Face Masks Use to Avoid Airborne Contamination during COVID-19 Pandemic and Related Conditions: A Systematic Review
-
Danúbia Cunha Sá-Caputo
,
Ana Carolina Coelho-Oliveira
,
Anelise Sonza
,
Laisa Liane Paineiras-Domingos
,
Redha Taiar
,
Satya Das
,
Alexandre Ribeiro Bello
,
Mario Bernardo-Filho
Abstract
Background: The facemasks use has been discussed to prevent respiratory disease due airborne contamination. The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review about the face masks use to avoid airborne contamination during COVID-19 pandemic and related conditions, registered (PROSPERO-CRD42020198347) and performed according PRISMA.
Methods: PubMed, Embase and Scopus databases were used to collect data. Observational studies, published in 2020, and English language, were included. Two reviewers independently identified records through database search and reference screening and disagreements were resolved by a third reviewer. Six studies were included.
Results: The works investigated about the use of masks (different types) to prevent droplets dissemination with virus or bacterial suspension and decrease COVID-19 transmission routes, comfort, or temperature. The studies have moderate to critical risk of bias and the level of evidence is III-2.
Conclusion: It is recommended facemask use to prevent droplets from escaping airborne and infecting other people, although there are different percentages of protection and can be possible a discomfort related the use. Further clinical trials to the effectiveness of face mask to avoid airborne contamination during the COVID-19 pandemic and the factors interfering with their effectiveness should be conducted.
1. Roberge RJ, Kim JH, Benson SM (2012). Absence of consequential changes in physiological, thermal and subjective responses from wearing a surgical mask. Respir Physiol Neurobiol, 181(1): 29-35.
2. Stone TE, Kunaviktikul W, Omura M, et al (2020). Facemasks and the Covid 19 pandemic: What advice should health professionals be giving the general public about the wearing of facemasks? Nurs Health Sci, 22(2): 339-342.
3. Pawlowski A, (2020). Coronavirus outbreak leads stores to sell out of face masks. Acess: https://www.today.com/health/coronavirus-outbreak-leads-stores-sell-out-face-masks-can-masks-t172730
4. Wells WF, Wells MW (1936). Air-borne infection. JAMA, 107(21): 1698-703.
5. Eames I, Shoaib D, Klettner CA, et al (2009). Movement of airborne contaminants in a hospital isolation room. J R Soc Interface, 6(Suppl 6): S757–S766.
6. Fiegel J, Clarke R, Edwards DA (2006). Airborne infectious disease and the suppression of pulmonary bioaerosols. Drug Discov Today, 11(1-2): 51-7.
7. Liu X, Zhang S (2020). COVID-19: Face masks and human-to-human transmission. Influenza Other Respir Viruses, 14(4):472-473.
8. Chao CYH, Wan MP, Morawska L, et al (2009). Characterization of expiration air jets and droplet size distributions immediately at the mouth opening.
Journal of Aerosol Science, 40(2): 122-133.
9. Nicas M, Nazaroff WW, Hubbard A (2005). Toward understanding the risk of secondary airborne infection: emission of respirable pathogens. Occup Environ Hyg, 2(3): 143-54.
10. Yuen KS, Ye ZW, Fung SY, et al (2020). SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: The most important research questions. Cell & Bioscience, 10:40.
11. Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, et al (2020). A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med, 382(8): 727-733.
12. Choi S, Ki M (2020). Estimating the reproductive number and the outbreak size of COVID-19 in Korea. Epidemiol Health, 42: e2020011.
13. Sun P, Lu X, Xu C, et al (2020). Understanding of COVID-19 based on current evidence. J Med Virol, 92(6): 548-551.
14. Cowling BJ, Chan K-H, Fang VJ, et al (2009). Facemasks and hand hygiene to prevent influenza transmission in households: a cluster randomized trial. Ann Intern Med, 151(7): 437-46.
15. Zhou SS, Lukula S, Chiossone C, et al (2018). Assessment of a respiratory face mask for capturing air pollutants and pathogens including human influenza and rhinoviruses. J Thorac Dis, 10(3): 2059-2069.
16. Offeddu V, Yung CF, Low MSF, et al (2017). Effectiveness of masks and respirators against respiratory infections in healthcare workers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis, 65(11): 1934-1942.
17. MacIntyre CR, Wang Q, Cauchemez S, et al (2011). A cluster randomized clinical trial comparing fit‐tested and non‐fit‐tested N95 respirators to medical masks to prevent respiratory virus infection in health care workers. Influenza Other Respir Viruses, 5(3): 170-9.
18. Smith JD, MacDougall CC, Johnstone J, et al (2016). Effectiveness of N95 respirators versus surgical masks in protecting health care workers from acute respiratory infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. CMAJ, 188(8): 567-574.
19. MacIntyre CR, Chughtai AA (2015). Facemasks for the prevention of infection in healthcare and community settings. BMJ, 350:h694.
20. Xiao J, Shiu EY, Gao H, et al (2020). Nonpharmaceutical measures for pandemic influenza in nonhealthcare settings—personal protective and environmental measures. Emerg Infect Dis, 26(5): 967-984.
21. WHO (2020). Novel coronavirus (SARS‐CoV‐2) situation reports. Acess: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/330991?locale-attribute=pt&utm_source=transaction&utm_medium=email
22. Smart Air. What are the best materials for making DIY masks? Acess: https://smartairfilters.com/en/blog/best-materials-make-diy-masks-virus/
23. Bourouiba L (2020). Turbulent gas clouds and respiratory pathogen emissions: potential implications for reducing transmission of COVID-19. JAMA, 323(18): 1837-1838.
24. WHO. Advice on the use of masks in the context of COVID-19: interim guidance, 6 April 2020, World Health Organization, Geneva, 2020. Acess: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331693
25. Killingley B, Nguyen‐Van‐Tam J (2013). Routes of influenza transmission. Influenza Other Respir Viruses, 7(Suppl 2): 42–51.
26. Shiu EY, Leung NHL, Cowling BJ (2019). Controversy around airborne versus droplet transmission of respiratory viruses: implication for infection prevention. Curr Opin Infect Dis, 32(4): 372-379.
27. Wei J, Li Y (2016). Airborne spread of infectious agents in the indoor environment. Am J Infect Control, 44(9 Suppl):S102-8.
28. van der Sande M, Teunis P, Sabel RJ (2008). Professional and home-made face masks reduce exposure to respiratory infections among the general population. PLoS One, 3(7): e2618.
29. Jefferson T, Jones M, Al Ansari LA, et al (2020). Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses. Part 1-Face masks, eye protection and person distancing: systematic review and meta-analysis. medRxiv and bioRxiv. Preprints. DOI: 10.1101/2020.03.30.20047217
30. Lazzari D, Bottaccioli AG, Bottaccioli F (2020). Using psychoneuroimmunity against COVID-19. Brain Behav Immun, 87:4-5.
31. Health N, NHMRC MRCJ, NHMRC additional levels of evidence and grades for recommendations for developers of guidelines, (2009). Acess: https://www.mja.com.au/sites/default/files/NHMRC.levels.of.evidence.2008-09.pdf
32. Sterne J, Higgins J, Reeves BJV (2014). A Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool: for non-randomized studies of interventions (ACROBAT-NRSI), 1(0):24. Acess: https://abstracts.cochrane.org/2015-vienna/acrobat-nrsi-cochrane-risk-bias-assessment-tool-non-randomized-studies-interventions-non
33. Bilandzic A, Fitzpatrick T, Rosella L, et al (2016). Risk of bias in systematic reviews of non-randomized studies of adverse cardiovascular effects of thiazolidinediones and cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors: application of a new Cochrane risk of bias tool. PLoS Med, 13(4): e1001987.
34. Ma QX, Shan H, Zhang HL, et al (2020). Potential utilities of mask‐wearing and instant hand hygiene for fighting SARS‐CoV‐2. J Med Virol, 92(9): 1567-1571.
35. Hong L-X, Lin A, He Z-B, et al (2020). Mask wearing in pre-symptomatic patients prevents SARS-CoV-2 transmission: An epidemiological analysis. Travel Med Infect Dis, 36: 101803.
36. Leung NH, Chu DK, Shiu EY, et al (2020). Respiratory virus shedding in exhaled breath and efficacy of face masks. Nature Medicine, 26(5): 676-680.
37. Scarano A, Inchingolo F, Lorusso F (2020). Facial Skin Temperature and Discomfort When Wearing Protective Face Masks: Thermal Infrared Imaging Evaluation and Hands Moving the Mask. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17(13): 4624.
38. Rodriguez-Palacios A, Cominelli F, Basson AR, et al (2020). Textile Masks and Surface Covers—A Spray Simulation Method and a “Universal Droplet Reduction Model” Against Respiratory Pandemics. Front Med (Lausanne), 7: 260.
39. Szepietowski JC, Matusiak Ł, Szepietowska M, et al (2020). Face Mask-induced Itch: A Self-questionnaire Study of 2,315 Responders During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Acta Derm Venereol, 100(10): adv00152.
40. Zhang C-Q, Chung P-K, Liu J-D, et al (2019). Health Beliefs of Wearing Facemasks for Influenza A/H1N1 Prevention: A Qualitative Investigation of Hong Kong Older Adults. Asia Pac J Public Health, 31(3): 246-256.
41. Feng S, Shen C, Xia N, et al (2020). Rational use of face masks in the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet Respir Med, 8(5): 434-436.
42. Husnayain A, Fuad A, Su EC-Y (2020). Applications of google search trends for risk communication in infectious disease management: A case study of COVID-19 outbreak in Taiwan. Int J Infect Dis, 95: 221-223.
43. Lai TH, Tang EW, Chau SK, et al (2020). Stepping up infection control measures in ophthalmology during the novel coronavirus outbreak: an experience from Hong Kong. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 258(5): 1049-1055.
44. Zhong B-L, Luo W, Li H-M, et al (2020). Knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards COVID-19 among Chinese residents during the rapid rise period of the COVID-19 outbreak: a quick online cross-sectional survey. Int J Biol Sci, 16(10): 1745-1752.
45. Lai C-C, Wang C-Y, Wang Y-H, et al (2020). Global epidemiology of coronavirus disease 2019: disease incidence, daily cumulative index, mortality, and their association with country healthcare resources and economic status. Int J Antimicrob Agents, 55(4): 105946.
46. Klompas M, Morris CA, Sinclair J, et al (2020). Universal masking in hospitals in the Covid-19 era. N Engl J Med, 382(21): e63.
47. Wang X, Zhang X, He J (2020). Challenges to the system of reserve medical supplies for public health emergencies: reflections on the outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) epidemic in China. Biosci Trends, 14(1): 3-8.
48. da Cunha de Sá-Caputo D, Taiar R, Seixas A, et al (2020). A Proposal of Physical Performance Tests Adapted as Home Workout Options during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Appl Sci, 10(14): 4755.
49. Ammar A, Trabelsi K, Brach M, et al (2021). Effects of home confinement on mental health and lifestyle behaviours during the COVID-19 outbreak: insights from the ECLB-COVID19 multicentre study. Biol Sport, 38(1): 9-21.
50. Ammar A, Mueller P, Trabelsi K, et al (2020). Psychological consequences of COVID-19 home confinement: The ECLB-COVID19 multicenter study. PLoS One, 15(11): e0240204.
51. Souza LFF, Domingos LLP, Oliveira MEdeSM, et al (2021). The impact of COVID-19 pandemic in the quality of sleep by Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: A systematic review. Cien Saude Colet ,26(4):1457-1466.
52. Ammar A, Brach M, Trabelsi K, et al (2020). Effects of COVID-19 Home Confinement on Eating Behaviour and Physical Activity: Results of the ECLB-COVID19 International Online Survey. Nutrients, 12(6): 1583.
2. Stone TE, Kunaviktikul W, Omura M, et al (2020). Facemasks and the Covid 19 pandemic: What advice should health professionals be giving the general public about the wearing of facemasks? Nurs Health Sci, 22(2): 339-342.
3. Pawlowski A, (2020). Coronavirus outbreak leads stores to sell out of face masks. Acess: https://www.today.com/health/coronavirus-outbreak-leads-stores-sell-out-face-masks-can-masks-t172730
4. Wells WF, Wells MW (1936). Air-borne infection. JAMA, 107(21): 1698-703.
5. Eames I, Shoaib D, Klettner CA, et al (2009). Movement of airborne contaminants in a hospital isolation room. J R Soc Interface, 6(Suppl 6): S757–S766.
6. Fiegel J, Clarke R, Edwards DA (2006). Airborne infectious disease and the suppression of pulmonary bioaerosols. Drug Discov Today, 11(1-2): 51-7.
7. Liu X, Zhang S (2020). COVID-19: Face masks and human-to-human transmission. Influenza Other Respir Viruses, 14(4):472-473.
8. Chao CYH, Wan MP, Morawska L, et al (2009). Characterization of expiration air jets and droplet size distributions immediately at the mouth opening.
Journal of Aerosol Science, 40(2): 122-133.
9. Nicas M, Nazaroff WW, Hubbard A (2005). Toward understanding the risk of secondary airborne infection: emission of respirable pathogens. Occup Environ Hyg, 2(3): 143-54.
10. Yuen KS, Ye ZW, Fung SY, et al (2020). SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: The most important research questions. Cell & Bioscience, 10:40.
11. Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, et al (2020). A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med, 382(8): 727-733.
12. Choi S, Ki M (2020). Estimating the reproductive number and the outbreak size of COVID-19 in Korea. Epidemiol Health, 42: e2020011.
13. Sun P, Lu X, Xu C, et al (2020). Understanding of COVID-19 based on current evidence. J Med Virol, 92(6): 548-551.
14. Cowling BJ, Chan K-H, Fang VJ, et al (2009). Facemasks and hand hygiene to prevent influenza transmission in households: a cluster randomized trial. Ann Intern Med, 151(7): 437-46.
15. Zhou SS, Lukula S, Chiossone C, et al (2018). Assessment of a respiratory face mask for capturing air pollutants and pathogens including human influenza and rhinoviruses. J Thorac Dis, 10(3): 2059-2069.
16. Offeddu V, Yung CF, Low MSF, et al (2017). Effectiveness of masks and respirators against respiratory infections in healthcare workers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis, 65(11): 1934-1942.
17. MacIntyre CR, Wang Q, Cauchemez S, et al (2011). A cluster randomized clinical trial comparing fit‐tested and non‐fit‐tested N95 respirators to medical masks to prevent respiratory virus infection in health care workers. Influenza Other Respir Viruses, 5(3): 170-9.
18. Smith JD, MacDougall CC, Johnstone J, et al (2016). Effectiveness of N95 respirators versus surgical masks in protecting health care workers from acute respiratory infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. CMAJ, 188(8): 567-574.
19. MacIntyre CR, Chughtai AA (2015). Facemasks for the prevention of infection in healthcare and community settings. BMJ, 350:h694.
20. Xiao J, Shiu EY, Gao H, et al (2020). Nonpharmaceutical measures for pandemic influenza in nonhealthcare settings—personal protective and environmental measures. Emerg Infect Dis, 26(5): 967-984.
21. WHO (2020). Novel coronavirus (SARS‐CoV‐2) situation reports. Acess: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/330991?locale-attribute=pt&utm_source=transaction&utm_medium=email
22. Smart Air. What are the best materials for making DIY masks? Acess: https://smartairfilters.com/en/blog/best-materials-make-diy-masks-virus/
23. Bourouiba L (2020). Turbulent gas clouds and respiratory pathogen emissions: potential implications for reducing transmission of COVID-19. JAMA, 323(18): 1837-1838.
24. WHO. Advice on the use of masks in the context of COVID-19: interim guidance, 6 April 2020, World Health Organization, Geneva, 2020. Acess: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331693
25. Killingley B, Nguyen‐Van‐Tam J (2013). Routes of influenza transmission. Influenza Other Respir Viruses, 7(Suppl 2): 42–51.
26. Shiu EY, Leung NHL, Cowling BJ (2019). Controversy around airborne versus droplet transmission of respiratory viruses: implication for infection prevention. Curr Opin Infect Dis, 32(4): 372-379.
27. Wei J, Li Y (2016). Airborne spread of infectious agents in the indoor environment. Am J Infect Control, 44(9 Suppl):S102-8.
28. van der Sande M, Teunis P, Sabel RJ (2008). Professional and home-made face masks reduce exposure to respiratory infections among the general population. PLoS One, 3(7): e2618.
29. Jefferson T, Jones M, Al Ansari LA, et al (2020). Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses. Part 1-Face masks, eye protection and person distancing: systematic review and meta-analysis. medRxiv and bioRxiv. Preprints. DOI: 10.1101/2020.03.30.20047217
30. Lazzari D, Bottaccioli AG, Bottaccioli F (2020). Using psychoneuroimmunity against COVID-19. Brain Behav Immun, 87:4-5.
31. Health N, NHMRC MRCJ, NHMRC additional levels of evidence and grades for recommendations for developers of guidelines, (2009). Acess: https://www.mja.com.au/sites/default/files/NHMRC.levels.of.evidence.2008-09.pdf
32. Sterne J, Higgins J, Reeves BJV (2014). A Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool: for non-randomized studies of interventions (ACROBAT-NRSI), 1(0):24. Acess: https://abstracts.cochrane.org/2015-vienna/acrobat-nrsi-cochrane-risk-bias-assessment-tool-non-randomized-studies-interventions-non
33. Bilandzic A, Fitzpatrick T, Rosella L, et al (2016). Risk of bias in systematic reviews of non-randomized studies of adverse cardiovascular effects of thiazolidinediones and cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors: application of a new Cochrane risk of bias tool. PLoS Med, 13(4): e1001987.
34. Ma QX, Shan H, Zhang HL, et al (2020). Potential utilities of mask‐wearing and instant hand hygiene for fighting SARS‐CoV‐2. J Med Virol, 92(9): 1567-1571.
35. Hong L-X, Lin A, He Z-B, et al (2020). Mask wearing in pre-symptomatic patients prevents SARS-CoV-2 transmission: An epidemiological analysis. Travel Med Infect Dis, 36: 101803.
36. Leung NH, Chu DK, Shiu EY, et al (2020). Respiratory virus shedding in exhaled breath and efficacy of face masks. Nature Medicine, 26(5): 676-680.
37. Scarano A, Inchingolo F, Lorusso F (2020). Facial Skin Temperature and Discomfort When Wearing Protective Face Masks: Thermal Infrared Imaging Evaluation and Hands Moving the Mask. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17(13): 4624.
38. Rodriguez-Palacios A, Cominelli F, Basson AR, et al (2020). Textile Masks and Surface Covers—A Spray Simulation Method and a “Universal Droplet Reduction Model” Against Respiratory Pandemics. Front Med (Lausanne), 7: 260.
39. Szepietowski JC, Matusiak Ł, Szepietowska M, et al (2020). Face Mask-induced Itch: A Self-questionnaire Study of 2,315 Responders During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Acta Derm Venereol, 100(10): adv00152.
40. Zhang C-Q, Chung P-K, Liu J-D, et al (2019). Health Beliefs of Wearing Facemasks for Influenza A/H1N1 Prevention: A Qualitative Investigation of Hong Kong Older Adults. Asia Pac J Public Health, 31(3): 246-256.
41. Feng S, Shen C, Xia N, et al (2020). Rational use of face masks in the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet Respir Med, 8(5): 434-436.
42. Husnayain A, Fuad A, Su EC-Y (2020). Applications of google search trends for risk communication in infectious disease management: A case study of COVID-19 outbreak in Taiwan. Int J Infect Dis, 95: 221-223.
43. Lai TH, Tang EW, Chau SK, et al (2020). Stepping up infection control measures in ophthalmology during the novel coronavirus outbreak: an experience from Hong Kong. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 258(5): 1049-1055.
44. Zhong B-L, Luo W, Li H-M, et al (2020). Knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards COVID-19 among Chinese residents during the rapid rise period of the COVID-19 outbreak: a quick online cross-sectional survey. Int J Biol Sci, 16(10): 1745-1752.
45. Lai C-C, Wang C-Y, Wang Y-H, et al (2020). Global epidemiology of coronavirus disease 2019: disease incidence, daily cumulative index, mortality, and their association with country healthcare resources and economic status. Int J Antimicrob Agents, 55(4): 105946.
46. Klompas M, Morris CA, Sinclair J, et al (2020). Universal masking in hospitals in the Covid-19 era. N Engl J Med, 382(21): e63.
47. Wang X, Zhang X, He J (2020). Challenges to the system of reserve medical supplies for public health emergencies: reflections on the outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) epidemic in China. Biosci Trends, 14(1): 3-8.
48. da Cunha de Sá-Caputo D, Taiar R, Seixas A, et al (2020). A Proposal of Physical Performance Tests Adapted as Home Workout Options during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Appl Sci, 10(14): 4755.
49. Ammar A, Trabelsi K, Brach M, et al (2021). Effects of home confinement on mental health and lifestyle behaviours during the COVID-19 outbreak: insights from the ECLB-COVID19 multicentre study. Biol Sport, 38(1): 9-21.
50. Ammar A, Mueller P, Trabelsi K, et al (2020). Psychological consequences of COVID-19 home confinement: The ECLB-COVID19 multicenter study. PLoS One, 15(11): e0240204.
51. Souza LFF, Domingos LLP, Oliveira MEdeSM, et al (2021). The impact of COVID-19 pandemic in the quality of sleep by Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: A systematic review. Cien Saude Colet ,26(4):1457-1466.
52. Ammar A, Brach M, Trabelsi K, et al (2020). Effects of COVID-19 Home Confinement on Eating Behaviour and Physical Activity: Results of the ECLB-COVID19 International Online Survey. Nutrients, 12(6): 1583.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 50 No 12 (2021) | |
| Section | Review Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v50i12.7920 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Coronavirus COVID-19 Masks Protective devices Risk | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Sá-Caputo D, Coelho-Oliveira AC, Sonza A, Paineiras-Domingos L, Taiar R, Das S, Bello A, Bernardo-Filho M. Face Masks Use to Avoid Airborne Contamination during COVID-19 Pandemic and Related Conditions: A Systematic Review. Iran J Public Health. 2021;50(12):2361-2373.
