Relationship among Family Support, Mental Resilience and Diabetic Distress in Patients with Type 2 Diabetic Mellitus during COVID-19
Abstract
Background: To promote the treatment effects and self-management behaviors of the patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) during the COVID-19 pandemic, this study empirically investigated the relationship among family support (FMS), mental resilience (MR) and diabetic distress (DD) in patients with T2DM.
Method: Overall, 256 patients with T2DM from the Department of Endocrinology, Jinhua People’s Hospital, ZheJiang, China were selected and measured for their perceptions of FMS, MR and DD from 2019-2020. Based on the measurements, the difference and correlation matrix under different background variables were studied by one-way variance and correlation analysis. A structural equation was used to analyze the causal path among the measurements.
Results: Patients that differ in marital status, annual family income, medical insurance level, number of complications, and with/without insulin injection therapy were significantly different in their perception of FMS, MR and DD. FMS and MR had a significant negative correlation with DD. FMS used MR as an intermediary variable that affected DD.
Conclusion: Diabetes education, improved medical insurance levels, and targeted psychological consultation for patients could effectively improve their MR and alleviate DD.
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2. Cho NH, Shaw JE, Karuranga S, et al (2018). IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global esti-mates of diabetes prevalence for 2017 and projections for 2045. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 138: 271-81.
3. De Vries L, van der Heijden AA, van't Riet E, et al (2014). Peer support to decrease diabetes-related distress in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: design of a ran-domised controlled trial. BMC Endocr Dis-ord, 14: 21.
4. Reddy J, Wilhelm K, Campbell L (2013). Putting PAID to diabetes-related distress: the potential utility of the problem areas in diabetes (PAID) scale in patients with diabetes. Psychosomatics, 54(1): 44-51.
5. Ducat L, Philipson L, Anderson B (2014). The Mental Health Comorbidities of Di-abetes. JAMA-J AM Med Assoc, 312(7): 691-92.
6. Graue M, Haugstvedt A, Wentzel-Larsen T, et al (2012). Diabetes-related emotional distress in adults: Reliability and validity of the Norwegian versions of the Prob-lem Areas in Diabetes Scale (PAID) and the Diabetes Distress Scale (DDS). Int J Nurs Stud, 49(2): 174-82.
7. Kasteleyn MJ, de Vries L, van Puffelen AL, et al (2015). Diabetes-related distress over the course of illness: results from the Di-acourse study. Diabetic Med, 32(12): 1617-24.
8. Wardian J, Sun F (2014). Factors associated with diabetes-related distress: implications for diabetes self-management. Soc Work Health Care, 53(4): 364-81.
9. Strandberg RB, Graue M, Wentzel-Larsen T, et al (2015). Longitudinal relationship be-tween diabetes-specific emotional distress and follow-up HbA1c in adults with Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabetic Med, 32(10): 1304-10.
10. Hamed M, Ibrahim N, Ali H, Kheir C (2020). The Relation between Diabetes-Related Distress and Glycemic Control. QJM-Int J Med, 113: i129.
11. Jones A, Zander M, Perrild H, et al (2016). The psychological impact of living with diabetes: Descriptive findings from the DAWN2 study in Denmark. Prim Care Diabetes, 10(1): 83-6.
12. Bao H, Liu J, Ye J (2018). Influencing Fac-tors of the Diabetes Distress among Chinese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Psychiat Danub, 30(4): 459-65.
13. Ahmad I, Zelnick LR, Batacchi Z, et al (2019). Hypoglycemia in People with Type 2 Diabetes and CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 14(6): 844-53.
14. Polonsky WH, Fisher L, Earles J, et al (2005). Assessing psychosocial distress in diabetes: development of the diabetes distress scale. Diabetes Care, 28(3): 626-31.
15. Kovacs Burns K, Holt RIG, Nicolucci A, et al (2016). Correlates of psychological out-comes among family members of people with diabetes in the second Diabetes Atti-tudes, Wishes and Needs (DAWN2™) study. Diabetic Med, 33(9): 1184-93.
16. Prazeres F, Santiago L (2016). Relationship between health-related quality of life, per-ceived family support and unmet health needs in adult patients with multimorbidi-ty attending primary care in Portugal: A multicentre cross-sectional study. Health Qual Life Out, 14(1): 156.
17. Peyrot M, Egede LE, Funnell MM, et al (2018). US ethnic group differences in self-management in the 2nd diabetes atti-tudes, wishes and needs (DAWN2) study. J Diabetes Complicat, 32(6), 586-592.
18. Karlsen B, Bru E (2014). The relationship between diabetes-related distress and clinical variables and perceived support among adults with type 2 diabetes: A prospective study. Int J Nurs Stud, 51(3): 438-47.
19. Todalabagi P, Kashinakunti S, Dorle A (2020). A comparison of self-care activi-ties and diabetes distress among type II diabetic patients in urban and rural field practice area: a cross-sectional study. Int J Community Med Public Health, 7: 5063.
20. Survonen A, Salanterä S, Näntö-Salonen K, et al (2019). The psychosocial self-efficacy in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Nurs Open, 6(2), 514-25.
21. Lord J, Rumburg T, Jaser S (2015). Staying Positive: Positive Affect as a Predictor of Resilience in Adolescents with Type 1 Di-abetes. J Pediatr Psychol, 16(9): 968-77.
22. Yi-Frazier J, Yaptangco M, Semana S, et al (2015). The association of personal resili-ence with stress, coping, and diabetes outcomes in adolescents with type 1 dia-betes: Variable- and person-focused ap-proaches. J Health Psychol, 20(9): 1196-206.
23. Wang R-H, Hsu H-C, Kao C-C, et al (2016). Associations of changes in psychosocial factors and their interactions with diabe-tes distress in patients with type 2 diabe-tes: A longitudinal study. J Adv Nurs, 73(5): 1137-46.
24. Zimmet PA, Alberti G, Shaw J (2001). Global and societal implications of the diabetes epidemic. Nature, 1414: 782-87.
25. Connor K, Davidson J (2003). Develop-ment of a new resilience scale: The Con-nor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depress Anxiety, 18: 76-82.
26. Polonsky W, Anderson B, Lohrer PA, et al (1995). Assessment of Diabetes-Related Distress. Diabetes Care, 18: 754-60.
27. Fisher L, Hessler D, Polonsky W, et al (2012). When Is Diabetes Distress Clini-cally Meaningful? Establishing cut points for the Diabetes Distress Scale. Diabetes Care, 35: 259-64.
28. Pyatak B, Carandang K, Vigen C, et al (2018). Occupational Therapy Interven-tion Improves Glycemic Control and Quality of Life Among Young Adults with Diabetes: the Resilient, Empowered, Active Living With Diabetes (REAL Dia-betes) Randomized Controlled Trial. Dia-betes Care, 41(4): 696-704.
2. Cho NH, Shaw JE, Karuranga S, et al (2018). IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global esti-mates of diabetes prevalence for 2017 and projections for 2045. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 138: 271-81.
3. De Vries L, van der Heijden AA, van't Riet E, et al (2014). Peer support to decrease diabetes-related distress in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: design of a ran-domised controlled trial. BMC Endocr Dis-ord, 14: 21.
4. Reddy J, Wilhelm K, Campbell L (2013). Putting PAID to diabetes-related distress: the potential utility of the problem areas in diabetes (PAID) scale in patients with diabetes. Psychosomatics, 54(1): 44-51.
5. Ducat L, Philipson L, Anderson B (2014). The Mental Health Comorbidities of Di-abetes. JAMA-J AM Med Assoc, 312(7): 691-92.
6. Graue M, Haugstvedt A, Wentzel-Larsen T, et al (2012). Diabetes-related emotional distress in adults: Reliability and validity of the Norwegian versions of the Prob-lem Areas in Diabetes Scale (PAID) and the Diabetes Distress Scale (DDS). Int J Nurs Stud, 49(2): 174-82.
7. Kasteleyn MJ, de Vries L, van Puffelen AL, et al (2015). Diabetes-related distress over the course of illness: results from the Di-acourse study. Diabetic Med, 32(12): 1617-24.
8. Wardian J, Sun F (2014). Factors associated with diabetes-related distress: implications for diabetes self-management. Soc Work Health Care, 53(4): 364-81.
9. Strandberg RB, Graue M, Wentzel-Larsen T, et al (2015). Longitudinal relationship be-tween diabetes-specific emotional distress and follow-up HbA1c in adults with Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabetic Med, 32(10): 1304-10.
10. Hamed M, Ibrahim N, Ali H, Kheir C (2020). The Relation between Diabetes-Related Distress and Glycemic Control. QJM-Int J Med, 113: i129.
11. Jones A, Zander M, Perrild H, et al (2016). The psychological impact of living with diabetes: Descriptive findings from the DAWN2 study in Denmark. Prim Care Diabetes, 10(1): 83-6.
12. Bao H, Liu J, Ye J (2018). Influencing Fac-tors of the Diabetes Distress among Chinese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Psychiat Danub, 30(4): 459-65.
13. Ahmad I, Zelnick LR, Batacchi Z, et al (2019). Hypoglycemia in People with Type 2 Diabetes and CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 14(6): 844-53.
14. Polonsky WH, Fisher L, Earles J, et al (2005). Assessing psychosocial distress in diabetes: development of the diabetes distress scale. Diabetes Care, 28(3): 626-31.
15. Kovacs Burns K, Holt RIG, Nicolucci A, et al (2016). Correlates of psychological out-comes among family members of people with diabetes in the second Diabetes Atti-tudes, Wishes and Needs (DAWN2™) study. Diabetic Med, 33(9): 1184-93.
16. Prazeres F, Santiago L (2016). Relationship between health-related quality of life, per-ceived family support and unmet health needs in adult patients with multimorbidi-ty attending primary care in Portugal: A multicentre cross-sectional study. Health Qual Life Out, 14(1): 156.
17. Peyrot M, Egede LE, Funnell MM, et al (2018). US ethnic group differences in self-management in the 2nd diabetes atti-tudes, wishes and needs (DAWN2) study. J Diabetes Complicat, 32(6), 586-592.
18. Karlsen B, Bru E (2014). The relationship between diabetes-related distress and clinical variables and perceived support among adults with type 2 diabetes: A prospective study. Int J Nurs Stud, 51(3): 438-47.
19. Todalabagi P, Kashinakunti S, Dorle A (2020). A comparison of self-care activi-ties and diabetes distress among type II diabetic patients in urban and rural field practice area: a cross-sectional study. Int J Community Med Public Health, 7: 5063.
20. Survonen A, Salanterä S, Näntö-Salonen K, et al (2019). The psychosocial self-efficacy in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Nurs Open, 6(2), 514-25.
21. Lord J, Rumburg T, Jaser S (2015). Staying Positive: Positive Affect as a Predictor of Resilience in Adolescents with Type 1 Di-abetes. J Pediatr Psychol, 16(9): 968-77.
22. Yi-Frazier J, Yaptangco M, Semana S, et al (2015). The association of personal resili-ence with stress, coping, and diabetes outcomes in adolescents with type 1 dia-betes: Variable- and person-focused ap-proaches. J Health Psychol, 20(9): 1196-206.
23. Wang R-H, Hsu H-C, Kao C-C, et al (2016). Associations of changes in psychosocial factors and their interactions with diabe-tes distress in patients with type 2 diabe-tes: A longitudinal study. J Adv Nurs, 73(5): 1137-46.
24. Zimmet PA, Alberti G, Shaw J (2001). Global and societal implications of the diabetes epidemic. Nature, 1414: 782-87.
25. Connor K, Davidson J (2003). Develop-ment of a new resilience scale: The Con-nor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depress Anxiety, 18: 76-82.
26. Polonsky W, Anderson B, Lohrer PA, et al (1995). Assessment of Diabetes-Related Distress. Diabetes Care, 18: 754-60.
27. Fisher L, Hessler D, Polonsky W, et al (2012). When Is Diabetes Distress Clini-cally Meaningful? Establishing cut points for the Diabetes Distress Scale. Diabetes Care, 35: 259-64.
28. Pyatak B, Carandang K, Vigen C, et al (2018). Occupational Therapy Interven-tion Improves Glycemic Control and Quality of Life Among Young Adults with Diabetes: the Resilient, Empowered, Active Living With Diabetes (REAL Dia-betes) Randomized Controlled Trial. Dia-betes Care, 41(4): 696-704.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 50 No 8 (2021) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v50i8.6811 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Type 2 diabetes mellitus Diabetic distress Family support Mental resilience | ||
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Bao H. Relationship among Family Support, Mental Resilience and Diabetic Distress in Patients with Type 2 Diabetic Mellitus during COVID-19. Iran J Public Health. 2021;50(8):1648-1657.
