The Prevalence of Hypertension and Obesity in Iranian Professional Drivers
-
Akbar Nikpajouh
,
Feridoun Noohi
,
Mokhtar Malakpour
,
Majid Tajik
,
Amir Mahmoudzadeh
,
Peyman Moghadam
,
Mahmood Salesi
,
Mehdi Raei
,
Mohammad Amin Shahrbaf
Abstract
Background: Professional driving is associated with overworking, lack of physical activity, and high stress, which are susceptible to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). We aimed to determine the prevalence of hypertension and obesity in Iranian professional drivers.
Methods: Overall, 132,452 drivers were included by census sampling methods and those who did not pass periodic examinations were excluded. Demographics and anthropometric data, including height and weight and the driver's blood pressure, were recorded. The criteria for hypertension assumed as the systolic blood pressure ≥ 130 mm and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 80 mm, and the criteria for prehypertension assumed as 120–129 systolic and < 80 mm Hg. In addition, body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 is assumed as overweight, and BMI ≥ 30 is assumed as obesity.
Results: Overall, 113,856 male drivers were included in the final analysis. The prevalence of HTN, pre-HTN, and abnormal blood pressure (HTN + pre-HTN) was calculated to be 14.2%, 57.4%, and 71.6%, respectively. Khuzestan, West Azerbaijan, and Yazd had the most prevalence of abnormal blood pressure. The prevalence of overweight, obesity, and abnormal weight (overweight + obesity) was calculated to be 50.9%, 22.6%, and 73.5%, respectively, and the northwest provinces had the highest prevalence of abnormal weight.
Conclusion: Professional Iranian drivers have a high prevalence of abnormal blood pressure and weight associated with job-related risk factors. Preventive measures should be taken to confront a possible outbreak of CVDs in this population.
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22. Stephens MAC, Wand G (2012). Stress and the HPA axis: role of glucocorticoids in alcohol dependence. Alcohol Research , 34(4):468-483.
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25. Platek AE, Szymanski FM, Filipiak KJ, et al (2017). Prevalence of Hypertension in Professional Drivers (from the RACER-ABPM Study). Am J Cardiol, 120(10):1792-1796.
26. Lakshman A, Manikath N, Rahim A, Anilakumari VP (2014). Prevalence and Risk Factors of Hypertension among Male Occupational Bus Drivers in North Kerala, South India: A Cross-Sectional Study. ISRN Prev Med, 2014:318532.
27. Amadi CE, Grove TP, Mbakwem AC, et al (2018). Prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors among professional male long-distance bus drivers in Lagos, south-west Nigeria: a cross-sectional study. Cardiovasc J Afr, 29(2):106-114.
28. Li Y, Wang L, Feng X, et al (2018). Geographical variations in hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment and control in China: findings from a nationwide and provincially representative survey. J Hypertens, 36(1):178-187.
29. Khoshandam Sarvynehbaghi F, Mozaffari SAR, Yaghoubi Poor A, Nezamtabar Malekshah A (2013). Prevalence of Hypertension among Professional Drivers in Mazandaran Province, 2010. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, 23:19-24.
30. Khanlari P, Khosravipour M, Gharagozlou F, Heidarimoghadam R, Babamiri M (2020). Prevalence and Determinants of Hypertension among Iranian Taxi Drivers (2018). Journal of Occupational Health and Epidemiology, 9:1-9.
31. Rezaei S, Mahmoudi Z, Sheidaei A, et al (2018). Salt intake among Iranian population: the first national report on salt intake in Iran. J Hypertens, 36:2380-2389.
32. Escoto KH, French SA, Harnack LJ, Toomey TL, Hannan PJ, Mitchell NR (2010). Work hours, weight status, and weight-related behaviors: a study of metro transit workers. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act, 7:91.
33. Pourabdian S, Golshiri P, Janghorbani M (2020). Overweight, underweight, and obesity among male long-distance professional drivers in Iran. J Occup Health, 62(1):e12114-e12114.
34. Rosso GL, Perotto M, Feola M, Bruno G, Caramella M (2015). Investigating obesity among professional drivers: the high risk professional driver study. Am J Ind Med, 58:212-9.
35. Yosef T, Bogale B, Destaw A, Weldu A (2020). The Burden of Overweight and Obesity among Long-Distance Truckers in Ethiopia. J Obes, 2020:4242789.
36. Abiri B, Sarbakhsh P, Vafa M (2019). Prevalence of overweight, obesity, and associated risk factors in healthy female adolescents in Tehran, Iran. Cent Asian J Glob Health, 8(1):413.
37. Djalalinia S, Saeedi Moghaddam S, Sheidaei A,et al (2020). Patterns of Obesity and Overweight in the Iranian Population: Findings of STEPs 2016. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 11:42.
38. Bahreini Esfahani N, Ganjali Dashti N, Ganjali Dashti M, et al (2016). Dietary Predictors of Overweight and Obesity in Iranian Adolescents. Iran Red Crescent Med J, 18(9):e25569.
39. Mohebi F, Mohajer B, Yoosefi M, et al (2019). Physical activity profile of the Iranian population: STEPS survey, 2016. BMC Public Health, 19(1):1266.
2. Shakerian F, Sanati HR, Hoseinzadeh H, et al (2017). Early and midterm prognoses of mechanical complications following acute myocardial infarction: Role of surgical repair in improving survival. Iranian Heart Journal, 18:21-28.
3. Soenarta AA, Buranakitjaroen P, Chia YC,et al (2020). An overview of hypertension and cardiac involvement in Asia: Focus on heart failure. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich), 22(3):423-430.
4. Adair T, Lopez AD (2020). The role of overweight and obesity in adverse cardiovascular disease mortality trends: an analysis of multiple cause of death data from Australia and the USA. BMC Med, 18:199.
5. Oori MJ, Mohammadi F, Norozi K, Fallahi-Khoshknab M, Ebadi A, Gheshlagh RG (2019). Prevalence of HTN in Iran: Meta-analysis of Published Studies in 2004-2018. Curr Hypertens Rev, 15(2):113-122.
6. Vaisi-Raygani A, Mohammadi M, Jalali R, Ghobadi A, Salari N (2019). The prevalence of obesity in older adults in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Geriatr, 19(1):371.
7. Tanaka M (2020). Improving obesity and blood pressure. Hypertens Res, 43(2):79-89.
8. Virtanen M, Kivimäki M (2018). Long Working Hours and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease. Curr Cardiol Rep, 20(11):123.
9. Timmermans C, Alhajyaseen W, Reinolsmann N, Nakamura H, Suzuki K (2019). Traffic safety culture of professional drivers in the State of Qatar. IATSS Research, 43:286-296.
10. Pimple P, Lima BB, Hammadah M, et al (2019). Psychological Distress and Subsequent Cardiovascular Events in Individuals With Coronary Artery Disease. J Am Heart Assoc, 8(9):e011866.
11. López-González ÁA, Albaladejo-Blanco M, Arroyo-Bote S,et al (2021). Cardiovascular risk and associated risk factors in Spanish professional drivers. Journal of Transport & Health, 23:101266.
12. Road Traffic and Road Transport Organization,Statistical Yearbook of Road Transport Statistical Yearbook - Year 2019 .Available from: https://www.rmto.ir/fa/page/106020-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87-%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84-1398.html
13. Bahrami M, Dehdashti A, Karami M (2018). Assessment of occupational stress and associated burnout among locomotive drivers in Iran. Koomesh Journal, 20:291-299.
14. Hajiamini Z, Cheraghalipour Z, Azad Marzabadi E, Ebadi A, Norouzi Koushali A (2011). Comparison of job stress in military and non-military drivers in Tehran. Journal of Military Medicine, 13:25-30.
15. Ministry of Health and Medical Education of Islamic Republic of Iran (2019). Executive instructions for medical examinations of drivers. Center for occupational and enviromental health.Available from:https://markazsalamat.behdasht.gov.ir/uploads/358/doctor/d_moayeneh.pdf
16. Unger T, Borghi C, Charchar F, et al (2020). 2020 International Society of Hypertension Global Hypertension Practice Guidelines. Hypertension, 75(6):1334-1357.
17. Tafeit E, Cvirn G, Lamprecht M, et al (2019). Using body mass index ignores the intensive training of elite special force personnel. Exp Biol Med (Maywood), 244(11):873-879.
18. Sara JD, Prasad M, Eleid MF, Zhang M, Widmer RJ, Lerman A (2018). Association Between Work-Related Stress and Coronary Heart Disease: A Review of Prospective Studies Through the Job Strain, Effort-Reward Balance, and Organizational Justice Models. J Am Heart Assoc, 7(9):e008073.
19. Useche SA, Cendales B, Montoro L, Esteban C (2018). Work stress and health problems of professional drivers: a hazardous formula for their safety outcomes. PeerJ, 6:e6249.
20. Alavi SS, Mohammadi MR, Souri H, Mohammadi Kalhori S, Jannatifard F, Sepahbodi G (2017). Personality, Driving Behavior and Mental Disorders Factors as Predictors of Road Traffic Accidents Based on Logistic Regression. Iran J Med Sci, 42(1):24-31.
21. Izadi N, Malek M, Aminian O, Saraei M (2013). Medical risk factors of diabetes mellitus among professional drivers. J Diabetes Metab Disord, 12:23.
22. Stephens MAC, Wand G (2012). Stress and the HPA axis: role of glucocorticoids in alcohol dependence. Alcohol Research , 34(4):468-483.
23. de Looff PC, Cornet LJM, Embregts PJCM, Nijman HLI, Didden HCM (2018). Associations of sympathetic and parasympathetic activity in job stress and burnout: A systematic review. PLoS One, 13(10):e0205741.
24. Lanatà A, Valenza G, Greco A, et al (2014). How the autonomic nervous system and driving style change with incremental stressing conditions during simulated driving. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 16:1505-1517.
25. Platek AE, Szymanski FM, Filipiak KJ, et al (2017). Prevalence of Hypertension in Professional Drivers (from the RACER-ABPM Study). Am J Cardiol, 120(10):1792-1796.
26. Lakshman A, Manikath N, Rahim A, Anilakumari VP (2014). Prevalence and Risk Factors of Hypertension among Male Occupational Bus Drivers in North Kerala, South India: A Cross-Sectional Study. ISRN Prev Med, 2014:318532.
27. Amadi CE, Grove TP, Mbakwem AC, et al (2018). Prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors among professional male long-distance bus drivers in Lagos, south-west Nigeria: a cross-sectional study. Cardiovasc J Afr, 29(2):106-114.
28. Li Y, Wang L, Feng X, et al (2018). Geographical variations in hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment and control in China: findings from a nationwide and provincially representative survey. J Hypertens, 36(1):178-187.
29. Khoshandam Sarvynehbaghi F, Mozaffari SAR, Yaghoubi Poor A, Nezamtabar Malekshah A (2013). Prevalence of Hypertension among Professional Drivers in Mazandaran Province, 2010. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, 23:19-24.
30. Khanlari P, Khosravipour M, Gharagozlou F, Heidarimoghadam R, Babamiri M (2020). Prevalence and Determinants of Hypertension among Iranian Taxi Drivers (2018). Journal of Occupational Health and Epidemiology, 9:1-9.
31. Rezaei S, Mahmoudi Z, Sheidaei A, et al (2018). Salt intake among Iranian population: the first national report on salt intake in Iran. J Hypertens, 36:2380-2389.
32. Escoto KH, French SA, Harnack LJ, Toomey TL, Hannan PJ, Mitchell NR (2010). Work hours, weight status, and weight-related behaviors: a study of metro transit workers. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act, 7:91.
33. Pourabdian S, Golshiri P, Janghorbani M (2020). Overweight, underweight, and obesity among male long-distance professional drivers in Iran. J Occup Health, 62(1):e12114-e12114.
34. Rosso GL, Perotto M, Feola M, Bruno G, Caramella M (2015). Investigating obesity among professional drivers: the high risk professional driver study. Am J Ind Med, 58:212-9.
35. Yosef T, Bogale B, Destaw A, Weldu A (2020). The Burden of Overweight and Obesity among Long-Distance Truckers in Ethiopia. J Obes, 2020:4242789.
36. Abiri B, Sarbakhsh P, Vafa M (2019). Prevalence of overweight, obesity, and associated risk factors in healthy female adolescents in Tehran, Iran. Cent Asian J Glob Health, 8(1):413.
37. Djalalinia S, Saeedi Moghaddam S, Sheidaei A,et al (2020). Patterns of Obesity and Overweight in the Iranian Population: Findings of STEPs 2016. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 11:42.
38. Bahreini Esfahani N, Ganjali Dashti N, Ganjali Dashti M, et al (2016). Dietary Predictors of Overweight and Obesity in Iranian Adolescents. Iran Red Crescent Med J, 18(9):e25569.
39. Mohebi F, Mohajer B, Yoosefi M, et al (2019). Physical activity profile of the Iranian population: STEPS survey, 2016. BMC Public Health, 19(1):1266.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 52 No 10 (2023) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v52i10.13855 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Occupational health Preventive medicine Hypertension Overweight Obesity Iran | ||
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Nikpajouh A, Noohi F, Malakpour M, Tajik M, Mahmoudzadeh A, Moghadam P, Salesi M, Raei M, Shahrbaf MA. The Prevalence of Hypertension and Obesity in Iranian Professional Drivers. Iran J Public Health. 2023;52(10):2169-2178.
