Trends in Behavioral and Biological Non-Communicable Diseases Risk Factors among Adults in Mongolia: Results from National Cross-Sectional Surveys in 2005, 2009, 2013 and 2019
Abstract
Background: Understanding national trends in noncommunicable disease (NCD) risk factors may have health policy implications. We aimed to evaluate trends in the prevalence and correlates of eight risk factors for NCD from 2005 to 2019 in Mongolia.
Methods: Cross-sectional data were analyzed from 9,356 individuals (15-64/69 yr, mean age=37.3 yr) who participated in the Mongolia STEPS 2005, 2009, 2013 or 2019 surveys and had complete measurement of the risk factor for NCD.
Results: The proportion of having 3-8 NCD risk factors significantly decreased from 59.1% in 2005 to 49.4% in 2019, and the mean number of NCD risk factors significantly decreased from 2.8 in 2005 to 2.6 in 2019. In linear regression analyses by study year, older age and male sex were across all study years positively associated with eight NCD risk factors. The prevalence of low physical activity increased from 8.2% in 2005 to 28.4% in 2019, overweight/obesity from 49.6% in 2005 to 64.0% in 2019, and raised total cholesterol from 23.9% in 2005 to 27.6% in 2019, there was a significant decrease in inadequate fruit and vegetable intake from 85.1% in 2005 to 79.5% in 2019, current smoking from 26.6% in 2005 to 24.1% in 2019, hypertension from 28.2% in 2005 to 23.2% in 2019, while the prevalence of diabetes remained unchanged from 2005 to 2019.
Conclusion: The prevalence of eight risk factors for NCD decreased in the last 15 years in Mongolia. Several associated variables for eight and individual NCD risk factors were identified that can help guide interventions.
1. World Health Organization (WHO) Non-communicable diseases, 2018. URL: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/noncommunicable-diseases
2. World Health Organization (WHO) Mon-golia: Noncommunicable Diseases (NCD) Country Profiles, 2018. URL: chromeextson://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefind-mkaj/viewer.html?pdfurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fnmh%2Fcountries%2Fmng_en.pdf%3Fua%3D1&clen=81162&chunk=true2
3. Second Joint Mission of the United Na-tions Interagency Task Force on the Prevention and Control of Noncom-municable Diseases, Mongolia, 5-9 Sep-tember 2016. Geneva: World Health Or-ganization;
4. Narain JP, Garg R, Fric A (2011). Non-communicable diseases in the South-East Asia region: burden, strategies and opportunities. Natl Med J India, 24(5):280-7.
5. Kontis V, Mathers CD, Bonita R, et al (2015). Regional contributions of six preventable risk factors to achieving the 25 × 25 non-communicable disease mortality reduction target: a modelling study. Lancet Glob Health, 3(12):e746-57.
6. Bolormaa N, Narantuya L, De Courten M, et al (2008). Dietary and lifestyle risk factors for noncommunicable disease among the Mongolian population. Asia Pac J Public Health, 20 Suppl:23-30.
7. Aryal KK, Mehata S, Neupane S, et al (2015). The Burden and Determinants of Non Communicable Diseases Risk Fac-tors in Nepal: Findings from a Nation-wide STEPS Survey. PLoS One, 10(8):e0134834.
8. Prabhakaran D, Roy A, Praveen PA, et al (2017). 20-Year Trend of CVD Risk Fac-tors: Urban and Rural National Capital Region of India. Glob Heart, 12(3):209-217.
9. Dashzeveg D, Nakamura K, Seino K, et al (2018). Changes in the configuration and patterns of physical activity among Mongolian adults, 2005-2013. J Rural Med, 13(2):151-159.
10. Chimeddamba O, Gearon E, Brilleman SL, et al (2017). Increases in waist circum-ference independent of weight in Mon-golia over the last decade: the Mongoli-an STEPS surveys. BMC Obes, 4:19.
11. Ma S, Yang L, Zhao M, et al (2021). Trends in hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment and control rates among Chi-nese adults, 1991-2015. J Hypertens, 39(4):740-748.
12. Aung WP, Bjertness E, Htet AS, et al (2019). Trends in Diabetes Prevalence, Aware-ness, Treatment and Control in Yangon Region, Myanmar, Between 2004 and 2014, Two Cross-Sectional Studies. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 16(18):3461.
13. Ghelichkhani P, Baikpour M, Mohammad K, et al (2021). Age, Period and Cohort Analysis of Smoking Prevalence in Ira-nian Population over a 25-Year Period. Arch Iran Med, 24(1):7-14.
14. Wekesah FM, Nyanjau L, Kibachio J, et al (2018). Individual and household level factors associated with presence of mul-tiple non-communicable disease risk factors in Kenyan adults. BMC Public Health, 18(Suppl 3):1220.
15. Zaman MM, Bhuiyan MR, Karim MN, et al (2015). Clustering of non-communicable diseases risk factors in Bangladeshi adults: An analysis of STEPS survey 2013. BMC Public Health, 15:659.
16. Rafique I, Saqib MAN, Munir MA, et al (2018). Prevalence of risk factors for noncommunicable diseases in adults: key findings from the Pakistan STEPS survey. East Mediterr Health J, 24(1):33-41.
17. Pelzom D, Isaakidis P, Oo MM, et al (2017). Alarming prevalence and clustering of modifiable noncommunicable disease risk factors among adults in Bhutan: a nationwide cross-sectional community survey. BMC Public Health, 17(1):975.
18. World Health Organization (WHO) (2018) STEPwise approach to surveillance (STEPS). URL: https://www.who.int/ncds/surveillance/steps/en/
19. World Health Organization (2007). Mongo-lian STEPS Survey on the Prevalence of Noncommunicable Disease Risk Fac-tors 2006. URL: https://extranet.who.int/ncdsmicrodata/index.php/catalog/725/related-materials
20. World Health Organization (2010) Mongo-lian STEPS Survey on the Prevalence of Noncommunicable Disease and Injury Risk Factors – 2009. Manila, Philippines: World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Western Pacific.
21. Public Health Institute of the Ministry of Health and Sports, Mongolia (2014). Third national STEPS Survey on the Prevalence of Noncommunicable Dis-ease and Injury Risk Factors-2013. Ulaanbaatar: Public Health Institute.
22. National Centre for Public Health (2020). Fourth national STEPS survey on preva-lence of non-communicable disease and injury risk factors-2019. Ulaanbaatar: National Centre for Public Health.
23. Msyamboza KP, Ngwira B, Dzowela T, et al (2011). The burden of selected chron-ic non-communicable diseases and their risk factors in Malawi: nationwide STEPS survey. PLoS One, 6(5):e20316.
24. Wesonga R, Guwatudde D, Bahendeka SK, et al (2016). Burden of cumulative risk factors associated with non-communicable diseases among adults in Uganda: evidence from a national base-line survey. Int J Equity Health, 15(1):195.
25. Armstrong T, Bull F (2006). Development of the World Health Organization Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ). J Public Health, 14:66–70.
26. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al (2003). Seventh report of the Joint Na-tional Committee of Prevention, Detec-tion, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension, 42(6):1206–52.
27. Wen CP, David Cheng TY, et al (2009). Are Asians at greater mortality risks for being over-weight than Caucasians? Redefining obesity for Asians. Public Health Nutr, 12(4), 497–506.
28. Government of Mongolia Resolution. Na-tional programme on the prevention and control of Noncommunicable dis-eases, 2017.
29. Mongolian Parliamentary Special Commis-sion for the Prevention of Criminal Ac-tivity. National Program on Alcohol Prevention and Control. Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia: SGK; 2003.
30. Armstrong SC, Tsogtbaatar B (2010). The dual nature of alcohol use and abuse in Mongolia: reflections through policy. Asia Pac J Public Health, 22(3 Suppl):209S-215S.
2. World Health Organization (WHO) Mon-golia: Noncommunicable Diseases (NCD) Country Profiles, 2018. URL: chromeextson://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefind-mkaj/viewer.html?pdfurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fnmh%2Fcountries%2Fmng_en.pdf%3Fua%3D1&clen=81162&chunk=true2
3. Second Joint Mission of the United Na-tions Interagency Task Force on the Prevention and Control of Noncom-municable Diseases, Mongolia, 5-9 Sep-tember 2016. Geneva: World Health Or-ganization;
4. Narain JP, Garg R, Fric A (2011). Non-communicable diseases in the South-East Asia region: burden, strategies and opportunities. Natl Med J India, 24(5):280-7.
5. Kontis V, Mathers CD, Bonita R, et al (2015). Regional contributions of six preventable risk factors to achieving the 25 × 25 non-communicable disease mortality reduction target: a modelling study. Lancet Glob Health, 3(12):e746-57.
6. Bolormaa N, Narantuya L, De Courten M, et al (2008). Dietary and lifestyle risk factors for noncommunicable disease among the Mongolian population. Asia Pac J Public Health, 20 Suppl:23-30.
7. Aryal KK, Mehata S, Neupane S, et al (2015). The Burden and Determinants of Non Communicable Diseases Risk Fac-tors in Nepal: Findings from a Nation-wide STEPS Survey. PLoS One, 10(8):e0134834.
8. Prabhakaran D, Roy A, Praveen PA, et al (2017). 20-Year Trend of CVD Risk Fac-tors: Urban and Rural National Capital Region of India. Glob Heart, 12(3):209-217.
9. Dashzeveg D, Nakamura K, Seino K, et al (2018). Changes in the configuration and patterns of physical activity among Mongolian adults, 2005-2013. J Rural Med, 13(2):151-159.
10. Chimeddamba O, Gearon E, Brilleman SL, et al (2017). Increases in waist circum-ference independent of weight in Mon-golia over the last decade: the Mongoli-an STEPS surveys. BMC Obes, 4:19.
11. Ma S, Yang L, Zhao M, et al (2021). Trends in hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment and control rates among Chi-nese adults, 1991-2015. J Hypertens, 39(4):740-748.
12. Aung WP, Bjertness E, Htet AS, et al (2019). Trends in Diabetes Prevalence, Aware-ness, Treatment and Control in Yangon Region, Myanmar, Between 2004 and 2014, Two Cross-Sectional Studies. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 16(18):3461.
13. Ghelichkhani P, Baikpour M, Mohammad K, et al (2021). Age, Period and Cohort Analysis of Smoking Prevalence in Ira-nian Population over a 25-Year Period. Arch Iran Med, 24(1):7-14.
14. Wekesah FM, Nyanjau L, Kibachio J, et al (2018). Individual and household level factors associated with presence of mul-tiple non-communicable disease risk factors in Kenyan adults. BMC Public Health, 18(Suppl 3):1220.
15. Zaman MM, Bhuiyan MR, Karim MN, et al (2015). Clustering of non-communicable diseases risk factors in Bangladeshi adults: An analysis of STEPS survey 2013. BMC Public Health, 15:659.
16. Rafique I, Saqib MAN, Munir MA, et al (2018). Prevalence of risk factors for noncommunicable diseases in adults: key findings from the Pakistan STEPS survey. East Mediterr Health J, 24(1):33-41.
17. Pelzom D, Isaakidis P, Oo MM, et al (2017). Alarming prevalence and clustering of modifiable noncommunicable disease risk factors among adults in Bhutan: a nationwide cross-sectional community survey. BMC Public Health, 17(1):975.
18. World Health Organization (WHO) (2018) STEPwise approach to surveillance (STEPS). URL: https://www.who.int/ncds/surveillance/steps/en/
19. World Health Organization (2007). Mongo-lian STEPS Survey on the Prevalence of Noncommunicable Disease Risk Fac-tors 2006. URL: https://extranet.who.int/ncdsmicrodata/index.php/catalog/725/related-materials
20. World Health Organization (2010) Mongo-lian STEPS Survey on the Prevalence of Noncommunicable Disease and Injury Risk Factors – 2009. Manila, Philippines: World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Western Pacific.
21. Public Health Institute of the Ministry of Health and Sports, Mongolia (2014). Third national STEPS Survey on the Prevalence of Noncommunicable Dis-ease and Injury Risk Factors-2013. Ulaanbaatar: Public Health Institute.
22. National Centre for Public Health (2020). Fourth national STEPS survey on preva-lence of non-communicable disease and injury risk factors-2019. Ulaanbaatar: National Centre for Public Health.
23. Msyamboza KP, Ngwira B, Dzowela T, et al (2011). The burden of selected chron-ic non-communicable diseases and their risk factors in Malawi: nationwide STEPS survey. PLoS One, 6(5):e20316.
24. Wesonga R, Guwatudde D, Bahendeka SK, et al (2016). Burden of cumulative risk factors associated with non-communicable diseases among adults in Uganda: evidence from a national base-line survey. Int J Equity Health, 15(1):195.
25. Armstrong T, Bull F (2006). Development of the World Health Organization Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ). J Public Health, 14:66–70.
26. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al (2003). Seventh report of the Joint Na-tional Committee of Prevention, Detec-tion, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension, 42(6):1206–52.
27. Wen CP, David Cheng TY, et al (2009). Are Asians at greater mortality risks for being over-weight than Caucasians? Redefining obesity for Asians. Public Health Nutr, 12(4), 497–506.
28. Government of Mongolia Resolution. Na-tional programme on the prevention and control of Noncommunicable dis-eases, 2017.
29. Mongolian Parliamentary Special Commis-sion for the Prevention of Criminal Ac-tivity. National Program on Alcohol Prevention and Control. Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia: SGK; 2003.
30. Armstrong SC, Tsogtbaatar B (2010). The dual nature of alcohol use and abuse in Mongolia: reflections through policy. Asia Pac J Public Health, 22(3 Suppl):209S-215S.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 52 No 7 (2023) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v52i7.13246 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Trends Risk factors Non-communicable diseases Mongolia | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Pengpid S, Peltzer K. Trends in Behavioral and Biological Non-Communicable Diseases Risk Factors among Adults in Mongolia: Results from National Cross-Sectional Surveys in 2005, 2009, 2013 and 2019. Iran J Public Health. 2023;52(7):1447-1456.
