The Relationship between Air Pollution and Infant Mortality Rate
,
Abstract
Background: We aimed to investigate the relationship between air pollution and the Infant mortality rate (IMR) during nearly ten years in Tehran, Iran.
Methods: This study is a retrospective cohort case using time series analysis. Air pollution monitoring data during the study period (2009-2018) were collected from the information of 23 Air Quality Control Centers in different areas of Tehran. For this purpose, the daily measures of PM10, PM2.5, O3, CO, SO2, NO2 were obtained. Data on infant mortality was obtained from the National Statistics Office of Iran and mortality registered in Tehran's main cemetery during the study period. Distributed lag linear and non-linear models were used.
Results: A total of 23,206 infant deaths were reported during the study period. Following an increase of 10 ug/m3 in PM10 in an early day of exposure, the risk of mortality increased significantly (RR=1.003, 95%CI:1.001-1.005). There is a pick on lag 5-10 that shows a very strong and immediate effect of cold temperature which means that cold temperatures increase the risk of mortality at an early time. At cold temperate, (var=0 and lag 0) risk of infant mortality was significantly higher than reference temperature (19˚C) (RR=1.1295, %CI: 1.01-1.25).
Conclusion: The results show the adverse effects of PM10 exposure on infant mortality in Tehran, Iran. Accordingly, a steady decline in PM10 levels in Tehran may have greater benefits in reducing the Infant mortality rate.
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7. Perera FP (2017). Multiple threats to child health from fossil fuel combustion: impacts of air pollution and climate change. Environ Health Perspect, 125:141-148.
8. Bell ML, Ebisu K, Belanger K (2007). Ambient air pollution and low birth weight in Connecticut and Massachusetts. Environ Health Perspect, 115:1118-1124.
9. Wang J, Cao H, Sun D, et al (2019). Associations between ambient air pollution and mortality from all causes, pneumonia, and congenital heart diseases among children aged under 5 years in Beijing, China: A population-based time series study. Environ Res, 108531.
10. Dube L, Taha M, Asefa H (2013). Determinants of infant mortality in community of Gilgel Gibe Field Research Center, Southwest Ethiopia: a matched case control study. BMC Public Health, 13:401.
11. Patel AP, Jagai JS, Messer LC, et al (2018). Associations between environmental quality and infant mortality in the United States, 2000–2005. Arch Public Health, 76:60.
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13. Gasparrini A, Armstrong B, Kenward MG (2010). Distributed lag non‐linear models. Stat Med, 29:2224-2234.
14. Kotecha S, Watkins WJ, Lowe J, Grigg J, Kotecha S (2019). Effects of air pollution on all cause neonatal and post-neonatal mortality: population-based study. Eur Respir J, 54 PA297.
15. Carbajal-Arroyo L, Miranda-Soberanis V, Medina-Ramón M, et al (2011). Effect of PM10 and O3 on infant mortality among residents in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area: a case-crossover analysis, 1997–2005. J Epidemiol Community Health, 65:715-721.
16. Arceo E, Hanna R, Oliva P (2016). Does the Effect of Pollution on Infant Mortality Differ Between Developing and Developed Countries? Evidence from Mexico City. Econ J, 126:257-280.
17. Litchfield IJ, Ayres JG, Jaakkola JJ, Mohammed NI (2018). Is ambient air pollution associated with onset of sudden infant death syndrome: a case-crossover study in the UK. BMJ Open, 8:e018341.
18. Woodruff TJ, Darrow LA, Parker JD (2008). Air pollution and postneonatal infant mortality in the United States, 1999–2002. Environ Health Perspect, 116:110-115.
19. Donaldson K, MacNee W (2001). Potential mechanisms of adverse pulmonary and cardiovascular effects of particulate air pollution (PM10). Int J Hyg Environ Health, 203:411-415.
20. Naddafi K, Hassanvand MS, Yunesian M, et al (2012). Health impact assessment of air pollution in megacity of Tehran, Iran. Iranian J Environ Health Sci Eng, 9:28.
21. Liu Y, Xu J, Chen D, Sun P, Ma X (2019). The association between air pollution and preterm birth and low birth weight in Guangdong, China. BMC Public Health, 19:3.
22. Sarizadeh R, Dastoorpoor M, Goudarzi G, Simbar M (2020). The association between air pollution and low birth weight and preterm labor in Ahvaz, Iran. Int J Womens Health, 12:313.
23. Giovannini N, Schwartz L, Cipriani S, et al (2018). Particulate matter (PM10) exposure, birth and fetal-placental weight and umbilical arterial pH: results from a prospective study. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med, 31:651-655.
24. Pereira G, Bell ML, Lee HJ, Koutrakis P, Belanger K (2014). Sources of fine particulate matter and risk of preterm birth in Connecticut, 2000–2006: a longitudinal study. Environ Health Perspect, 122:1117-1122.
25. Blumenshine P, Egerter S, Barclay CJ, Cubbin C, Braveman PA (2010). Socioeconomic disparities in adverse birth outcomes: a systematic review. Am J Prev Med, 39:263-72.
26. Muhe LM, McClure EM, Nigussie AK, et al (2019). Major causes of death in preterm infants in selected hospitals in Ethiopia (SIP): a prospective, cross-sectional, observational study. Lancet Glob health, 7:e1130-e1138.
27. Jung EM, Kim KN, Park H, et al (2020). Association between prenatal exposure to PM2.5 and the increased risk of specified infant mortality in South Korea. Environ Int, 144:105997.
28. Son J-Y, Lee HJ, Koutrakis P, Bell ML (2017). Pregnancy and Lifetime Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter and Infant Mortality in Massachusetts, 2001–2007. Am J Epidemiol, 186:1268-1276.
29. Katsouyanni K, Touloumi G, Spix C, et al (1997). Short term effects of ambient sulphur dioxide and particulate matter on mortality in 12 European cities: results from time series data from the APHEA project. BMJ, 314:1658.
30. Lin CA, Pereira LA, Nishioka DC, Conceicao GM, Braga AL, Saldiva PH (2004). Air pollution and neonatal deaths in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Braz J Med Biol Res, 37:765-70.
31. Ritz B, Wilhelm M, Zhao Y (2006). Air pollution and infant death in southern California, 1989–2000. Pediatrics, 118:493-502.
32. Klonoff-Cohen H, Lam P, Lewis A (2005). Outdoor carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and sudden infant death syndrome. Arch Dis Child, 90:750-753.
33. Lipfert FW, Zhang J, Wyzga RE (2000). Infant mortality and air pollution: a comprehensive analysis of US data for 1990. J Air Waste Manag Assoc, 50:1350-1366.
34. Romieu I, Ramírez-Aguilar M, et al (2004). Infant mortality and air pollution: modifying effect by social class. J Occup Environ Med, 46:1210-1216.
35. Son JY, Cho YS, Lee JT (2008). Effects of air pollution on postneonatal infant mortality among firstborn infants in Seoul, Korea: case-crossover and time-series analyses. Arch Environ Occup Health, 63:108-113.
36. Kihal-Talantikite W, Marchetta GP (2020). Infant Mortality Related to NO(2) and PM Exposure: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17:2623.
37. Chay KY, Greenstone M (2003). The impact of air pollution on infant mortality: evidence from geographic variation in pollution shocks induced by a recession. Q J Econ, 118:1121-1167.
38. Buka I, Koranteng S, Osornio-Vargas AR (2006). The effects of air pollution on the health of children. Paediatr Child Health, 11:513-516.
39. Currie J, Neidell M, Schmieder JF (2009). Air pollution and infant health: Lessons from New Jersey. J Health Econ, 28:688-703.
40. Kulkarni N, Grigg J (2008). Effect of air pollution on children. Paediatr Child Health, 18:238-243.
41. Ballester F, Estarlich M, Iñiguez C, et al (2010). Air pollution exposure during pregnancy and reduced birth size: a prospective birth cohort study in Valencia, Spain. Environ Health, 9:1-11.
42. Makri A, Stilianakis NI (2008). Vulnerability to air pollution health effects. Int J Hyg Environ Health, 211:326-336.
43. Plopper C, Buckpitt A, Evans M, et al (2001). Factors modulating the epithelial response to toxicants in tracheobronchial airways. Toxicology, 160:173-180.
44. Rom WN (2011). Environmental policy and public health: air pollution, global climate change, and wilderness. ed. John Wiley & Sons.
45. Karlsson L, Lundevaller EH, Schumann B (2020). Neonatal Mortality and Temperature in Two Northern Swedish Rural Parishes, 1860–1899—The Significance of Ethnicity and Gender. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17:1216.
46. Keatinge W, Donaldson G (2004). The impact of global warming on health and mortality. South Med J, 97:1093-1100.
47. Vorherr H (1982). Factors influencing fetal growth. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 142:577-588.
48. Canals M, Figueroa D, Miranda J, Sabat P (2009). Effect of gestational and postnatal environmental temperature on metabolic rate in the altricial rodent, Phyllotis darwini. J Therm Biol, 34:310-314.
49. Sandman CA, Glynn L, Schetter CD, et al (2006). Elevated maternal cortisol early in pregnancy predicts third trimester levels of placental corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH): priming the placental clock. Peptides, 27:1457-1463.
2. Dadvand P, Parker J, Bell ML, et al (2013). Maternal exposure to particulate air pollution and term birth weight: a multi-country evaluation of effect and heterogeneity. Environ Health Perspect, 121:267-373.
3. Hajat S, Armstrong B, Wilkinson P, Busby A, Dolk H (2007). Outdoor air pollution and infant mortality: analysis of daily time-series data in 10 English cities. J Epidemiol Community Health, 61:719-722.
4. Kampa M, Castanas E (2008). Human health effects of air pollution. Environ Pollut, 151:362-367.
5. Gouveia N, Junger WL, Romieu I, et al (2018). Effects of air pollution on infant and children respiratory mortality in four large Latin-American cities. Environ Pollut, 232:385-391.
6. Chen EK-C, Zmirou-Navier D, Padilla C, Deguen S (2014). Effects of air pollution on the risk of congenital anomalies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 11:7642-7668.
7. Perera FP (2017). Multiple threats to child health from fossil fuel combustion: impacts of air pollution and climate change. Environ Health Perspect, 125:141-148.
8. Bell ML, Ebisu K, Belanger K (2007). Ambient air pollution and low birth weight in Connecticut and Massachusetts. Environ Health Perspect, 115:1118-1124.
9. Wang J, Cao H, Sun D, et al (2019). Associations between ambient air pollution and mortality from all causes, pneumonia, and congenital heart diseases among children aged under 5 years in Beijing, China: A population-based time series study. Environ Res, 108531.
10. Dube L, Taha M, Asefa H (2013). Determinants of infant mortality in community of Gilgel Gibe Field Research Center, Southwest Ethiopia: a matched case control study. BMC Public Health, 13:401.
11. Patel AP, Jagai JS, Messer LC, et al (2018). Associations between environmental quality and infant mortality in the United States, 2000–2005. Arch Public Health, 76:60.
12. Loury R (2017). WHO: Environmental pollution causes one in four infant deaths. (ed)^(eds) Journal de l'environnement, available from: https://www.euractiv.com/section/development-policy/news/who-environmental-pollution-causes-one-in-four-infant-deaths/
13. Gasparrini A, Armstrong B, Kenward MG (2010). Distributed lag non‐linear models. Stat Med, 29:2224-2234.
14. Kotecha S, Watkins WJ, Lowe J, Grigg J, Kotecha S (2019). Effects of air pollution on all cause neonatal and post-neonatal mortality: population-based study. Eur Respir J, 54 PA297.
15. Carbajal-Arroyo L, Miranda-Soberanis V, Medina-Ramón M, et al (2011). Effect of PM10 and O3 on infant mortality among residents in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area: a case-crossover analysis, 1997–2005. J Epidemiol Community Health, 65:715-721.
16. Arceo E, Hanna R, Oliva P (2016). Does the Effect of Pollution on Infant Mortality Differ Between Developing and Developed Countries? Evidence from Mexico City. Econ J, 126:257-280.
17. Litchfield IJ, Ayres JG, Jaakkola JJ, Mohammed NI (2018). Is ambient air pollution associated with onset of sudden infant death syndrome: a case-crossover study in the UK. BMJ Open, 8:e018341.
18. Woodruff TJ, Darrow LA, Parker JD (2008). Air pollution and postneonatal infant mortality in the United States, 1999–2002. Environ Health Perspect, 116:110-115.
19. Donaldson K, MacNee W (2001). Potential mechanisms of adverse pulmonary and cardiovascular effects of particulate air pollution (PM10). Int J Hyg Environ Health, 203:411-415.
20. Naddafi K, Hassanvand MS, Yunesian M, et al (2012). Health impact assessment of air pollution in megacity of Tehran, Iran. Iranian J Environ Health Sci Eng, 9:28.
21. Liu Y, Xu J, Chen D, Sun P, Ma X (2019). The association between air pollution and preterm birth and low birth weight in Guangdong, China. BMC Public Health, 19:3.
22. Sarizadeh R, Dastoorpoor M, Goudarzi G, Simbar M (2020). The association between air pollution and low birth weight and preterm labor in Ahvaz, Iran. Int J Womens Health, 12:313.
23. Giovannini N, Schwartz L, Cipriani S, et al (2018). Particulate matter (PM10) exposure, birth and fetal-placental weight and umbilical arterial pH: results from a prospective study. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med, 31:651-655.
24. Pereira G, Bell ML, Lee HJ, Koutrakis P, Belanger K (2014). Sources of fine particulate matter and risk of preterm birth in Connecticut, 2000–2006: a longitudinal study. Environ Health Perspect, 122:1117-1122.
25. Blumenshine P, Egerter S, Barclay CJ, Cubbin C, Braveman PA (2010). Socioeconomic disparities in adverse birth outcomes: a systematic review. Am J Prev Med, 39:263-72.
26. Muhe LM, McClure EM, Nigussie AK, et al (2019). Major causes of death in preterm infants in selected hospitals in Ethiopia (SIP): a prospective, cross-sectional, observational study. Lancet Glob health, 7:e1130-e1138.
27. Jung EM, Kim KN, Park H, et al (2020). Association between prenatal exposure to PM2.5 and the increased risk of specified infant mortality in South Korea. Environ Int, 144:105997.
28. Son J-Y, Lee HJ, Koutrakis P, Bell ML (2017). Pregnancy and Lifetime Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter and Infant Mortality in Massachusetts, 2001–2007. Am J Epidemiol, 186:1268-1276.
29. Katsouyanni K, Touloumi G, Spix C, et al (1997). Short term effects of ambient sulphur dioxide and particulate matter on mortality in 12 European cities: results from time series data from the APHEA project. BMJ, 314:1658.
30. Lin CA, Pereira LA, Nishioka DC, Conceicao GM, Braga AL, Saldiva PH (2004). Air pollution and neonatal deaths in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Braz J Med Biol Res, 37:765-70.
31. Ritz B, Wilhelm M, Zhao Y (2006). Air pollution and infant death in southern California, 1989–2000. Pediatrics, 118:493-502.
32. Klonoff-Cohen H, Lam P, Lewis A (2005). Outdoor carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and sudden infant death syndrome. Arch Dis Child, 90:750-753.
33. Lipfert FW, Zhang J, Wyzga RE (2000). Infant mortality and air pollution: a comprehensive analysis of US data for 1990. J Air Waste Manag Assoc, 50:1350-1366.
34. Romieu I, Ramírez-Aguilar M, et al (2004). Infant mortality and air pollution: modifying effect by social class. J Occup Environ Med, 46:1210-1216.
35. Son JY, Cho YS, Lee JT (2008). Effects of air pollution on postneonatal infant mortality among firstborn infants in Seoul, Korea: case-crossover and time-series analyses. Arch Environ Occup Health, 63:108-113.
36. Kihal-Talantikite W, Marchetta GP (2020). Infant Mortality Related to NO(2) and PM Exposure: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17:2623.
37. Chay KY, Greenstone M (2003). The impact of air pollution on infant mortality: evidence from geographic variation in pollution shocks induced by a recession. Q J Econ, 118:1121-1167.
38. Buka I, Koranteng S, Osornio-Vargas AR (2006). The effects of air pollution on the health of children. Paediatr Child Health, 11:513-516.
39. Currie J, Neidell M, Schmieder JF (2009). Air pollution and infant health: Lessons from New Jersey. J Health Econ, 28:688-703.
40. Kulkarni N, Grigg J (2008). Effect of air pollution on children. Paediatr Child Health, 18:238-243.
41. Ballester F, Estarlich M, Iñiguez C, et al (2010). Air pollution exposure during pregnancy and reduced birth size: a prospective birth cohort study in Valencia, Spain. Environ Health, 9:1-11.
42. Makri A, Stilianakis NI (2008). Vulnerability to air pollution health effects. Int J Hyg Environ Health, 211:326-336.
43. Plopper C, Buckpitt A, Evans M, et al (2001). Factors modulating the epithelial response to toxicants in tracheobronchial airways. Toxicology, 160:173-180.
44. Rom WN (2011). Environmental policy and public health: air pollution, global climate change, and wilderness. ed. John Wiley & Sons.
45. Karlsson L, Lundevaller EH, Schumann B (2020). Neonatal Mortality and Temperature in Two Northern Swedish Rural Parishes, 1860–1899—The Significance of Ethnicity and Gender. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17:1216.
46. Keatinge W, Donaldson G (2004). The impact of global warming on health and mortality. South Med J, 97:1093-1100.
47. Vorherr H (1982). Factors influencing fetal growth. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 142:577-588.
48. Canals M, Figueroa D, Miranda J, Sabat P (2009). Effect of gestational and postnatal environmental temperature on metabolic rate in the altricial rodent, Phyllotis darwini. J Therm Biol, 34:310-314.
49. Sandman CA, Glynn L, Schetter CD, et al (2006). Elevated maternal cortisol early in pregnancy predicts third trimester levels of placental corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH): priming the placental clock. Peptides, 27:1457-1463.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 52 No 6 (2023) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v52i6.12994 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Air pollution Infant mortality rate Time series | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Nazarpour S, Shokati Poursani A, Simbar M, Bidhendi Yarandi R. The Relationship between Air Pollution and Infant Mortality Rate. Iran J Public Health. 2023;52(6):1278-1288.
