Effect of Mindfulness Yoga on Depression Severity, Self-Esteem, and Quality of Life in Middle-Aged Men
Abstract
Background: We aimed to conduct a mindfulness yoga program to treat the psychological problems of middle-aged men by examining the effects of a mindfulness yoga program on depression, self-esteem, and quality of life in this population.
Methods: The participants included 50 middle-aged men (aged 40–60 yr) living in Seongnam-si, Korea. Twenty-five men were randomly assigned to the experimental group and 25 were assigned to the control group. The mindfulness yoga program was conducted twice a week for 12 weeks, and each session lasted approximately 75 min. Before the first session, a pre-test was conducted, after which the program began. Questionnaires were completed after the 4th, 8th, and 12th weeks of the program, and the control group underwent psychological tests at the same time points. A two-way (2 × 4) repeated measures analysis of variance was conducted, and when the interaction effect was significant, a post-hoc test (Bonferroni) was performed.
Results: In the intervention group, depression severity significantly decreased (P<0.001) and self-esteem significantly increased (P<0.01). Furthermore, the intervention group also showed a significant increase in psychological (P<0.001), social (P<0.001), and overall quality of life (P<0.001) among the sub-dimensions of quality of life.
Conclusion: Middle-aged men should be made aware of the usefulness of mindfulness yoga and encouraged to participate in such programs. Mindfulness yoga may be considered as an alternative treatment strategy that promotes the natural healing and management of psychological issues faced by middle-aged men.
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2. Yoo SJ (2008). Male climacteric syndrome: late onset hypogonadism in males. The Korean Journal of Medicine, 75(3):262-6.
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9. Rosenberg M (1965). Rosenberg self-esteem scale (RSE). Acceptance and commitment thera-py Measures package, 61(52):18.
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11. Gilbert P (2005). Compassion: conceptualisations, research and use in psychotherapy. Routledge. New York, USA.
12. Kim MJ, Kim KB (2013). Influencing of psychological well-being for the middle aged adults and elderly. J East-West Nurs Res, 19(2):150-58.
13. Ha TH, Kim HS (2018). Self-esteem and quality of life in middle-aged men: the mediating effect of spirituality. Journal of the Korean data & information science society, 29(6):1519-32.
14. Ogden P, Minton K, Pain C (2006). Trauma and the body: A sensorimotor approach to psycho-therapy (norton series on interpersonal neurobiolo-gy). WW Norton & Company. New York, USA.
15. Wang IS (2015). A study on the mechanisms of yoga as a mind-body intervention. Journal of Yoga Studies, 13:89-117.
16. Yang HY, Cho OK (2014). Effects of mindful yoga and yoga Nidra on mind-fulness, perceived stress and psychologi-cal well-being. Korean Journal of Health Psy-chology, 19(1):23-41.
17. Carson JW, Carson KM, Olsen MK, et al (2017). Mindful yoga for women with metastatic breast cancer: design of a ran-domized controlled trial. BMC Compl Al-ternative Med, 17(1):1-10.
18. Douglass L (2011). Thinking through the body: the conceptualization of yoga as therapy for individuals with eating disor-ders. Eat Disord, 19:83-96.
19. Schuver KJ, Lewis BA (2016). Mindfulness-based yoga intervention for women with depression. Complement Ther Med, 26:85-91.
20. Sistig B, Lambrecht I, Friedman SH (2015). Journey back into body and soul–An ex-ploration of mindful yoga with psychosis. Psychosis, 7(1):25-36.
21. Cho NH, Seong CH (2016). Effects of stress and self-esteem on depression in middle-aged women and middle-aged men. Journal of the Korea Convergence Society, 7(6):89-97.
22. Han SJ, Kwon MS, Yoon DS (2012). Com-parison of quality of life of middle aged women and men. The Journal of Korean Ac-ademic Society of Home Care Nursing, 19(2):183-94.
23. Beck AT, Steer RA, Brown GK (1996). Man-ual for the Beck Depression Inventory-II. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation. USA.
24. Min SK, Lee CI, Kim KI, et al (2000). De-velopment of Korean version of WHO quality of life scale abbreviated version (WHOQOL-BREF). Journal of the Korean Neuropsychiatric Association, 39(3):571-9.
25. Feuerstein G, Boccio FJ (2004). Mindfulness yoga: The Awakened Union of Breath, Body and Mind. Wisdom Publications, MA, USA.
26. Kim YS, Choi YJ (2016). The effects and outcomes of MBCT on the reduction of depression and suicidal ideation in high school students with problem of emo-tion and behavior. The Korea Journal of Yeo-lin Education, 24(2):261-84.
27. Kim SH, Son JN (2010). The effects of K-MBSR-based cognitive therapy on de-pression, suicidal ideation, and impulsivity in college students. Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 29(1):189-204.
28. Choi YS, Kim MA (2019). The effect of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy program on stress, self-esteem and de-pression of nursing students. The Korea Contents Society, 19(2):210-22.
29. You SY, Kim M, Kim JH (2014). Effects of mindfulness meditation on symptoms of depression, anxiety, stress, and Hwa-Byung among middle-aged women with Hwa-Byung disorders. Korean Journal of Health Psychology, 19(1):83-98.
30. Sim KL, Kim WS (2018). The effects of Ko-rean mindfulness-based stress reduction program on pain intensity, pain catastro-phizing, and depression in elders: focus on elderly women. Korean Journal of Health Psychology, 23(3):611-29.
31. Park SY (2017). Effects of yoga Nidra on quality of sleep, anxiety and depression of adult women. Korean Journal of Meditation, 7(2):17-31.
32. Choi HH, Kwak JH (2020). The Effects of Physical Self-efficiency of Pilates Partici-pants on Psychological Happiness and Willigness to Continue Workout. Journal of Martial Arts, 14(1):143-161.
33. Kwak JH, Lee SH, Song SY (2020). The Ef-fect of Taekwondo-Based Self-Defense on Improvement of Self-Identity, Self-Efficacy and Psychological Happiness of Adult Women. Taekwondo Journal of Kuk-kiwon, 11(1):41-64
34. Oh SD, Song JH (2014). The effect of yoga program on the depressive degree and change of catecholamine in breast cancer surgical patients. Korean Journal of Sport Sci-ence, 23(2):1315-27.
35. Randal C, Pratt D, Bucci S (2015). Mindful-ness and self-esteem: a systematic review. Mindfulness, 6(6):1366-78.
36. Lim MC, Son CN (2012). Effects of mind-fulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) on body image satisfaction, anxiety, and self-esteem in university students with negative body image. Korean Journal of Health Psychology, 17(4):823-40.
37. Park MS, Kim KS (2014). Effects of yoga exercise program on response of stress, physical fitness and self-esteem in the middle-aged women. Korean Journal of Adult Nursing, 26(1):22-33.
38. Kim WS, Jun JS (2012). Effects of K-MBSR program on levels of mindfulness, psy-chological symptoms, and quality of life: the role of home practice and motive of participation. Korean Journal of Health Psy-chology, 17(1):79-98.
39. Lee WJ, Jun JS, Kim YS, Kim WS (2012). Effects of Korean mindfulness-based stress reduction (K-MBSR) on the blood pressure, psychological symptoms and quality of life in Korea cancer patients. The Korean Journal of Stress Research, 20(1):1-9.
40. Kim KN, Son HK, Park HJ (2014). Effects of mindfulness meditation program on sleep, depression and quality of life in the institutionalized elderly women. The Korean Journal of Health Service Management, 8(3):157-168.
41. Choi CH (2020). Investigation on the Dif-ferences in Participation Motive, Satisfac-tion and Intention to Continuous Partici-pation by the Types of Sports: Focusing on Potentials of HomeTraining via the Media from the Perspective of Social Distancing. The Korean Journal of Sport, 18(3):479-488.
42. Kim SY, Jeon KK (2017). Effects of a Complex Intervention Exercise Program on Lumbar Extension Strength and Sta-bility in Female Patients with Lower Back Pain. Iran J Public Health, 46(6):854-855.
43. Jang SY, Park KH., So WY (2020). The as-sociation between breakfast consumption patterns and physical fitness. Science and Sports, 35(5):310.e1-310.e7.
2. Yoo SJ (2008). Male climacteric syndrome: late onset hypogonadism in males. The Korean Journal of Medicine, 75(3):262-6.
3. Kim JH, Lee YJ (2005). A study of andro-pause symptoms and life satisfaction among middle-aged men. Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing, 16(2):186-95.
4. World Health Organization (2009). World health statistics 2009. World Health Organi-zation.
5. Addis ME, Mahalik JR (2003). Men, mascu-linity, and the contexts of help seeking. Am Psychol, 58(1):5–14.
6. Jeon HW, Kim SA (2017). A phenomeno-logical convergence study on the experi-ence of middle-aged men menopause. Journal of the Korea Convergence Society, 8(9):217-29.
7. Jeong YS, Lee YS (2021). The development and effectiveness of a group counseling program for middle-aged men to over-come psychological crises by discovering meaning of life. Korean Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy, 33(1):189-217.
8. Choi Y A (2003). A survey on the perceived health status and health behavior of the aged in an area. Journal of the Korea Geronto-logical Society, 23(3):129-42.
9. Rosenberg M (1965). Rosenberg self-esteem scale (RSE). Acceptance and commitment thera-py Measures package, 61(52):18.
10. Ko KS (2003). A study on the psychological crisis of middle-aged men. Ph.D. Disser-tation, Sungkyunkwan University. Suwon, Korea.
11. Gilbert P (2005). Compassion: conceptualisations, research and use in psychotherapy. Routledge. New York, USA.
12. Kim MJ, Kim KB (2013). Influencing of psychological well-being for the middle aged adults and elderly. J East-West Nurs Res, 19(2):150-58.
13. Ha TH, Kim HS (2018). Self-esteem and quality of life in middle-aged men: the mediating effect of spirituality. Journal of the Korean data & information science society, 29(6):1519-32.
14. Ogden P, Minton K, Pain C (2006). Trauma and the body: A sensorimotor approach to psycho-therapy (norton series on interpersonal neurobiolo-gy). WW Norton & Company. New York, USA.
15. Wang IS (2015). A study on the mechanisms of yoga as a mind-body intervention. Journal of Yoga Studies, 13:89-117.
16. Yang HY, Cho OK (2014). Effects of mindful yoga and yoga Nidra on mind-fulness, perceived stress and psychologi-cal well-being. Korean Journal of Health Psy-chology, 19(1):23-41.
17. Carson JW, Carson KM, Olsen MK, et al (2017). Mindful yoga for women with metastatic breast cancer: design of a ran-domized controlled trial. BMC Compl Al-ternative Med, 17(1):1-10.
18. Douglass L (2011). Thinking through the body: the conceptualization of yoga as therapy for individuals with eating disor-ders. Eat Disord, 19:83-96.
19. Schuver KJ, Lewis BA (2016). Mindfulness-based yoga intervention for women with depression. Complement Ther Med, 26:85-91.
20. Sistig B, Lambrecht I, Friedman SH (2015). Journey back into body and soul–An ex-ploration of mindful yoga with psychosis. Psychosis, 7(1):25-36.
21. Cho NH, Seong CH (2016). Effects of stress and self-esteem on depression in middle-aged women and middle-aged men. Journal of the Korea Convergence Society, 7(6):89-97.
22. Han SJ, Kwon MS, Yoon DS (2012). Com-parison of quality of life of middle aged women and men. The Journal of Korean Ac-ademic Society of Home Care Nursing, 19(2):183-94.
23. Beck AT, Steer RA, Brown GK (1996). Man-ual for the Beck Depression Inventory-II. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation. USA.
24. Min SK, Lee CI, Kim KI, et al (2000). De-velopment of Korean version of WHO quality of life scale abbreviated version (WHOQOL-BREF). Journal of the Korean Neuropsychiatric Association, 39(3):571-9.
25. Feuerstein G, Boccio FJ (2004). Mindfulness yoga: The Awakened Union of Breath, Body and Mind. Wisdom Publications, MA, USA.
26. Kim YS, Choi YJ (2016). The effects and outcomes of MBCT on the reduction of depression and suicidal ideation in high school students with problem of emo-tion and behavior. The Korea Journal of Yeo-lin Education, 24(2):261-84.
27. Kim SH, Son JN (2010). The effects of K-MBSR-based cognitive therapy on de-pression, suicidal ideation, and impulsivity in college students. Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 29(1):189-204.
28. Choi YS, Kim MA (2019). The effect of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy program on stress, self-esteem and de-pression of nursing students. The Korea Contents Society, 19(2):210-22.
29. You SY, Kim M, Kim JH (2014). Effects of mindfulness meditation on symptoms of depression, anxiety, stress, and Hwa-Byung among middle-aged women with Hwa-Byung disorders. Korean Journal of Health Psychology, 19(1):83-98.
30. Sim KL, Kim WS (2018). The effects of Ko-rean mindfulness-based stress reduction program on pain intensity, pain catastro-phizing, and depression in elders: focus on elderly women. Korean Journal of Health Psychology, 23(3):611-29.
31. Park SY (2017). Effects of yoga Nidra on quality of sleep, anxiety and depression of adult women. Korean Journal of Meditation, 7(2):17-31.
32. Choi HH, Kwak JH (2020). The Effects of Physical Self-efficiency of Pilates Partici-pants on Psychological Happiness and Willigness to Continue Workout. Journal of Martial Arts, 14(1):143-161.
33. Kwak JH, Lee SH, Song SY (2020). The Ef-fect of Taekwondo-Based Self-Defense on Improvement of Self-Identity, Self-Efficacy and Psychological Happiness of Adult Women. Taekwondo Journal of Kuk-kiwon, 11(1):41-64
34. Oh SD, Song JH (2014). The effect of yoga program on the depressive degree and change of catecholamine in breast cancer surgical patients. Korean Journal of Sport Sci-ence, 23(2):1315-27.
35. Randal C, Pratt D, Bucci S (2015). Mindful-ness and self-esteem: a systematic review. Mindfulness, 6(6):1366-78.
36. Lim MC, Son CN (2012). Effects of mind-fulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) on body image satisfaction, anxiety, and self-esteem in university students with negative body image. Korean Journal of Health Psychology, 17(4):823-40.
37. Park MS, Kim KS (2014). Effects of yoga exercise program on response of stress, physical fitness and self-esteem in the middle-aged women. Korean Journal of Adult Nursing, 26(1):22-33.
38. Kim WS, Jun JS (2012). Effects of K-MBSR program on levels of mindfulness, psy-chological symptoms, and quality of life: the role of home practice and motive of participation. Korean Journal of Health Psy-chology, 17(1):79-98.
39. Lee WJ, Jun JS, Kim YS, Kim WS (2012). Effects of Korean mindfulness-based stress reduction (K-MBSR) on the blood pressure, psychological symptoms and quality of life in Korea cancer patients. The Korean Journal of Stress Research, 20(1):1-9.
40. Kim KN, Son HK, Park HJ (2014). Effects of mindfulness meditation program on sleep, depression and quality of life in the institutionalized elderly women. The Korean Journal of Health Service Management, 8(3):157-168.
41. Choi CH (2020). Investigation on the Dif-ferences in Participation Motive, Satisfac-tion and Intention to Continuous Partici-pation by the Types of Sports: Focusing on Potentials of HomeTraining via the Media from the Perspective of Social Distancing. The Korean Journal of Sport, 18(3):479-488.
42. Kim SY, Jeon KK (2017). Effects of a Complex Intervention Exercise Program on Lumbar Extension Strength and Sta-bility in Female Patients with Lower Back Pain. Iran J Public Health, 46(6):854-855.
43. Jang SY, Park KH., So WY (2020). The as-sociation between breakfast consumption patterns and physical fitness. Science and Sports, 35(5):310.e1-310.e7.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 50 No 7 (2021) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v50i7.6622 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Depression severity Middle-aged men Mindfulness yoga Quality of life Self-esteem | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Kang H, Jang S. Effect of Mindfulness Yoga on Depression Severity, Self-Esteem, and Quality of Life in Middle-Aged Men. Iran J Public Health. 2021;50(7):1334-1342.
