The Effect of Human Development Index on Obesity Prevalence at the Global Level: A Spatial Analysis
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Abstract
Background: Obesity is one of the major public health concerns, and its prevalence is increasing worldwide. This study aimed to investigate the effect of human development index on the prevalence of obesity across 152 countries.
Methods: Country-level data on obesity prevalence and its influencing variables related to 152 countries were obtained during 2000-2019 from several sources. A Spatial Bayesian Hierarchical model was employed in this research, and the analyses were performed using R statistical software (version 3.6.1).
Results: We found a positive relation between HDI and obesity prevalence, in such a way if low HDI countries advance to high HDI countries, the obesity rate is expected to increase significantly by 7.45%. Moreover, the association between obesity prevalence and the percentage of people aged 40-59 (β=0.07), urbanization rate (β=0.11), percentage of internet users (β=0.01), percentage of alcohol users (β=0.16), milk consumption per capita (β=0.15) and Percentage of depression (β=0.58) was significantly positive. Conversely, per capita consumption of fruits and vegetables (β=-0.15), and smoking rate (β=-0.02) was negatively associated with obesity prevalence.
Conclusion: The prevalence of obesity is growing across all countries, especially in the countries with high and very high HDI. Therefore, policymakers must also pay attention to the negative effects of development when trying to improve the welfare of society.
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22. Poudel P, Ismailova K, Andersen LB, et al (2019). Adolescent wine consumption is inversely associated with long-term weight gain: results from follow-up of 20 or 22 years. Nutr J, 18 (1): 56.
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24. Lourenço S, Oliveira A, Lopes C (2012). The effect of current and lifetime alcohol consumption on overall and central obe-sity. Eur J Clin Nutr, 66(7):813-818.
25. Oguoma VM, Coffee NT, Alsharrah S, et al (2021). Prevalence of overweight and obesity, and associations with socio-demographic factors in Kuwait. BMC Public Health, 21(1):667.
26. Khazaei Z, Sohrabivafa M, Darvishi I, et al (2020). Relation between obesity prevalence and the human development index and its components: an updated study on the Asian population. J Public Health (Berl), 28:323–329.
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33. Bleich S, Cutler D, Murray C, et al (2008). Why is the developed world obese? Annu Rev Public Health, 29:273-295.
34. Esmaeily H, Azimi-Nezhad M, Ghayour-Mobarhan M, et al (2009). Association between Socioeconomic Factors and Obesity in Iran. Pakistan Journal of Nutri-tion, 8:53-56.
35. Thapa R, Dahl C, Aung WP, et al (2021). Urban-rural differences in overweight and obesity among 25-64 years old My-anmar residents: a cross-sectional, na-tionwide survey. BMJ Open, 11(3): e042561.
36. Hajek A, Lehnert T, Ernst A, et al (2015). Prevalence and determinants of overweight and obesity in old age in Germany. BMC Geriatr, 15:83.
37. Hajian-Tilaki KO, Heidari B (2007). Preva-lence of obesity, central obesity and the associated factors in urban population aged 20-70 years, in the north of Iran: a population-based study and regression approach. Obes Rev, 8(1):3-10.
38. NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC) (2019). Rising rural body-mass in-dex is the main driver of the global obe-sity epidemic in adults. Nature, 569(7755):260-264.
39. Qiu Y, Xie YJ, Chen L, et al (2021). Electronic Media Device Usage and Its Associations With BMI and Obesity in a Rapidly Developing City in South China. Front Public Health, 8:551613.
40. Wilunda C, Sawada N, Goto A, et al (2021). Associations between changes in fruit and vegetable consumption and weight change in Japanese adults. Eur J Nutr, 60(1):217-227.
41. Bertoia ML, Mukamal KJ, Cahill LE, et al (2015). Changes in Intake of Fruits and Vegetables and Weight Change in United States Men and Women Followed for Up to 24 Years: Analysis from Three Pro-spective Cohort Studies. PLoS Med, 12:e1001878.
42. Mozaffarian D, Hao T, Rimm EB, et al (2011). Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men. N Engl J Med, 364(25):2392-2404.
43. Dougkas A, Barr S, Reddy S, et al (2019). A critical review of the role of milk and other dairy products in the development of obesity in children and adolescents. Nutr Res Rev, 32(1):106-127.
44. Jacobs M (2018). Adolescent smoking: The relationship between cigarette consumption and BMI. Addict Behav Rep, 9:100153.
45. de Wit L, Luppino F, van Straten A, et al (2010). Depression and obesity: a meta-analysis of community-based studies. Psychiatry Res, 178(2):230-235.
46. van Gool CH, Kempen GI, Penninx BW, et al (2003). Relationship between changes in depressive symptoms and unhealthy lifestyles in late middle aged and older persons: results from the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam. Age Ageing, 32(1):81-87.
2. World Health Organization (2018). Obesity and overweight. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight
3. Hosseinpanah F, Mirbolouk M, Mossadeghkhah A, et al (2016). Incidence and potential risk factors of obesity among Tehranian adults. Prev Med, 82:99-104.
4. Pi-Sunyer X (2009). The medical risks of obesity. Postgrad Med, 121(6):21-33.
5. Dai H, Alsalhe TA, Chalghaf N, et al (2020). The global burden of disease attributable to high body mass index in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: An analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study. PLoS Med, 17(7):e1003198.
6. Silventoinen K, Rokholm B, Kaprio J, et al (2010). The genetic and environmental in-fluences on childhood obesity: a system-atic review of twin and adoption studies. Int J Obes (Lond), 34(1):29-40.
7. McLaren L (2007). Socioeconomic status and obesity. Epidemiol Rev, 29:29-48.
8. Biswas T, Garnett SP, Pervin S, et al (2017). The prevalence of underweight, over-weight and obesity in Bangladeshi adults: Data from a national survey. PLoS One, 12(5):e0177395.
9. Tabrizi JS, Sadeghi-Bazargani H, Farahbakhsh M, et al (2018). Prevalence and Associated Factors of Overweight or Obesity and Abdominal Obesity in Irani-an Population: A Population-based Study of Northwestern Iran. Iran J Public Health, 47(10):1583-1592.
10. Singh GK, Kogan MD, Van Dyck PC, et al (2008). Racial/ethnic, socioeconomic, and behavioral determinants of childhood and adolescent obesity in the United States: analyzing independent and joint associations. Ann Epidemiol, 18(9):682-695.
11. van Strien T, Winkens L, Toft MB, et al (2016). The mediation effect of emotional eating between depression and body mass index in the two European countries Denmark and Spain. Appetite,105:500-508.
12. Gherasim A, Arhire LI, Niță O, et al (2020). The relationship between lifestyle components and dietary patterns. Proc Nutr Soc, 79(3):311-323.
13. Shaikh RA, Siahpush M, Singh GK, et al (2015). Socioeconomic Status, Smoking, Alcohol use, Physical Activity, and Dietary Behavior as Determinants of Obesity and Body Mass Index in the United States: Findings from the National Health Inter-view Survey. Int J MCH AIDS, 4(1):22-34.
14. Geng T, Qi L, Huang T (2018). Effects of Dairy Products Consumption on Body Weight and Body Composition among Adults: An Updated Meta-Analysis of 37 Randomized Control Trials. Mol Nutr Food Res, 62(1):10.1002/mnfr.201700410.
15. Mohajeri M, Houjeghani S, Ghahremanza-deh M, et al (2020). Some behavioral risk factors of obesity in Ardabil Iran adults. Obes Med, 18 (7):100167.
16. Wang Y, Beydoun MA (2009). Meat consumption is associated with obesity and central obesity among US adults. Int J Obes (Lond), 33(6):621-628.
17. Berkey CS, Rockett HR, Willett WC, et al (2005). Milk, dairy fat, dietary calcium, and weight gain: a longitudinal study of ado-lescents. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, 159(6):543-550.
18. Lahti-Koski M, Pietinen P, Heliövaara M, et al (2002). Associations of body mass index and obesity with physical activity, food choices, alcohol intake, and smoking in the 1982-1997 FINRISK Studies. Am J Clin Nutr, 75(5):809-817.
19. Wycherley TP, Buckley JD, Noakes M, et al (2013). Comparison of the effects of weight loss from a high-protein versus standard-protein energy-restricted diet on strength and aerobic capacity in over-weight and obese men. Eur J Nutr, 52(1):317-325.
20. Cureau FV, Sparrenberger K, Bloch KV, et al (2018). Associations of multiple un-healthy lifestyle behaviors with over-weight/obesity and abdominal obesity among Brazilian adolescents: A country-wide survey. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis, 28(7):765-774.
21. Pengpid S, Peltzer K (2017). Associations between behavioural risk factors and overweight and obesity among adults in population-based samples from 31 coun-tries. Obes Res Clin Pract, 11(2):158-166.
22. Poudel P, Ismailova K, Andersen LB, et al (2019). Adolescent wine consumption is inversely associated with long-term weight gain: results from follow-up of 20 or 22 years. Nutr J, 18 (1): 56.
23. Keetile M, Navaneetham K, Letamo G, et al (2019). Socioeconomic and behavioural determinants of overweight/obesity among adults in Botswana: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open, 9(12): e029570.
24. Lourenço S, Oliveira A, Lopes C (2012). The effect of current and lifetime alcohol consumption on overall and central obe-sity. Eur J Clin Nutr, 66(7):813-818.
25. Oguoma VM, Coffee NT, Alsharrah S, et al (2021). Prevalence of overweight and obesity, and associations with socio-demographic factors in Kuwait. BMC Public Health, 21(1):667.
26. Khazaei Z, Sohrabivafa M, Darvishi I, et al (2020). Relation between obesity prevalence and the human development index and its components: an updated study on the Asian population. J Public Health (Berl), 28:323–329.
27. Matusitz J, McCormick J (2012). Sedentarism: the effects of Internet use on human obesity in the United States. Soc Work Public Health, 27(3):250-269.
28. United Nations (2021). World population prospects.https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/Population/
29. The World Bank (2020). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator
30. Our World in Data (2021). https://ourworldindata.org/
31. Global Burden of Disease (2021). https://vizhub.healthdata.org/sdg/
32. Ataey A, Jafarvand E, Adham D, et al (2020). The Relationship between Obesity, Overweight, and the Human Development Index in World Health Organization Eastern Mediterranean Region Countries. J Prev Med Public Health, 53(2):98-105.
33. Bleich S, Cutler D, Murray C, et al (2008). Why is the developed world obese? Annu Rev Public Health, 29:273-295.
34. Esmaeily H, Azimi-Nezhad M, Ghayour-Mobarhan M, et al (2009). Association between Socioeconomic Factors and Obesity in Iran. Pakistan Journal of Nutri-tion, 8:53-56.
35. Thapa R, Dahl C, Aung WP, et al (2021). Urban-rural differences in overweight and obesity among 25-64 years old My-anmar residents: a cross-sectional, na-tionwide survey. BMJ Open, 11(3): e042561.
36. Hajek A, Lehnert T, Ernst A, et al (2015). Prevalence and determinants of overweight and obesity in old age in Germany. BMC Geriatr, 15:83.
37. Hajian-Tilaki KO, Heidari B (2007). Preva-lence of obesity, central obesity and the associated factors in urban population aged 20-70 years, in the north of Iran: a population-based study and regression approach. Obes Rev, 8(1):3-10.
38. NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC) (2019). Rising rural body-mass in-dex is the main driver of the global obe-sity epidemic in adults. Nature, 569(7755):260-264.
39. Qiu Y, Xie YJ, Chen L, et al (2021). Electronic Media Device Usage and Its Associations With BMI and Obesity in a Rapidly Developing City in South China. Front Public Health, 8:551613.
40. Wilunda C, Sawada N, Goto A, et al (2021). Associations between changes in fruit and vegetable consumption and weight change in Japanese adults. Eur J Nutr, 60(1):217-227.
41. Bertoia ML, Mukamal KJ, Cahill LE, et al (2015). Changes in Intake of Fruits and Vegetables and Weight Change in United States Men and Women Followed for Up to 24 Years: Analysis from Three Pro-spective Cohort Studies. PLoS Med, 12:e1001878.
42. Mozaffarian D, Hao T, Rimm EB, et al (2011). Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men. N Engl J Med, 364(25):2392-2404.
43. Dougkas A, Barr S, Reddy S, et al (2019). A critical review of the role of milk and other dairy products in the development of obesity in children and adolescents. Nutr Res Rev, 32(1):106-127.
44. Jacobs M (2018). Adolescent smoking: The relationship between cigarette consumption and BMI. Addict Behav Rep, 9:100153.
45. de Wit L, Luppino F, van Straten A, et al (2010). Depression and obesity: a meta-analysis of community-based studies. Psychiatry Res, 178(2):230-235.
46. van Gool CH, Kempen GI, Penninx BW, et al (2003). Relationship between changes in depressive symptoms and unhealthy lifestyles in late middle aged and older persons: results from the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam. Age Ageing, 32(1):81-87.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 52 No 4 (2023) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v52i4.12456 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Obesity Human development index Sociodemographic factors Lifestyle factors | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Shirvani Shiri M, Emamgholipour S, Heydari H, Fekri N, Karami H. The Effect of Human Development Index on Obesity Prevalence at the Global Level: A Spatial Analysis. Iran J Public Health. 2023;52(4):829-839.
