Economic Impacts of Cardiovascular Diseases: An Econometric Evaluation in Turkey
Abstract
Background: The study aimed to determine the impact of the burden of cardiovascular diseases on Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Turkey.
Methods: GDP was taken as the dependent variable and the burden of cardiovascular diseases was taken as the independent variable. The variables were analyzed within the frame of Panel Data Analysis.
Results: Significant relationships were found between GDP and burden of cardiovascular diseases. The unidirectional Granger causality relationship was determined from burden of cardiovascular diseases to GDP and revealed that they acted together in the long term. The analysis that made with using econometric regression models revealed that generally 1 unit increased in per capita of cardiovascular diseases decreased GDP by between 477651.8 – 624485.6 units (PPP$).
Conclusion: The empirical results of the study revealed that the cardiovascular disease burden was one of the reasons for the decrease in GDP and their economic effects would continue in the long term in Turkey. From this perspective establishing and implementing policies to improve the burden of cardiovascular diseases in Turkey could be an important approach for the economic development.
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13. Schofield D, Cunich M, Shrestha R et al (2019). The indirect costs of ischemic heart disease through lost productive life years for Australia from 2015 to 2030: re-sults from a microsimulation model. BMC Public Health,19(1): 802.
14. Schmid T (2015). Costs of treating cardio-vascular events in Germany: a systematic literature review, Health Econ Rev,5(1):27,doi: 10.1186/s13561-015-0063-5.
15. Cook C, Cole G, Asaria P, Jabbour R, Fran-cis DP (2014). The annual global eco-nomic burden of heart failure, Int J Cardi-ol,171(3):368–376.
16. Leal J, Luengo-Fernández R, Gray A, Pe-tersen S, Rayner M (2006).Economic burden of cardiovascular diseases in the enlarged European Union. Eur Heart J.27(13):1610-9. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehi733.
17. Balbay Y, Gagnon-Arpin I, Malhan S et al (2018). Modeling the burden of cardio-vascular disease in Turkey. Anatolian J Cardiol, 20(4):235–240.
18. Granger CW (1969). Investigating Causal Relations by Econometric Models and Cross-spectral Methods. Econometri-ca,37(3):424-438.
19. Khan MWA, Panigrahi SK, Almunuri KSN et al (2019). Investigating the Dynamic Impact of CO2 Emissions and Econom-ic Growth on Renewable Energy Produc-tion: Evidence from FMOLS and DOLS Tests. Processes,7(496):2-19.doi:10.3390/pr7080496.
20. Suhrcke M, Urban D (2010). Are cardiovas-cular diseases bad for economic growth? Health Econ,19 (12):1478-1496.doi.org/10.1002/hec.1565.
21. Carter HE, Schofield D, Shrestha R (2019). Productivity costs of cardiovascular dis-ease mortality across disease types and socioeconomic groups. Open Heart,6(1):e000939. doi:10.1136/openhrt-2018-000939.
22. Huedo-Medina, TB, Garcia M, Bihuniak JD, Kenny A, Kerstetter J (2016). Methodo-logic Quality of Meta-Analyses and Sys-tematic Reviews on the Mediterranean Diet and Cardiovascular Disease Out-comes: A Review. Am J Clin Nutr,103(3): 841-850. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.115.112771.
23. Nilson EAF, Metlzer AB, Labonte´ M-E, Jaime PC (2020). Modelling the effect of compliance with WHO salt recommenda-tions on cardiovascular disease mortality and costs in Brazil. PLoS ONE,15(7): e0235514. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235514.
24. Basu S, Wagner RG, Sewpaul R, Reddy P, Davies J (2019). Implications of scaling up cardiovascular disease treatment in South Africa: a microsimulation and cost-effectiveness analysis. Lancet Glob Health,7:e270–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30450-9.
2. Singh K, Chandrasekaran AM, Bhaumik S, et al (2018). Cost-effectiveness of interventions to control cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus in South Asia: a systematic review. BMJ Open;8:e017809. doi:10.1136/ bmjopen-2017-017809.
3. Basu S, Bendavid E, Sood N (2015). Health and Economic Implications of National Treatment Coverage for Cardiovascular Disease in India Cost-Effectiveness Analysis. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes, 8:541-551.doi:10.1161/cırcoutcomes.115.001994.
4. Hajat C, Siegal Y, Adler-Waxman A (2021). Clustering and Healthcare Costs With Multiple Chronic Conditions in a US Study. Front Public Health, 8:607528. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2020.607528.
5. McPhail SM (2016). Multimorbidity in chronic disease: impact on health care resources and costs. Risk Manag Healthc Policy, 5;9:143-56.doi:10.2147/RMHP.S97248.PMID:27462182;PMCID: PMC4939994.
6. World Health Organization. Cardiovascular Diseases (2015). Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds). Access date: 08.09.2021.
7. Murray CJL (1994). Quantifying the burden of disease: The technical basis for disabil-ity-adjusted life years. Bull World Health Organ,72:429–45.
8. Leite Ida C, Valente JG, Schramm JM et al (2015). Burden of disease in Brazil and its regions, 2008. Cad Saude Publi-ca,31(7):1551-64. English, Portuguese. doi: 10.1590/0102-311X00111614.
9. WHO. https://www.who.int/data/gho/indicator-metadata-registry/imr-details/4643
10. American Heart Association (2017). Cardio-vascular Disease: A Costly Burden for America: Projections Through 2035. Re-search Triangle Park, NC: Research Tri-angle Institute.
11. Gheorghe A, Griffiths U, Murphy A et al (2018). The economic burden of cardio-vascular disease and hypertension in low- and middle-income countries: a systemat-ic review. BMC Public Health,6;18(1):975. doi: 10.1186/s12889-018-5806-x.
12. Tasçı C, Özçelik N (2011). An Overview on Coronary Heart Disease (A Comparative Evaluation of Turkey and Europe) and Cost-effectiveness of Diagnostic Strate-gies. Mol Imaging Radionucl Ther, 20(3):75-93. doi:10.4274/MIRT.33.
13. Schofield D, Cunich M, Shrestha R et al (2019). The indirect costs of ischemic heart disease through lost productive life years for Australia from 2015 to 2030: re-sults from a microsimulation model. BMC Public Health,19(1): 802.
14. Schmid T (2015). Costs of treating cardio-vascular events in Germany: a systematic literature review, Health Econ Rev,5(1):27,doi: 10.1186/s13561-015-0063-5.
15. Cook C, Cole G, Asaria P, Jabbour R, Fran-cis DP (2014). The annual global eco-nomic burden of heart failure, Int J Cardi-ol,171(3):368–376.
16. Leal J, Luengo-Fernández R, Gray A, Pe-tersen S, Rayner M (2006).Economic burden of cardiovascular diseases in the enlarged European Union. Eur Heart J.27(13):1610-9. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehi733.
17. Balbay Y, Gagnon-Arpin I, Malhan S et al (2018). Modeling the burden of cardio-vascular disease in Turkey. Anatolian J Cardiol, 20(4):235–240.
18. Granger CW (1969). Investigating Causal Relations by Econometric Models and Cross-spectral Methods. Econometri-ca,37(3):424-438.
19. Khan MWA, Panigrahi SK, Almunuri KSN et al (2019). Investigating the Dynamic Impact of CO2 Emissions and Econom-ic Growth on Renewable Energy Produc-tion: Evidence from FMOLS and DOLS Tests. Processes,7(496):2-19.doi:10.3390/pr7080496.
20. Suhrcke M, Urban D (2010). Are cardiovas-cular diseases bad for economic growth? Health Econ,19 (12):1478-1496.doi.org/10.1002/hec.1565.
21. Carter HE, Schofield D, Shrestha R (2019). Productivity costs of cardiovascular dis-ease mortality across disease types and socioeconomic groups. Open Heart,6(1):e000939. doi:10.1136/openhrt-2018-000939.
22. Huedo-Medina, TB, Garcia M, Bihuniak JD, Kenny A, Kerstetter J (2016). Methodo-logic Quality of Meta-Analyses and Sys-tematic Reviews on the Mediterranean Diet and Cardiovascular Disease Out-comes: A Review. Am J Clin Nutr,103(3): 841-850. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.115.112771.
23. Nilson EAF, Metlzer AB, Labonte´ M-E, Jaime PC (2020). Modelling the effect of compliance with WHO salt recommenda-tions on cardiovascular disease mortality and costs in Brazil. PLoS ONE,15(7): e0235514. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235514.
24. Basu S, Wagner RG, Sewpaul R, Reddy P, Davies J (2019). Implications of scaling up cardiovascular disease treatment in South Africa: a microsimulation and cost-effectiveness analysis. Lancet Glob Health,7:e270–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30450-9.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 52 No 1 (2023) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v52i1.11673 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Burden Cardiovascular diseases Gross domestic product Econometric evaluation | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Ekinci G. Economic Impacts of Cardiovascular Diseases: An Econometric Evaluation in Turkey. Iran J Public Health. 2023;52(1):118-127.
