida albicans isolates. J Med Plants, 6(Supple 3): 53-62.
8. Mohammadi R, Yadgari M, Moatar F, et al. (2007). Antifungal activity of Boswellia serrata essential oil against fluconazole-resistant and susceptible isolates of Candida albicans. J Isfahan Med, 24(82): 30-36.
9. Jafari Nodoushan A, Dehghani M, Mirbagheri S (2007). In vitro antifungal effect of aqueous Garlic (Allium sativum) extract and its combination with fluconazole against five common clinical Candida isolated from candidiasis lesions. J Kerman Univ Med Sci, 14(3): 153-61.
10. Eskandari A, Halakouei M, Yadgari MH, et al. (2007). Evaluation of ethanolic extracts of Tagetes minuta against Candida albicans, Susceptible and resistance to fluconazole. Kowsar Med J, 12(1): 21-28.
11. Zarinfar H, Yadgari MH, Katiraei F, et al. (2007). Comparison of the ketoconazole, fluconazole and clotrimazole against Candida albicans in women with chronic vaginitis in laboratory conditions. J Ilam Univ Med Sci, 15(1): 1-7.
12. Satari M, Natanzian Ghahfarokhi M, Yadgari MH, et al. (2008). Antifungal activity of essential oil and alcoholic extract of Carum copticum against fluconazole resistant and susceptible Candida albicans isolated. Pathobiol Res, 11(1-2): 91-97.
13. Nemati Shirzi L, Shams Ghahfarokhi M, Yadgari MH (2008). Evaluation of disk diffusion and broth microdilution methods for fluconazole susceptibility testing in one group of Candida spp. in Tehran. Daneshvar Med, 15(73): 51-58.
14. Katiraei F, Eydi S, Bahonar AR, et al. (2008). Comparision of MICs of some Iranian herbal essences against azole resistance and azole susceptible of Candida albicans. J Med Plants, 7(27): 37-44.
15. Khosravi AR, Shokri H, Mansouri P, et al. (2008). Candida species isolated from nails and their in vitro susceptibility to antifungal drugs in the department of dermatology (University of Tehran, Iran). J Mycol Med, 18(4): 210-15.
16. Moghadasi B, Shams ghahfarokhi B, Zeini F, et al. (2008). In vitro antifungal effects of ketoconazole against clinical isolates of Candida from vulvovaginal candidiasis. Daneshvar Med, 15(5): 75-82.
17. Falahati M, Sharifinia S, Foroumadi A, et al. (2009). Drug resistance pattern in Candida species isolated from vaginitis. Razi J Med Sci, 16: 40-45.
18. Badiee P, Alborzi A, Davarpanah MA, et al. (2010). Distributions and antifungal susceptibility of Candida species from mucosal sites in HIV positive patients. Arch Iran Med, 13(4): 282-87.
19. Yarfani R, Khosravi AR, Shokri H (2010). The antifungal activity of Iranian propolis samples against fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans strains isolated from HIV+ patients with oropharyngeal candidiasis. Journal of Apiproduct and Apimedical Science, 2(4): 161-66.
20. Moallaie H, Verissimo C, Brando J, et al. (2010). The sensitivity and resistance of yeasts isolated from women with vulvovaginal candidiasis to common antifungal drugs using disc diffusion. J Sabzevar Uni Med Sci, 16(4): 213-19.
21. Mahmoudi Rad M, Zafarghandi A, Shivaei M, et al. (2010). Antifungal susceptibility testing of vaginal Candida isolates: the broth microdilution method. Tehran Uni Med J, 67(11): 793-798.
22. Taghizadeh-Armaki M, Farahbakhsh E, Yadegari MH, et al. (2011). Evaluating the Sensitivity of Candida albicans isolates from oral candidiasis of AIDS patients to fluconazole by microdilution broth and disk diffusion methods. J Isfahan Med Sch, 29(158): 1583-91
23. Badiee P, Alborzi A, Shakiba E, et al. (2011). Susceptibility of Candida species isolated from immunocompromised patients to antifungal agents. East Mediterr Health J, 17(5): 425-30.
24. Zomorodian K, Rahimi MJ, Pakshir K, et al. (2011). Determination of antifungal susceptibility patterns among the clinical isolates of Candida species. J Glob Infect Dis, 3(4): 357-60.
25. Shokohi T, Bandalizadeh Z, Hedayati MT, et al. (2011). In vitro antifungal susceptibility of Candida species isolated from oropharyngeal lesions of patients with cancer to some antifungal agents. Jundishapur J Microbiol, 4(12): 19-26.
26. Alinejad M, Nasrollahi Omran A, Hashemi S (2012). Drug resistance of Candida species isolated from fungal peritonitis by PCR-RFLP method. J Babol Univ Med Sci, 14(1): 53-62.
27. Nasrollahi Omran AA, Vakili L, Jafarpur M (2011). Determination of vaginal candidiasis in women referred to Shahid Rajaei Hospital in Tonekabon (2009-2010). Med Lab J, 5(1): 1-7.
28. Kiasat N, Zarei MA, Zarrin M, et al. (2013). Fungal strains frequency and antifungal sensitivity assay against antifungal drugs in admitted patients from Ahvaz Taleghani Hospital. Jentashapir J Cell Mol Biol, (Supp):113-120.
29. Katiraee F, Khosravi AR, Khalaj V, et al. (2012). In vitro antifungal susceptibility of oral Candida species from Iranian HIV infected patients. Tehran Uni Med J, 70(2): 96-103.
30. Nozari S, Haydari Kohan F, Ashrafi Khozani M, et al. (2012). Comparision of antifungal effect of fluconazole alone and in combination with nanosilver particles against Candida species isolated from chronic candidal vulvovaginitis. Razi J Med Sci, 18(93): 8-14.
31. Nowrozi H, Kazemi A, Teshfam M, et al. (2014). Efficacy of ultraviolet radiation on drug susceptibility of Candida Spp. to itraconazole, fluconazole and amphotericin B. J Gorgan Uni Med Sci, 15(4): 53-58.
32. Siavoshi F, Tavakolian A, Foroumadi A, et al. (2012). Comparison of the effect of non-antifungal and antifungal agents on Candida isolates from the gastrointestinal tract. Arch Iran Med, 15(1): 27-31.
33. Diba K, Chavoshin A, Hoseyni Jazani N, et al. (2015). Identification and determination of drug resistant of Candida species isolated from hospital acquired infections. Armaghane Danesh, 19(10): 870-82.
34. Haddadi P, Zareifar S, Badiee P, et al. (2014). Yeast colonization and drug susceptibility pattern in the pediatric patients with neutropenia. Jundishapur J Microbiol, 7(9): e11858.
35. Razzaghi-Abyaneh M, Sadeghi G, Zeinali E, et al. (2014). Species distribution and antifungal susceptibility of Candida spp. isolated from superficial candidiasis in outpatients in Iran. J Mycol Med, 24(2): e43-e50.
36. Samiei M, Moazeni M, Ajudani Far H, et al. (2014). Molecular identification and antifungal susceptibility of Candida albicans isolated from vulvovaginitis candidiasis. Int J Mol Clin Microbiol, 4(1): 383-388.
37. Aminian N, Dehghan P, Chadeganipuor M, et al. (2014). Antifungal effect of Echinophora platyloba essence against the Candida species isolated from vulvovaginal candidiasis, compared with fluconazole. J Isfahan Med Sch, 32(30): 1646-58.
38. Falahati M, Nozari S, Makhdoomi A (2014). Effects of several common antifungal drugs (clotrimazole, miconazole, fluconazole) alone and in combination with amphotericin B on Candida species isolated from chronic candidal vulvovaginitis. J Fasa Univ Med Sci, 4(3): 327-34.
39. Nademi A, Shahrokh H, Kordbacheh P, et al. (2015). Identification and antifungal susceptibility pattern of Candida species isolated from patients with nosocomial candiduria. J Mycol, 2(2): 77-84.
40. Mahmoudi S, Roustaei M, Zaini F, et al. (2015). In vitro antifungal activities of Euphorbia macroclada and fluconazole against pathogenic Candida species. Curr Med Mycol, 1(2): 7-12.
41. Shekari Ebrahim Abad H, Zaini F, Kordbacheh P, et al. (2015). In vitro activity of caspofungin against fluconazole-resistant Candida species isolated from clinical samples in Iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol, 8(6): e18353.
42. Pakshir K, Zomorodian K, Zakaei A, et al. (2015). Molecular identification and in-vitro antifungal susceptibility testing of Candida species isolated from patients with onychomycosis. Curr Med Mycol, 1(4): 26-32.
43. Katiraee F, Teifoori, F, Soltani M (2015). Emergence of azole-resistant Candida species in AIDS patients with oropharyngeal candidiasis in Iran. Curr Med Mycol, 1(3): 11-16.
44. Abastabar M, Shokohi T, Rouhi Kord R, et al. (2015). In vitro activity of econazole in comparison with three common antifungal agents against clinical Candida strains isolated from superficial infections. Curr Med Mycol, 1(4): 7-12.
45. Yazdanparast SA, Khodavaisy S, Fakhim H, et al. (2015). Molecular characterization of highly susceptible Candida africana from vulvovaginal candidiasis. Mycopathologia, 180(5-6): 317-23.
46. Mohamadi J, Havasian MR, Panahi J, et al. (2015). Antifungal drug resistance pattern of Candida spp. isolated from vaginitis in Ilam, Iran during 2013-2014. Bioinformation, 11(4): 203-06.
47. Shokohi T, Badali H, Amirrajab N, et al. (2016). In vitro activity of five antifungal agents against Candida albicans isolates, Sari, Iran. Curr Med Mycol, 2(2): 34-39.
48. Rezazadeh E, Moazeni M, Sabokbar A (2016). Use of cost effective and rapid molecular tools for identification of Candida species, opportunistic pathogens. Curr Med Mycol, 2(3): 1-4.
49. Mohammadi R, Badiee P, Badali H, et al. (2015). Use of restriction fragment length polymorphism to identify Candida species, related to onychomycosis. Adv Biomed Res, 4: 95.
50. Kazemi A, Nowrozi H, Badiee Moghadam M (2017). Drug susceptibility testing of clinical isolates of Candida albicans against amphotericin B and ketoconazole by microdilution and disk diffusion methods. J Gorgan Uni Med Sci, 19(2):59-64.
51. Zomorodian K, Bandegani A, Mirhendi H, et al. (2016). In vitro susceptibility and trailing growth effect of clinical isolates of Candida species to azole drugs. Jundishapur J Microbiol, 9(2): e28666.
52. Sharifynia S, Badali H, Sharifi Sorkherizi M, et al. (2016). In vitro antifungal susceptibility profiles of Candida albicans complex isolated from patients with respiratory infections. Acta Med Iran, 54(6): 376-81.
53. Badiee P, Badali H, Diba K, et al. (2016). Susceptibility pattern of Candida albicans isolated from Iranian patients to antifungal agents. Curr Med Mycol, 2(1): 24-29.
54. Memarian M, Javadi A, Fateh R (2016). Antifungal effects of gold nanoparticles conjugated fluconazole against fluconazole resistant strains of Candida albicans isolated from patients with chronic vulvovaginitis. Qom Uni Med Sci J, 10(7): 10-19.
55. Rezaei-Matehkolaei A, Shafiei S, Zarei-Mahmoudabadi, A (2016). Isolation, molecular identification, and antifungal susceptibility profiles of vaginal isolates of Candida species. Iran J Microbiol, 8(6): 410-17.
56. Salari S, Khosravi AR, Mousavi SA, et al. (2016). Mechanisms of resistance to fluconazole in Candida albicans clinical isolates from Iranian HIV-infected patients with oropharyngeal candidiasis. J Mycol Med, 26(1): 35-41.
57. Ghorbani S, Daie Ghazvini R, Hashemi SJ, et al. (2017). Drug susceptibility pattern of Candida species isolated from skin of neonates to fluconazole, amphotericin B and caspofungin. Tehran Uni Med J, 75(4): 267-72.
58. Badiee P, Badali H, Diba K, et al. (2017). Multicenter identification and antifungal susceptibility patterns of Candida species isolated from clinical samples. Jundishapur J Microbiol, 10(12) :e56117.
59. Alizadeh F, Khodavandi A, Zalakian S (2017). Quantitation of ergosterol content and gene expression profile of ERG11 gene in fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans. Curr Med Mycol, 3(1): 13-19.
60. Badiee P, Badali H, Boekhout T, et al. (2017). Antifungal susceptibility testing of Candida species isolated from the immunocompromised patients admitted to ten university hospitals in Iran: comparison of colonizing and infecting isolates. BMC Infect Dis, 17(1): 727.
61. Badiee P, Choopanizadeh M, Moghadam AG, et al. (2017). Antifungal susceptibility patterns of colonized Candida species isolates from immunocompromised pediatric patients in five university hospitals. Iran J Microbiol, 9(6): 363-71.
62. Majdi M, Koohpar ZK, Omran AN (2019). Investigation of mutations of ERG11 gene in fluconazole resistant strains of Candida albicans isolated from patients with volvovaginitis in west of Mazandaran. Iran J Med Microbiol, 13(1): 14-21.
63. Naji S, Diba K, Yosefzadeh R, et al. (2017). Interspecies differences of Candida species causing recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis in response to fluconazole treatment. Tehran Uni Med J, 75(4): 280-87.
64. Golpour H, Ranji N, Sharami SH (2017). Investigation of antifungal effect of nanoparticle-encapsulated curcumin on CDR1 gene expression in fluconazole-resistant isolates of Candida albicans. J Microbial World, 10(3): 222-30.
65. Mohammadi-Ghalehbin B, Javanpour Heravi H, Arzanlou M, et al. (2017). Prevalence and antibiotic resistance pattern of Candida spp. isolated from pregnant women referred to health centers in Ardabil, Iran. J Ardabil Uni Med Sci, 16(4): 409-421.
66. Sharifynia S, Falahati M, Akhlaghi L, et al. (2017). Molecular identification and antifungal susceptibility profile of Candida species isolated from patients with vulvovaginitis in Tehran, Iran. J Res Med Sci, 22: 132.
67. Aslani N, Janbabaei G, Abastabar M, et al. (2018). Identification of uncommon oral yeasts from cancer patients by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. BMC Infect Dis, 18(1): 24.
68. Majdabadi N, Falahati M, Heidarie-Kohan F, et al. (2018). Study on synergistic effect of 2-phenylethanol and clotrimazole on Candida species isolated from patients with chronic vulvovaginal candidiasis. Tehran Uni Med J, 75(11): 839-47.
69. Mahdavi Omran S, Rezaei Dastjerdi M, Zuashkiani M, et al. (2018). In vitro antifungal susceptibility of Candida species isolated from iranian patients with denture stomatitis. Biomed Res Int, 2018: 3086586.
70. Hedayati MT, Tavakoli M, Zakavi F, et al. (2018). In vitro antifungal susceptibility of Candida species isolated from diabetic patients. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop, 51(4): 542-45.
71. Khedri S, Santos ALS, Roudbary M, et al. (2018). Iranian HIV/AIDS patients with oropharyngeal candidiasis: identification, prevalence and antifungal susceptibility of Candida species. Lett Appl Microbiol, 67(4): 392-99.
72. Salehi RM, Bayat M, Owlia P, et al. (2018). Effect of Saccharomyces boulardii extract on SAP2 gene expression and antifungal susceptibility of Candida albicans. Jundishapur J Microbiol, 11(3):e59891
73. Roudbary M, Keyvani H, Mousavi SAJ, et al. (2019). Investigation of fungal colonization among iranian patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis; molecular identification and antifungal susceptibility pattern. Arch Clin Infect Dis, 14(2 ):e65758.
74. Aslani N, Abastabar M, Hedayati MT, et al. (2018). Molecular identification and antifungal susceptibility testing of Candida species isolated from dental plaques. J Mycol Med, 28(3): 433-36.
75. Khodavandi A, Alizadeh F, Marashi N (2018). Antibiofilm activity of fluconazole/terbinafine combination in Candida albicans HWP1 gene expression. J Arak Uni Med Sci, 20(11): 22-33.
76. Shamsizadeh A, Nikfar R, Mombini M, et al. (2018). The relative frequency and susceptibility patterns of Candida species isolated from blood and urine of children with malignancy. Arch Pediatr Infect Dis, 6(2) :e12399.
77. Taghipour S, Rezaei-Matehkolaei A, Zarei Mahmoudabadi A (2018). Antifungal susceptibility profiles of Candida species isolated from Ahvaz Jundishapur educational hospitals. Jundishapur J Microbiol, 11(11): e78851.
78. Abastabar M, Haghani I, Shokohi T, et al. (2018). Low in vitro antifungal activity of tavaborole against yeasts and molds from onychomycosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 62(12): e01632-18.
79. Kooshki P, Rezaei-Matehkolaei A, Mahmoudabadi AZ (2018). The patterns of colonization and antifungal susceptibility of Candida isolated from preterm neonates in Khorramabad, south west of Iran. J Mycol Med, 28(2): 340-44.
80. Diba K, Makhdoomi K, Nasri E, et al. (2018). Emerging Candida species isolated from renal transplant recipients: Species distribution and susceptibility profiles. Microb Pathog, 125: 240-45.
81. Keikha N, Shafaghat M, Mousavia SM, et al. (2018). Antifungal effects of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Vitexagnus-castus against vaginal isolates of Candida albicans. Curr Med Mycol, 4(1): 1-5.
82. Sharifzadeh A, Shokri H, Abbaszadeh S (2019). Interaction of carvacroland voriconazole against drug - resistant Candida strains isolated from patients with candidiasis. J Mycol Med, 29(1): 44-48.
83. Arastehfar A, Daneshnia F, Farahyar S, et al. (2019). Incidence and spectrum of yeast species isolated from the oral cavity of Iranian patients suffering from hematological malignancies. J Oral Microbiol, 11(1): 1601061.
84. Sharifynia S, Rezaie S, Mohamadnia A, et al. (2019). Genetic diversity and antifungal susceptibility of Candida albicans isolated from Iranian patients. Med Mycol, 57(1): 127-31.
85. Aslani N, Shokohi T, Ataollahi MR, et al. (2019). In vitro activity of four triazole antifungal drugs against clinically common and uncommon yeast species. Curr Med Mycol, 5(4): 14-19.
86. Hamzehee S, Kalantar-Neyestanaki D, Afshari SAK, et al. (2019). Molecular identification of Candida species, assessment of the antifungal susceptibility and the genetic relationship of Candida albicans isolated from immunocompromised patients in Kerman, Iran. Gene Rep, 17: 100484.
87. Lavaee F, Moshaverinia M, Malek Hosseini SA, et al. (2019). Antifungal effect of sesame medicinal herb on Candida species: original study and mini-review. Braz J Pharm Sci, 55: e17479.
88. Haghani I, Shams-Ghahfarokhi M, Dalimi Asl A, et al. (2019). Molecular identification and antifungal susceptibility of clinical fungal isolates from onychomycosis (uncommon and emerging species). Mycoses, 62(2): 128-143.
89. Pakshir K, Ghasemi N, Zomorodian K, et al. (2019). Identification and antifungal activity profile of Candida species isolated from patients with Pemphigus vulgaris with oral lesions. Acta Dermatovenerol Croat, 27(3): 137-141.
90. Neamati S, Khodavandi A, Alizadeh F (2019). Inhibitory effect of fluconazole combined with amphotericin b on fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans biofilm formation. J Adv Med Biomed Res, 27(122): 1-8.
91. Hashemi SE, Shokohi T, Abastabar M, et al. (2019). Species distribution and susceptibility profiles of Candida species isolated from vulvovaginal candidiasis, emergence of C. lusitaniae. Curr Med Mycol, 5(4): 26-34.
92. Arastehfar A, Khanjari S, Zareshahrabadi Z, et al. (2021). Clinical and microbiological features of candiduria in critically ill adult patients in Shiraz, Iran (2016-2018): deviations from international guidelines and fluconazole therapeutic failure. Med Mycol, 59(6): 600–07.
93. Salehi M, Ahmadikia K, Mahmoudi S, et al. (2020). Oropharyngeal candidiasis in hospitalised COVID-19 patients from Iran: Species identification and antifungal susceptibility pattern. Mycoses, 63(8): 771-78.
94. Mardani M, Abolghasemi S, Darvishnia D, et al. (2020). Oral Candidiasis in hematological malignancy patients: Identification and antifungal susceptibility patterns of isolates. Jundishapur J Microbiol, 13(8): e103290.
95. Soleimani M, Salehi Z, Fattahi A, et al. (2020). Ocular fungi: Molecular identification and antifungal susceptibility pattern to azoles. Jundishapur J Microbiol, 13(3): e99922.
96. Mohammadi F, Ghasemi Z, Familsatarian B, et al. (2020). Relationship between antifungal susceptibility profile and virulence factors in Candida albicans isolated from nail specimens. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop, 53: e20190214.
97. Khalandi H, Masoori L, Farahyar S, et al. (2020). Antifungal activity of capric acid, nystatin, and fluconazole and their in vitro interactions against Candida isolates from neonatal oral thrush. Assay Drug Dev Technol, 18(4): 195-201.
98. Gharaghani M, Halvaeezadeh M, Ali Jalaee G, et al. (2020). Antifungal susceptibility profiles of otomycosis etiological agents in Ahvaz, Iran. Curr Med Mycol, 6(2): 18-22.
99. Shokoohi G, Rasekh-Jahromi A, Solhjoo K, et al. (2020). Molecular characterization and antifungal susceptibility of Candida species isolated from vulvovaginitis in Jahrom City, south of Iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol, 13(10): e106825.
100. Gharaghani M, Rezaei-Matehkolaei A, Hardani AK, et al. (2021). Genotypic diversity and antifungal susceptibility pattern of Candida albicans species isolated from hospitalized paediatric patients with urinary tract infection in Iran. J Appl Microbiol, 131(2): 1017-27.
101. Kiakojuri K, Mahdavi Omran S, Roodgari S, et al. (2021). Molecular identification and antifungal susceptibility of yeasts and molds isolated from patients with otomycosis. Mycopathologia, 186(2):245-57.
102. Kermani F, Sadeghian M, Shokohi T, et al. (2021). Molecular identification and antifungal susceptibility testing of Candida species isolated from oral lesions in patients with head and neck cancer undergoing radiotherapy. Curr Med Mycol, 7(1): 44-50.
103. Tamai IA, Pakbin B, Fasaei BN (2021). Genetic diversity and antifungal susceptibility of Candida albicans isolates from Iranian HIV-infected patients with oral candidiasis. BMC Res Notes, 14(1)93.
104. Costa-de-Oliveira S, Rodrigues AG (2020). Candida albicans antifungal resistance and tolerance in bloodstream infections: The triad yeast-host-antifungal. Microorganisms, 8(2): 154.
105. Johnson E, Goldstein B, Davey K, et al. (2004). Comparison of the in vitro activity of anidulafungin with amphotericin B, caspofungin, fluconazole, itraconazole and voriconazole against a panel of 780 yeast isolates obtained from five European centres. Clin Microbiol Infect, 10 (Supp 3): 113.
106. Dodgson AR, Dodgson KJ, Pujol C, et al. (2004). Clade-specific flucytosine resistance is due to a single nucleotide change in the FUR1 gene of Candida albicans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 48(6): 2223-27.
107. Gopinathan S, Janagond AB, Agatha D, et al. (2013). Detection of FUR1 gene in 5-flucytosine resistant Candida isolates in vaginal candidiasis patients. J Clin Diagn Res, 7(11): 2452-55.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 52 No 2 (2023) | |
| Section | Review Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v52i2.11874 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Antifungal susceptibility Multi-drug resistance Candida albicans Systematic review | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Kermani F, Taghizadeh‐Armaki M, Hosseini SA, Amirrajab N, Javidnia J, Fami Zaghrami M, Shokohi T. Antifungal Resistance of Clinical Candida albicans Isolates in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Iran J Public Health. 2023;52(2):290-305.
