Potentially Infectious Helicobacter pylori in Tap Water in Kermanshah, Western Iran
Abstract
Background: Although the pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori is well-defined, the origin and transmission of the bacterium have remained largely unknown. The water transmission hypothesis suggested that water acts as a carrier in oral-fecal transmission, especially in high-prevalence areas. We aimed to evaluate the possible contamination of tap water with infective H. pylori in Kermanshah, Iran from Sep-Oct 2020.
Methods: Tap water samples were collected from varieties of probable high-alert regions and the viability of H. pylori were achieved using culture and real-time PCR techniques (ureA gene expression).
Results: Out of 50 tap water samples, 3 were positive for H. pylori before enrichment and 6 were positive after enrichment by RT qPCR, while H. pylori colonies of two samples were observed on brucella agar plates.
Conclusion: The results of positive samples demonstrated the probable presence of viable H. pylori in tap water samples, showing that tap water distribution systems could be a potential route for H. pylori transmission.
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29. Horiuchi T, Ohkusa T, Watanabe M, et al (2001). Helicobacter pylori DNA in drinking water in Japan. Microbiol Immunol, 45:515-9.
30. Solnick J, Hansen L, Canfield D, et al (2001). The Infectious Dose of Helicobac-ter pylori during Primary and Secondary Infection in Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Gut, 49:A45-A45.
31. Graham D, Opekun A, Osato M, et al (2004). Challenge model for Helicobacter pylori infection in human volunteers. Gut, 53:1235-1243.
32. Vesga FJ, Moreno Y, Ferrús MA, et al (2019). Correlation among fecal indica-tor bacteria and physicochemical pa-rameters with the presence of Helicobacter pylori DNA in raw and drinking water from Bogota, Colombia. Helicobacter, 24:e12582.
2. Mansour‐Rezaei S, Naser G, Malekpour A, et al (2013). Contaminant intrusion in water distribution systems. Am Water Works Assoc, 105:E278-E290.
3. Draft C. Drinking Water Contaminant Candidate List (CCL) and Regulatory Determination. https://www.epa.gov/ccl
4. Marshall B, Warren JR (1984). Unidentified curved bacilli in the stomach of patients with gastritis and peptic ulceration. The Lancet, 323:1311-1315.
5. Klein PD, Opekun A, Smith E, et al (1991). Water source as risk factor for Helicobac-ter pylori infection in Peruvian children. The Lancet, 337:1503-1506.
6. Aziz RK, Khalifa MM, Sharaf RR (2015). Contaminated water as a source of Heli-cobacter pylori infection: A review. J Adv Res, 6:539-547.
7. Kusters JG, Van Vliet AH, Kuipers EJ (2006). Pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori infection. Clin Microbiol Rev, 19:449-490.
8. Campuzano-Maya G, Hoyos-Castaño D, Calvo-Betancur VD, et al (2007). Preva-lencia de la infección por Helicobacter py-lori en médicos de Medellín, Colombia. Acta Gastroenterol Latinoam, 37:99-103.
9. Voytek MA, Ashen JB, Kirshtein JD, et al (2005). Detection of Helicobacter pylori and fecal indicator bacteria in five North American rivers. J Water Health, 3:405-22.
10. Stefano K, Marco M, Federica G, et al (2018). Helicobacter pylori, transmission routes and recurrence of infection: state of the art. Acta Biomed, 89:72-76.
11. Azevedo N, Almeida C, Fernandes I, et al (2008). Survival of gastric and enterohe-patic Helicobacter spp. in water: impli-cations for transmission. Appl Environ Microbiol, 74:1805-1811.
12. Li L, Mendis N, Trigui H, et al (2014). The importance of the viable but non-culturable state in human bacterial pathogens. Front Microbiol, 5:258.
13. Bai X, Xi C, Wu J (2016). Survival of Helico-bacter pylori in the wastewater treatment process and the receiving river in Mich-igan, USA. J Water Health, 14:692-698.
14. Adams B, Bates T, Oliver J (2003). Survival of Helicobacter pylori in a natural freshwa-ter environment. Appl Environ Microbiol, 69:7462-7466.
15. Ranjbar R, Khamesipour F, Jonaidi-Jafari N, et al (2016). Helicobacter pylori in bot-tled mineral water: genotyping and an-timicrobial resistance properties. BMC Microbiol, 16:1-10.
16. Bahrami AR, Rahimi E, Ghasemian Safaei H (2013). Detection of Helicobacter pylori in city water, dental units' water, and bottled mineral water in Isfahan, Iran. The Scientific World Journal, doi.org/10.1155/2013/280510.
17. Khoshdel A, Kasiri KA, Vahedi Dehkordi S, et al (2016). Finding the existence of of Helicobacter pylori in springs of Cha-harmahal and Bakhtiari Province, Iran by polymerase chain reaction. Int J Epi-demiol Res, 3:345-350.
18. Amirhooshang A, Ramin A, Ehsan A, et al (2014). High frequency of Helicobacter pylo-ri DNA in drinking water in Kerman-shah, Iran, during June–November 2012. J Water Health, 12:504-512.
19. Sen K, Acosta J, Lye DJ (2011). Effects of prolonged chlorine exposures upon PCR detection of Helicobacter pylori DNA. Curr Microbiol, 62:727-732.
20. Quaglia NC, Dambrosio A (2018). Helicobac-ter pylori: A foodborne pathogen? World J Gastroenterol, 24:3472-3487.
21. Vesga F-J, Moreno Y, Ferrús MA, et al (2018). Detection of Helicobacter pylori in drinking water treatment plants in Bogo-tá, Colombia, using cultural and molecu-lar techniques. Int J Hyg Environ Health, 221:595-601.
22. Yonezawa H, Osaki T, Kamiya S (2015). Biofilm Formation by Helicobacter pylori and Its Involvement for Antibiotic Re-sistance. Biomed Res Int, 2015:914791.
23. Al-Sulami A, Al-Edani T, Al-Abdula A (2012). Culture method and PCR for the detection of Helicobacter pylori in drinking water in Basrah Governorate Iraq. Re-search And Practice G, 2012.
24. Khan A, Farooqui A, Kazmi SU (2012). Presence of Helicobacter pylori in drinking water of Karachi, Pakistan. J Infect, 6:251-255.
25. Santiago P, Moreno Y, Ferrús MA (2015). Identification of viable Helicobacter pylori in drinking water supplies by cultural and molecular techniques. Helicobacter, 20:252-259.
26. Hultén H, Enroth E, Nyström N, et al (1998). Presence of Helicobacter species DNA in Swedish water. J Appl Microbiol, 85:282-286.
27. Valdivieso M, Bussalleu A, Sexton R, et al (2016). Clinical, epidemiologic, and ge-nomic studies (SWOG S1119) of Helico-bacter pylori in Lima, Peru: role of con-taminated water. J Cancerol, 3:52-63.
28. Baker KH, Hegarty JP (2001). Presence of Helicobacter pylori in drinking water is as-sociated with clinical infection. Scand J Infect Dis, 33:744-6.
29. Horiuchi T, Ohkusa T, Watanabe M, et al (2001). Helicobacter pylori DNA in drinking water in Japan. Microbiol Immunol, 45:515-9.
30. Solnick J, Hansen L, Canfield D, et al (2001). The Infectious Dose of Helicobac-ter pylori during Primary and Secondary Infection in Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Gut, 49:A45-A45.
31. Graham D, Opekun A, Osato M, et al (2004). Challenge model for Helicobacter pylori infection in human volunteers. Gut, 53:1235-1243.
32. Vesga FJ, Moreno Y, Ferrús MA, et al (2019). Correlation among fecal indica-tor bacteria and physicochemical pa-rameters with the presence of Helicobacter pylori DNA in raw and drinking water from Bogota, Colombia. Helicobacter, 24:e12582.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 52 No 7 (2023) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v52i7.13254 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Helicobacter pylori Tap water Real-time PCR | ||
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Hasanvand B, Bakhtiari S, Kashef M, Abiri R, Alvandi A. Potentially Infectious Helicobacter pylori in Tap Water in Kermanshah, Western Iran. Iran J Public Health. 2023;52(7):1514-1521.
