Occupational Noise-Induced Hearing Loss in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
-
Siavash Etemadinezhad
,
Arezoo Sammak Amani
,
Mahmood Moosazadeh
,
Mehran Rahimlou
,
Seyed Ehsan Samaei
Abstract
Background: A large portion of Iranian Working Population (IWP) is becoming at risk of Occupational Noise-Induced Hearing Loss (ONIHL). Several primary studies have evaluated the prevalence of ONIHL in Iran with a variety of prevalence rates. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of ONIHL in the IWP using data from relevant studies.
Methods: The present study is a meta-analysis and systematic review of previously published studies on ONIHL in Iran. Accordingly, the relevant articles published until Sep 1, 2021 were searched through PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, together with Iranian scientific electronic databases. Heterogeneity between among the studies and data analysis was assessed using the I2 test and Random-Effect Model (REM) respectively.
Results: Having performed a quality assessment, the meta-analysis was performed on the data from twenty-six studies involving a total of 85685 participants. The prevalence of ONIHL was observed to range from 12.9% to 60.5% in the reviewed studies. Moreover, after combining the results from the primary research by the Random Effects Model (REM) approach, the prevalence of ONIHL among IWP was estimated to be 34.69% (95% CI: 29.10, 40.28).
Conclusion: ONIHL is a significant concern with regard to public and occupational health in Iran. The results also highlighted the urgent need for taking appropriate preventive and control measures in the workplaces; particularly by encouraging the employers and health-related policymakers to focus on preventive noise control techniques along with administrative and legislative approaches to mitigate the risk of developing ONIHL.
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2. Nelson DI, Nelson RY, Concha-Barrientos M, Fingerhut M (2005). The global burden of occupational noise-induced hearing loss. Am J Ind Med, 48(6):446-58.
3. EtemadiNezhad S, Taban E, Naghavi Konjin Z, et al (2022). Investigating the effect of urban traffic noise pollution on university students' cognitive performance: a simulated study. J Mazandaran Uni Med Sci, 31(204):133-45.
4. Le TN, Straatman LV, Lea J, Westerberg B (2017). Current insights in noise-induced hearing loss: a literature review of the underlying mechanism, pathophysiology, asymmetry, and management options. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 46(1):41.
5. Chen K-H, Su S-B, Chen K-T (2020). An overview of occupational noise-induced hearing loss among workers: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and preventive measures. Environ Health Prev Med, 25(1):65.
6. Leensen M, Van Duivenbooden J, Dreschler W (2011). A retrospective analysis of noise-induced hearing loss in the dutch construction industry. Int Arch Occup Environ Health, 84(5): 577-590.
7. Śliwińska-Kowalska M (2020). New trends in the prevention of occupational noise-induced hearing loss. Int J Occup Med Environ Health, 33(6):841-848.
8. Fuente A, Hickson L (2011). Noise-induced hearing loss in Asia. Int J Audiol, 50 Suppl 1:S3-10.
9. Zhou H, Zhou Y, Zhang H, et al (2021). Socio-economic disparity in the global burden of occupational noise-induced hearing loss: an analysis for 2017 and the trend since 1990. Occup Environ Med, 78(2):125-128.
10. Aliabadi M, Farhadian M, Darvishi E (2015). Prediction of hearing loss among the noise-exposed workers in a steel factory using artificial intelligence approach. Int Arch Occup Environ Health, 88(6):779-787.
11. Li W, Yi G, Chen Z, Wu J, Lu Z, Liang J (2021). Association of occupational noise exposure, bilateral hearing loss with hypertension among chinese workers. J Hypertens, 39(4):643-650.
12. Sulkowski WJ, Szymczak W, Kowalska S, Sward-Matyja M (2004). Epidemiology of occupational noise-induced hearing loss (onihl) in poland. Otolaryngol Pol, 58(1):233-6.
13. Hong O, Kerr MJ, Poling GL, Dhar S (2013). Understanding and preventing noise-induced hearing loss. Dis Mon, 59(4):110-8.
14. Pourabdian S, Yazdanirad S, Lotfi S, Golshiri P, Mahaki B (2019). Prevalence hearing loss of truck and bus drivers in a cross-sectional study of 65533 subjects. Environ Health Prev Med, 24(1):78.
15. Attarchi MS, Labbafinejad Y, Mohammadi S (2009). Contemporary exposure to cigarette smoke and noise of automobile manufacturing company workers. J Public Health, 18(3):245-9.
16. Neghab M, Madahi M, Rajaeifard A (2009). Hearing impairment and hypertension associated with long term occupational exposure to noise. Iran Red Crescent Med J, 11(2):160-5.
17. Peyvandy AA, Mahdavi ME (2005). Investigation of sound intensity and hearing loss in a textile factory. Iran J Forensic Med, 37(11):7-11.
18. Zare M, Nasiri P, Shahtaheri S, Golbabaei F, Aghamolaei T (2007). Noise pollution and hearing loss in one of the oil industries. Hormozgan Med J, 11(2):121-6.
19. Raiy A, Farzampour S, Mehrparvar A (2013). Assessment of noise-induced hearing loss in the staff of Yazd Airport, 2010-2011. Ebnesina J, 15(1):1-11.
20. Ahmadi S, Karboro A, Einanlo M, Aubi ZH, Zarei M (2011). Occupational noise exposure and hearing loss among car smoothers in qazvin. Iranian J of Health and Environ, 4(1):85-92.
21. Mahram M, Soghli A, Niknam M (2004). Survey of Hearing Loss at Workers of Highly Noised Industrial Units, Zanjan. J Zanjan Uni Med Sci, 12(49):44-9.
22. Pourzarea G, Attarchi M, Valirad F, Mohammadi S (2016). The effect of simultaneous exposure to organic solvents and noise on high frequency hearing loss in tire manufacturing company workers. Occup Med Quar J, 8(2):72-80.
23. Halvani GH, Zare M, Barkhordari A (2008). Noise induced hearing loss among textile workers of Taban factories in Yazd. J Birjand Uni Med Sci, 15(4):69-74.
24. Keshtkar AA, Kabir MJ (2005). The relationship between hearing loss and noise exposure among cultivated plants workers. Iranian J Epidemiology, 1(2):59-64.
25. Tajik R, Ghadami A, Ghamari F (2009). The effects of noise pollution and hearing of metal workers in Arak. Zahedan J Res Med Sci, 10(4):293-301.
26. Mirmohammadi S, Baba haji meibodi F, Noorani F (2007). Assessment of hearing threshold at meibod tile workers. J Yazd Uni Med Sci, 16(1):8-13.
27. Aghilinezhad M, Ali MI, Mohammadi S, Falahi M (2007). Assessment of the effect of occupational noise on workers hearing in small scale industries in Tehran. Annals of Military and Health Sciences Research, 5(1):1305-10.
28. Alizadeh A, Etemadinezhad S, Charati JY, Mohamadiyan M (2016). Noise-induced hearing loss in bus and truck drivers in mazandaran province, 2011. Int J Occup Saf Ergon, 22(2):193-198.
29. Janghorbani M, Sheykhi A, Pourabdian S (2009). The prevalence and correlates of hearing loss in drivers in isfahan, iran. Arc Iran Med,12(2):128-34.
30. Karimi A, Nasiri S, Kazerooni FK, Oliaei M (2010). Noise induced hearing loss risk assessment in truck drivers. Noise Health,12(46):49-55.
31. Mohammadi S, Mazhari MM, Mehrparvar AH, Attarchi MS (2010). Cigarette smoking and occupational noise-induced hearing loss. Eur J Public Health, 20(4):452-455.
32. Pouryaghoub G, Mehrdad R, Mohammadi S (2007). Interaction of smoking and occupational noise exposure on hearing loss: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 7:137.
33. Rahimpour F, Mirzamohammadi E, Attarchi M, Mohammadi S (2012). Association between cigarette smoking and occupational noise exposure on hearing loss and hearing impairment. J Babol Uni Med Sci, 14(1):56-63.
34. Mehrparvar AH, Heidari F, Mostaghaci M, Sharifabadi MS, Zaresakhvidi MJ (2017). Prevalence and pattern of noise-induced hearing loss in tile and ceramic industry. Int J Occup Hyg, 9(2):60-65.
35. Saraei M, Izadi N, Eftekhari S (2019). Investigating the relationship between lipid profile as well as blood groups and noise-induced hearing loss in professional drivers. Int J Occup Hyg,11(2):91-97.
36. Izadi N, Sadeghi M, Saraie M (2015). Survey of noise-induced hearing loss and health in professional drivers. Health Scope, 4(3): e25296.
37. Neghab M, Karimi H, Tabatabaei SH, Soleimani E, Kasayee NA (2014). Effects of occupational noise exposure on hearing status, blood lipid and hypertension levels in workers of a fireclay mine. J Health Sci Surv Sys, 2(3):107-12.
38. Rezaei L, Alipour V (2015). Prevalence of noise induced hearing loss among vehicle drivers at bandar abbas freight terminal, south of iran. Environ Health Eng Manag, 2(3):135-9.
39. Mohammadi S, Labbafinejad Y, Attarachi M (2010). Combined effects of ototoxic solvents and noise on hearing in automobile plant workers in iran. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol, 61(3):267-74.
40. Stucken EZ, Hong RS (2014). Noise-induced hearing loss: an occupational medicine perspective. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 22(5):388-393.
41. Zhou J, Shi Z, Zhou L, Hu Y, Zhang M (2020). Occupational noise-induced hearing loss in china: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open, 10(9): e039576.
42. Tak S, Davis RR, Calvert GM (2009). Exposure to hazardous workplace noise and use of hearing protection devices among US workers—nhanes, 1999–2004. Am J Ind Med, 52(5):358-371.
43. Masterson EA, Deddens JA, Themann CL, Bertke S, Calvert GM (2015). Trends in worker hearing loss by industry sector, 1981–2010. Am J Ind Med, 58(4):392-401.
44. Shargorodsky J, Curhan SG, Curhan GC, Eavey R (2010). Change in prevalence of hearing loss in US adolescents. JAMA, 304(7):772-778.
45. Soltanzadeh A, Ebrahimi H, Fallahi M, Kamalinia M, Ghassemi S (2014). Noise induced hearing loss in iran:(1997–2012): systematic review article. Iran J Public Health, 43(12):1605-1615.
46. Jabbari K, Nassiri P, Monazzam MR, Faridan M (2016). The relationship between occupational noise exposure and noise induced hearing loss (nihl) in small-scale industries: a case study in the city of damavand, iran. Biotech Health Sci, 3(4): e40735.
47. Ketabi D, Barkhordari A (2010). Noise induced hearing loss among workers of an iranian axial parts factory, 2009. Int J Occup Hyg, 2(2):69-73.
48. Rubak T, Kock SA, Koefoed-Nielsen B, Bonde JP, Kolstad HA (2006). The risk of noise-induced hearing loss in the danish workforce. Noise Health, 8(31):80-87.
49. Zhu W, Ding B, Sheng H, Zhu B (2015). Occupational noise-induced deafuess diaqnosis analysis in Jiangsu from 2006 to 2009. Zhonghua Lao Dong Wei Sheng Zhi Ye Bing Za Zhi, 33(9):671-3.
50. Leensen MC, Dreschler WA (2015). Longitudinal changes in hearing threshold levels of noise-exposed construction workers. Int Arch Occup Environ Health, 88(1):45-60.
51. Ebrahimzadeh M, Halvani G, Foroughinasab F, Jafari Nodoushan R (2011). Evaluation of the hearing state of workers of a uranium mine in central region of iran. Occup Med, 3(3):32-38.
52. Swanepoel DW, Strauss S, Becker P, Grobler LM, Eloff Z (2020). Occupational noise and age: a longitudinal study of hearing sensitivity as a function of noise exposure and age in south african gold mine workers. S Afr J Commun Disord, 67(2):e1-e7.
53. Buqammaz M, Gasana J, Alahmad B, Shebl M, Albloushi D (2021). Occupational noise-induced hearing loss among migrant workers in Kuwait. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 18(10):5295.
54. Campo P, Venet T, Rumeau C, Thomas A, Rieger B (2011). Impact of noise or styrene exposure on the kinetics of presbycusis. Hear Res, 280(1-2):122-132.
55. Rabinowitz PM, Galusha D, Kirsche SR, Cullen MR (2011). Effect of daily noise exposure monitoring on annual rates of hearing loss in industrial workers. Occup Environ Med, 68(6):414-8.
56. Girard S-A, Leroux T, Courteau M, Picard M, Turcotte F, Richer O (2015). Occupational noise exposure and noise-induced hearing loss are associated with work-related injuries leading to admission to hospital. Inj Prev, 21(e1):e88-92.
57. Chen J-D, Tsai J-Y (2003). Hearing loss among workers at an oil refinery in taiwan. Arch Environ Health, 58(1):55-8.
58. Lesage F-X, Jovenin N, Deschamps F, Vincent S (2009). Noise-induced hearing loss in french police officers. Occup Med (Lond), 59(7):483-6.
2. Nelson DI, Nelson RY, Concha-Barrientos M, Fingerhut M (2005). The global burden of occupational noise-induced hearing loss. Am J Ind Med, 48(6):446-58.
3. EtemadiNezhad S, Taban E, Naghavi Konjin Z, et al (2022). Investigating the effect of urban traffic noise pollution on university students' cognitive performance: a simulated study. J Mazandaran Uni Med Sci, 31(204):133-45.
4. Le TN, Straatman LV, Lea J, Westerberg B (2017). Current insights in noise-induced hearing loss: a literature review of the underlying mechanism, pathophysiology, asymmetry, and management options. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 46(1):41.
5. Chen K-H, Su S-B, Chen K-T (2020). An overview of occupational noise-induced hearing loss among workers: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and preventive measures. Environ Health Prev Med, 25(1):65.
6. Leensen M, Van Duivenbooden J, Dreschler W (2011). A retrospective analysis of noise-induced hearing loss in the dutch construction industry. Int Arch Occup Environ Health, 84(5): 577-590.
7. Śliwińska-Kowalska M (2020). New trends in the prevention of occupational noise-induced hearing loss. Int J Occup Med Environ Health, 33(6):841-848.
8. Fuente A, Hickson L (2011). Noise-induced hearing loss in Asia. Int J Audiol, 50 Suppl 1:S3-10.
9. Zhou H, Zhou Y, Zhang H, et al (2021). Socio-economic disparity in the global burden of occupational noise-induced hearing loss: an analysis for 2017 and the trend since 1990. Occup Environ Med, 78(2):125-128.
10. Aliabadi M, Farhadian M, Darvishi E (2015). Prediction of hearing loss among the noise-exposed workers in a steel factory using artificial intelligence approach. Int Arch Occup Environ Health, 88(6):779-787.
11. Li W, Yi G, Chen Z, Wu J, Lu Z, Liang J (2021). Association of occupational noise exposure, bilateral hearing loss with hypertension among chinese workers. J Hypertens, 39(4):643-650.
12. Sulkowski WJ, Szymczak W, Kowalska S, Sward-Matyja M (2004). Epidemiology of occupational noise-induced hearing loss (onihl) in poland. Otolaryngol Pol, 58(1):233-6.
13. Hong O, Kerr MJ, Poling GL, Dhar S (2013). Understanding and preventing noise-induced hearing loss. Dis Mon, 59(4):110-8.
14. Pourabdian S, Yazdanirad S, Lotfi S, Golshiri P, Mahaki B (2019). Prevalence hearing loss of truck and bus drivers in a cross-sectional study of 65533 subjects. Environ Health Prev Med, 24(1):78.
15. Attarchi MS, Labbafinejad Y, Mohammadi S (2009). Contemporary exposure to cigarette smoke and noise of automobile manufacturing company workers. J Public Health, 18(3):245-9.
16. Neghab M, Madahi M, Rajaeifard A (2009). Hearing impairment and hypertension associated with long term occupational exposure to noise. Iran Red Crescent Med J, 11(2):160-5.
17. Peyvandy AA, Mahdavi ME (2005). Investigation of sound intensity and hearing loss in a textile factory. Iran J Forensic Med, 37(11):7-11.
18. Zare M, Nasiri P, Shahtaheri S, Golbabaei F, Aghamolaei T (2007). Noise pollution and hearing loss in one of the oil industries. Hormozgan Med J, 11(2):121-6.
19. Raiy A, Farzampour S, Mehrparvar A (2013). Assessment of noise-induced hearing loss in the staff of Yazd Airport, 2010-2011. Ebnesina J, 15(1):1-11.
20. Ahmadi S, Karboro A, Einanlo M, Aubi ZH, Zarei M (2011). Occupational noise exposure and hearing loss among car smoothers in qazvin. Iranian J of Health and Environ, 4(1):85-92.
21. Mahram M, Soghli A, Niknam M (2004). Survey of Hearing Loss at Workers of Highly Noised Industrial Units, Zanjan. J Zanjan Uni Med Sci, 12(49):44-9.
22. Pourzarea G, Attarchi M, Valirad F, Mohammadi S (2016). The effect of simultaneous exposure to organic solvents and noise on high frequency hearing loss in tire manufacturing company workers. Occup Med Quar J, 8(2):72-80.
23. Halvani GH, Zare M, Barkhordari A (2008). Noise induced hearing loss among textile workers of Taban factories in Yazd. J Birjand Uni Med Sci, 15(4):69-74.
24. Keshtkar AA, Kabir MJ (2005). The relationship between hearing loss and noise exposure among cultivated plants workers. Iranian J Epidemiology, 1(2):59-64.
25. Tajik R, Ghadami A, Ghamari F (2009). The effects of noise pollution and hearing of metal workers in Arak. Zahedan J Res Med Sci, 10(4):293-301.
26. Mirmohammadi S, Baba haji meibodi F, Noorani F (2007). Assessment of hearing threshold at meibod tile workers. J Yazd Uni Med Sci, 16(1):8-13.
27. Aghilinezhad M, Ali MI, Mohammadi S, Falahi M (2007). Assessment of the effect of occupational noise on workers hearing in small scale industries in Tehran. Annals of Military and Health Sciences Research, 5(1):1305-10.
28. Alizadeh A, Etemadinezhad S, Charati JY, Mohamadiyan M (2016). Noise-induced hearing loss in bus and truck drivers in mazandaran province, 2011. Int J Occup Saf Ergon, 22(2):193-198.
29. Janghorbani M, Sheykhi A, Pourabdian S (2009). The prevalence and correlates of hearing loss in drivers in isfahan, iran. Arc Iran Med,12(2):128-34.
30. Karimi A, Nasiri S, Kazerooni FK, Oliaei M (2010). Noise induced hearing loss risk assessment in truck drivers. Noise Health,12(46):49-55.
31. Mohammadi S, Mazhari MM, Mehrparvar AH, Attarchi MS (2010). Cigarette smoking and occupational noise-induced hearing loss. Eur J Public Health, 20(4):452-455.
32. Pouryaghoub G, Mehrdad R, Mohammadi S (2007). Interaction of smoking and occupational noise exposure on hearing loss: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 7:137.
33. Rahimpour F, Mirzamohammadi E, Attarchi M, Mohammadi S (2012). Association between cigarette smoking and occupational noise exposure on hearing loss and hearing impairment. J Babol Uni Med Sci, 14(1):56-63.
34. Mehrparvar AH, Heidari F, Mostaghaci M, Sharifabadi MS, Zaresakhvidi MJ (2017). Prevalence and pattern of noise-induced hearing loss in tile and ceramic industry. Int J Occup Hyg, 9(2):60-65.
35. Saraei M, Izadi N, Eftekhari S (2019). Investigating the relationship between lipid profile as well as blood groups and noise-induced hearing loss in professional drivers. Int J Occup Hyg,11(2):91-97.
36. Izadi N, Sadeghi M, Saraie M (2015). Survey of noise-induced hearing loss and health in professional drivers. Health Scope, 4(3): e25296.
37. Neghab M, Karimi H, Tabatabaei SH, Soleimani E, Kasayee NA (2014). Effects of occupational noise exposure on hearing status, blood lipid and hypertension levels in workers of a fireclay mine. J Health Sci Surv Sys, 2(3):107-12.
38. Rezaei L, Alipour V (2015). Prevalence of noise induced hearing loss among vehicle drivers at bandar abbas freight terminal, south of iran. Environ Health Eng Manag, 2(3):135-9.
39. Mohammadi S, Labbafinejad Y, Attarachi M (2010). Combined effects of ototoxic solvents and noise on hearing in automobile plant workers in iran. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol, 61(3):267-74.
40. Stucken EZ, Hong RS (2014). Noise-induced hearing loss: an occupational medicine perspective. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 22(5):388-393.
41. Zhou J, Shi Z, Zhou L, Hu Y, Zhang M (2020). Occupational noise-induced hearing loss in china: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open, 10(9): e039576.
42. Tak S, Davis RR, Calvert GM (2009). Exposure to hazardous workplace noise and use of hearing protection devices among US workers—nhanes, 1999–2004. Am J Ind Med, 52(5):358-371.
43. Masterson EA, Deddens JA, Themann CL, Bertke S, Calvert GM (2015). Trends in worker hearing loss by industry sector, 1981–2010. Am J Ind Med, 58(4):392-401.
44. Shargorodsky J, Curhan SG, Curhan GC, Eavey R (2010). Change in prevalence of hearing loss in US adolescents. JAMA, 304(7):772-778.
45. Soltanzadeh A, Ebrahimi H, Fallahi M, Kamalinia M, Ghassemi S (2014). Noise induced hearing loss in iran:(1997–2012): systematic review article. Iran J Public Health, 43(12):1605-1615.
46. Jabbari K, Nassiri P, Monazzam MR, Faridan M (2016). The relationship between occupational noise exposure and noise induced hearing loss (nihl) in small-scale industries: a case study in the city of damavand, iran. Biotech Health Sci, 3(4): e40735.
47. Ketabi D, Barkhordari A (2010). Noise induced hearing loss among workers of an iranian axial parts factory, 2009. Int J Occup Hyg, 2(2):69-73.
48. Rubak T, Kock SA, Koefoed-Nielsen B, Bonde JP, Kolstad HA (2006). The risk of noise-induced hearing loss in the danish workforce. Noise Health, 8(31):80-87.
49. Zhu W, Ding B, Sheng H, Zhu B (2015). Occupational noise-induced deafuess diaqnosis analysis in Jiangsu from 2006 to 2009. Zhonghua Lao Dong Wei Sheng Zhi Ye Bing Za Zhi, 33(9):671-3.
50. Leensen MC, Dreschler WA (2015). Longitudinal changes in hearing threshold levels of noise-exposed construction workers. Int Arch Occup Environ Health, 88(1):45-60.
51. Ebrahimzadeh M, Halvani G, Foroughinasab F, Jafari Nodoushan R (2011). Evaluation of the hearing state of workers of a uranium mine in central region of iran. Occup Med, 3(3):32-38.
52. Swanepoel DW, Strauss S, Becker P, Grobler LM, Eloff Z (2020). Occupational noise and age: a longitudinal study of hearing sensitivity as a function of noise exposure and age in south african gold mine workers. S Afr J Commun Disord, 67(2):e1-e7.
53. Buqammaz M, Gasana J, Alahmad B, Shebl M, Albloushi D (2021). Occupational noise-induced hearing loss among migrant workers in Kuwait. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 18(10):5295.
54. Campo P, Venet T, Rumeau C, Thomas A, Rieger B (2011). Impact of noise or styrene exposure on the kinetics of presbycusis. Hear Res, 280(1-2):122-132.
55. Rabinowitz PM, Galusha D, Kirsche SR, Cullen MR (2011). Effect of daily noise exposure monitoring on annual rates of hearing loss in industrial workers. Occup Environ Med, 68(6):414-8.
56. Girard S-A, Leroux T, Courteau M, Picard M, Turcotte F, Richer O (2015). Occupational noise exposure and noise-induced hearing loss are associated with work-related injuries leading to admission to hospital. Inj Prev, 21(e1):e88-92.
57. Chen J-D, Tsai J-Y (2003). Hearing loss among workers at an oil refinery in taiwan. Arch Environ Health, 58(1):55-8.
58. Lesage F-X, Jovenin N, Deschamps F, Vincent S (2009). Noise-induced hearing loss in french police officers. Occup Med (Lond), 59(7):483-6.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 52 No 2 (2023) | |
| Section | Review Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v52i2.11881 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Noise-induced hearing loss Occupational diseases Prevalence Iran | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Etemadinezhad S, Sammak Amani A, Moosazadeh M, Rahimlou M, Samaei SE. Occupational Noise-Induced Hearing Loss in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Iran J Public Health. 2023;52(2):278-289.
