Trends in the Epidemiology of Brucellosis Cases in Iran during the Last Decade
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Abstract
Background: Brucellosis is one of the most important zoonotic diseases that impose a serious public health burden on some countries in the world. Annually, the WHO reports more than 500000 new cases of human brucellosis. The disease is endemic in most parts of Iran; especially, in areas where people live in close contact with infected animals. According to data from the Iranian Ministry of Health, the average incidence of brucellosis in Iran was 22 cases per 100000 population, with a decreasing trend of surveillance.
Methods: This cross-sectional survey was carried out within 2011-2020 in all provinces of Iran and from patients with clinical symptoms.
Results: During the last decade, a total of 173526 cases were reported from different provinces of Iran, with a higher frequency of occurrence in males (58.2%) living in rural areas (77%), as compared to those in urban areas (23%). Moreover, brucellosis was more common in the summer season (June) and most of the cases were via contact with infected livestock (91%) and consumption of unpasteurized dairy products (78% in rural areas and 76% in the urban areas).
Conclusion: The failure to effectively control brucellosis may be attributed to lack of knowledge about the disease, consumption of unpasteurized dairy and raw meat, lack of proper and safe vaccines for prevention and eradication programs, lack of rapid detection systems, and ineffective methods of isolating infected animals. Therefore, education and advancement of people’s knowledge are key to the prevention and control of the disease
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16. Rostami H, Mehrabi Tavana A, Tavakoli HR, Tutunchian M (2015). Prevalence study of brucellosis in Iranian military forces during 2001-2009. J Health Policy sustain health, 2(2): 191-194.
17. Seleem MN, Boyle SM, Sriranganathan N (2010). Brucellosis: a re-emerging zoonosis. Vet Microbiol, 140(3-4):392-8.
18. Kafil HS, Baha Hosseini S, Sohrabi M, Asgharzadeh M (2014). Brucellosis: presence of zoonosis infection 3500 years ago in north of Iran. Asian Pac J Trop Dis, 4:S684–6.
19. Moosazadeh M, Nikaeen R, Abedi G, Kheradmand M, Safiri S (2016). Epidemiological and clinical features of people with Malta fever in Iran: A systematic review and meta‑analysis. Osong Public Health Res Perspect, 7:157‑67.
20. Dahouk CA, Neubauer H, Hensel A, Schoneber I, Nockler K, Alper K (2007). Changing epidemiology of human brucellosis, Germany, 1962–2005. Emerg Infect Dis,13(12): 1895-900.
21. Karimi-Nazari E, Hosseini MS, Jadidi H, Rahimi V, Heidari A (2019). Epidemiological evaluation of brucellosis in Isfahan Province-Iran in 2016. Int J BioMed Public Health, 2 (1):14-19.
22. Hamzavi Y, Khademi N, Zadeh MMG, Janbakhsh A (2014). Epidemiology of malt fever in Kermanshah province in 2011. J Kermanshah Univ Med Sci, 18(2):114-21.
23. Refai M (2002). Incidence and control of brucellosis in the Near East region. Vet Microbiol, 90:81‑110.
24. Al‑Tawfiq JA, AbuKhamsin A (2009). A 24‑year study of the epidemiology of human brucellosis in a health‑care system in Eastern Saudi Arabia. J Infect Public Health, 2:81‑5.
25. Kayaaslan B, Bastug A, Aydin E, Akinci E, But A, Aslaner H (2016). A long‑term survey of brucellosis: Is there any marker to predict the complicated cases? Infect Dis, 48:215‑21.
26. Roushan MH, Gangi S, Ahmadi S (2004). Comparison of the efficacy of two months of treatment with co‑trimoxazole plus doxycycline vs co‑trimoxazole plus rifampin in brucellosis. Swiss Med Wkly, 134:564‑8.
27. Abbasi A, Jafarpour H, Rezaei Shahmirzadi A, Razavi A, Khodabakhsh B , Jeddi Hosseini SS (2020). Frequency and characteristics of Brucellosis in Golestan Province, Iran. Chron Dis J, 8(3): 124-130.
28. Pakzad R, Barati M, Moludi J, Barati H, Pakzad I (2016). Epidemiology of Brucellosis in the North and North-West Iran. Paramed Sci Mil Health, 11 (1): 19-23.
29. Nabavi M, Hatami H, Jamaliarand H (2019). Epidemiological, Risk Factors, Clinical, and Laboratory Features of Brucellosis in the Southwest of Iran within 2009–2015. Int J Prev Med, 10: 108.
30. Bagheri H, Tapak L, Karami M, Amiri B, Cherghi Z (2019). Epidemiological Features of Human Brucellosis in Iran (2011-2018) and Prediction of Brucellosis with Data-Mining Models. J Res Health Sci, 19(4): e00462.
31. Kassiri H, Amani H, Lotfi M (2013). Epidemiological, laboratory, diagnostic and public health aspects of human brucellosis in Western Iran. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed, 3(8): 589-594.
32. Sofian M, Aghakhani A, Velayati AA, Banifazl M, Eslamifar A, Ramezani A (2008). Risk factors for human brucellosis in Iran: a case-control study. Int J Infect Dis, 12(2): 157-161.
33. Haddadi A, Rasoulinezhad M, Afhami S, Mohraz M (2006). Epidemiological, clinical, para clinical aspects of brucellosis in Imam Khomeini and Sina Hospital of Tehran. Behbood, 10(3):242-51.
34. Moosazadeh M, Abedi Gh, Kheradmand M, Safiri S, Nikaeen R (2016). Seasonal Pattern of Brucellosis in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Iran J Health Sci, 4(1): 62-72.
35. Shahriari S, Ghatee M, Haghdoost A, Taabody Z, Khajeh Kazemi R, Parisae Z (2015). Demographic and Epidemiological Study of Brucellosis in the Kohgilooye and Boyerahmad Province, 2009-2013. Armaghane Danesh, 20:149-60.
36. Hajari A, Shams M, Afroughi S, Fadayi Nobari R, Abaspoor Najafabadi R (2016). Brucellosis in tiran & karvan: Study of the disease in the recent 10-year period (2004-2013). Military Car Sci, 3(2):100-6.
37. Nematollahi S, Ayubi E, Karami M, Khazaei S, Shojaeian M, Zamani R (2017). Epidemiological characteristics of human brucellosis in Hamadan Province during 2009–2015: results from the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System. Int J Infect Dis, 61: 56-61.
38. Khani Y, Mollajan A, Rahimi F (2015). Inappropriate dietary and occupational patterns: major risk factors associated with brucellosis in the area covered by Karaj Health Center No. 2. Int J Enteric Pathog, 3(4): 1-4.
39. Shoraka HR, Hosseini SH, Safavizadeh A, Avaznia A, Rajabzadeh R, Hejazi A (2010). Epidemiological study of brucellosis in Maneh & Semelghan town, north khorasan province, in 2008-2009. J North Khorasan Univ Med Sci, 2(2-3):65-72.
40. Alavi SM, Mugahi S, Nashibi R, Gharkholu S (2014). Brucellosis risk factors in the southwestern Province of Khuzestan, Iran. Int J Enteric Pathog, 2(1): e15610.
41. Zeinalian Dastjerdi M, Fadaei Nobari R, Ramazanpour J (2012). Epidemiological features of human brucellosis in central Iran, 2006-2011. Public health, 126(12): 1058-1062.
2. Del-Vecchio VG, Kapatral V, Redkar RJ, Patra G, Mujer C, Los T, Ivanova N, Anderson I, Bhattacharyya A, Lykidis A, Reznik G, Jablonski L, Larsen N, D'Souza M, Bernal A, Mazur M, Goltsman E, Selkov E, Elzer PH, Hagius S, O'Callaghan D, Letesson JJ, Haselkorn R, Kyrpides N, Overbeek R (2002). The genome sequence of the facultative intracellular pathogen Brucella melitensis. PNAS, 99(1): 443–448.
3. Purcell B, David L. Hoover DL, Friedlander AM (2007). Brucellosis. In: Martha K. Lenhart MK, Colonel MC, editors. Medical aspects of biological warfare. Washington, DC: The Office of the Surgeon General US Army Medical Department Center and School Borden Institute publishing. p.185-198.
4. Pappas G (2010). The changing Brucella ecology: novel reservoirs, new threats. Int J Antimicrob Agents, 36: S8-S11.
5. Franco MP, Mulder M, Gilman RH, Smits HL (2007). Human brucellosis. Lancet Infect Dis, 7(12):775-786.
6. Tiller RV, Gee JE, Frace MA, Taylor TK, Setubal JC, Hoffmaster AR, De BK (2010). Characterization of novel Brucella strains originating from wild native rodent species in North Queensland, Australia. Appl Environ Microbiol, 76 (17): 5837-5845.
7. Dastjerdi MZ, Nobari RF, Ramazanpour J (2012). Epidemiological features of human brucellosis in central Iran, 2006–2011. Public Health, 126:1058‑62.
8. Keeling MJ, Rohani P (2011). Modeling infectious diseases in humans and animals: Princeton University Press.
9. Minas M, Minas A, Gourgulianis K, Stournara A (2007). Epidemiological and clinical aspects of human brucellosis in Central Greece. Jpn J Infect Dis, 60(6):362-6.
10. Pappas G, Akritidis N, Bosilkovski M (2005). Brucellosis. N Engl J Med, 352 (3): 2325–36.
11. Mostafavi E, Asmand M (2012). Trend of Brucellosis in Iran from 1991 to 2008. Iran J Epidemiol, 8(1): 94-101.
12. Mirnejad R, Jazi FM, Mostafaei S, Sedighi M (2017). Epidemiology of brucellosis in Iran: A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis study. Microb Pathog Aug, 109: 239–47.
13. Mesner O, Riesenberg K, Biliar N, Borstein E, Bouhnik L, Peled N (2007). The many faces of human-to-human transmission of brucellosis: congenital infection and outbreak of nosocomial disease related to an unrecognized clinical case. Clin Infect Dis, 45(12): e135–40.
14. Assenga JA, Matemba LE, Muller SK, Malakalinga JJ, Kazwala RR (2015). Epidemiology of Brucella infection in the human, livestock and wildlife interface in the Katavi-Rukwa ecosystem, Tanzania. BMC Vet Res, 11: 189.
15. Adesokan HK, Alabi PI, Ogundipe MA (2016). Prevalence and predictors of risk factors for Brucellosis transmission by meat handlers and traditional healers' risk practices in Ibadan, Nigeria. J Prev Med Hyg, 57(3): E164-E171.
16. Rostami H, Mehrabi Tavana A, Tavakoli HR, Tutunchian M (2015). Prevalence study of brucellosis in Iranian military forces during 2001-2009. J Health Policy sustain health, 2(2): 191-194.
17. Seleem MN, Boyle SM, Sriranganathan N (2010). Brucellosis: a re-emerging zoonosis. Vet Microbiol, 140(3-4):392-8.
18. Kafil HS, Baha Hosseini S, Sohrabi M, Asgharzadeh M (2014). Brucellosis: presence of zoonosis infection 3500 years ago in north of Iran. Asian Pac J Trop Dis, 4:S684–6.
19. Moosazadeh M, Nikaeen R, Abedi G, Kheradmand M, Safiri S (2016). Epidemiological and clinical features of people with Malta fever in Iran: A systematic review and meta‑analysis. Osong Public Health Res Perspect, 7:157‑67.
20. Dahouk CA, Neubauer H, Hensel A, Schoneber I, Nockler K, Alper K (2007). Changing epidemiology of human brucellosis, Germany, 1962–2005. Emerg Infect Dis,13(12): 1895-900.
21. Karimi-Nazari E, Hosseini MS, Jadidi H, Rahimi V, Heidari A (2019). Epidemiological evaluation of brucellosis in Isfahan Province-Iran in 2016. Int J BioMed Public Health, 2 (1):14-19.
22. Hamzavi Y, Khademi N, Zadeh MMG, Janbakhsh A (2014). Epidemiology of malt fever in Kermanshah province in 2011. J Kermanshah Univ Med Sci, 18(2):114-21.
23. Refai M (2002). Incidence and control of brucellosis in the Near East region. Vet Microbiol, 90:81‑110.
24. Al‑Tawfiq JA, AbuKhamsin A (2009). A 24‑year study of the epidemiology of human brucellosis in a health‑care system in Eastern Saudi Arabia. J Infect Public Health, 2:81‑5.
25. Kayaaslan B, Bastug A, Aydin E, Akinci E, But A, Aslaner H (2016). A long‑term survey of brucellosis: Is there any marker to predict the complicated cases? Infect Dis, 48:215‑21.
26. Roushan MH, Gangi S, Ahmadi S (2004). Comparison of the efficacy of two months of treatment with co‑trimoxazole plus doxycycline vs co‑trimoxazole plus rifampin in brucellosis. Swiss Med Wkly, 134:564‑8.
27. Abbasi A, Jafarpour H, Rezaei Shahmirzadi A, Razavi A, Khodabakhsh B , Jeddi Hosseini SS (2020). Frequency and characteristics of Brucellosis in Golestan Province, Iran. Chron Dis J, 8(3): 124-130.
28. Pakzad R, Barati M, Moludi J, Barati H, Pakzad I (2016). Epidemiology of Brucellosis in the North and North-West Iran. Paramed Sci Mil Health, 11 (1): 19-23.
29. Nabavi M, Hatami H, Jamaliarand H (2019). Epidemiological, Risk Factors, Clinical, and Laboratory Features of Brucellosis in the Southwest of Iran within 2009–2015. Int J Prev Med, 10: 108.
30. Bagheri H, Tapak L, Karami M, Amiri B, Cherghi Z (2019). Epidemiological Features of Human Brucellosis in Iran (2011-2018) and Prediction of Brucellosis with Data-Mining Models. J Res Health Sci, 19(4): e00462.
31. Kassiri H, Amani H, Lotfi M (2013). Epidemiological, laboratory, diagnostic and public health aspects of human brucellosis in Western Iran. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed, 3(8): 589-594.
32. Sofian M, Aghakhani A, Velayati AA, Banifazl M, Eslamifar A, Ramezani A (2008). Risk factors for human brucellosis in Iran: a case-control study. Int J Infect Dis, 12(2): 157-161.
33. Haddadi A, Rasoulinezhad M, Afhami S, Mohraz M (2006). Epidemiological, clinical, para clinical aspects of brucellosis in Imam Khomeini and Sina Hospital of Tehran. Behbood, 10(3):242-51.
34. Moosazadeh M, Abedi Gh, Kheradmand M, Safiri S, Nikaeen R (2016). Seasonal Pattern of Brucellosis in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Iran J Health Sci, 4(1): 62-72.
35. Shahriari S, Ghatee M, Haghdoost A, Taabody Z, Khajeh Kazemi R, Parisae Z (2015). Demographic and Epidemiological Study of Brucellosis in the Kohgilooye and Boyerahmad Province, 2009-2013. Armaghane Danesh, 20:149-60.
36. Hajari A, Shams M, Afroughi S, Fadayi Nobari R, Abaspoor Najafabadi R (2016). Brucellosis in tiran & karvan: Study of the disease in the recent 10-year period (2004-2013). Military Car Sci, 3(2):100-6.
37. Nematollahi S, Ayubi E, Karami M, Khazaei S, Shojaeian M, Zamani R (2017). Epidemiological characteristics of human brucellosis in Hamadan Province during 2009–2015: results from the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System. Int J Infect Dis, 61: 56-61.
38. Khani Y, Mollajan A, Rahimi F (2015). Inappropriate dietary and occupational patterns: major risk factors associated with brucellosis in the area covered by Karaj Health Center No. 2. Int J Enteric Pathog, 3(4): 1-4.
39. Shoraka HR, Hosseini SH, Safavizadeh A, Avaznia A, Rajabzadeh R, Hejazi A (2010). Epidemiological study of brucellosis in Maneh & Semelghan town, north khorasan province, in 2008-2009. J North Khorasan Univ Med Sci, 2(2-3):65-72.
40. Alavi SM, Mugahi S, Nashibi R, Gharkholu S (2014). Brucellosis risk factors in the southwestern Province of Khuzestan, Iran. Int J Enteric Pathog, 2(1): e15610.
41. Zeinalian Dastjerdi M, Fadaei Nobari R, Ramazanpour J (2012). Epidemiological features of human brucellosis in central Iran, 2006-2011. Public health, 126(12): 1058-1062.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 51 No 12 (2022) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v51i12.11470 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Brucellosis Epidemiology Iran | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Zeinali M, Doosti S, Amiri B, Gouya MM, Godwin GN. Trends in the Epidemiology of Brucellosis Cases in Iran during the Last Decade. Iran J Public Health. 2022;51(12):2791-2798.
