Why the COVID-19 Is Not Significantly Reduced in Iran?
-
Mohammad Asgharzadeh
,
Behroz Mahdavi Poor
,
Vahid Asgharzadeh
,
Mahya Pourostadi
,
Hossein Samadi Kafil
,
Ali Vegari
,
Zahra Taghinejad
,
Adel Bairamy
,
Jalil Rashedi
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was transported from China to Iran via passengers. The virus is transmitted through droplets from coughing, sneezing, talking and contact with infected surfaces. Due to high transmissibility in places such as clinics, medical offices, buses and offices where there are large crowds, it spread rapidly in Iran and caused the mortality of a significant number of people, especially the elderly with underlying disease. Preventing travel and gatherings, as well as applying house quarantine in Apr 2020, reduced COVID-19 somewhat but then due to lack of attention to social distancing, reducing the use of masks by the people and inappropriate decisions by the national committee on combating coronavirus (NCCC), including reducing the working hours of public offices and shops, reducing the staff of government offices, monopoly on the distribution of essential materials and supplies, the presence of overcrowding in clinics of medical centers, hospitals, and private clinics caused the decline of the disease in the country to decrease. Measures can be taken to prevent the spread of the virus as much as possible, including: rapid detection of infected people, their isolation, contact tracing, quarantine of people over 65 and under 15, protection of the elderly, prevention of gatherings, forcing the use of protective equipment in possible gatherings, and electronicizing public services.
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19. Rothe C, Schunk M, Sothmann P, et al (2020). Transmission of 2019-nCoV infection from an asymptomatic contact in Germany. N Engl J Med, 382(10):970-971.
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26. Asgharzadeh M, Valiollahzadeh MR, Poor BM, Kafil HS, et al (2020). Laboratory Diagnosis of COVID-19. Clinical Pulmonary Medicine, 27(5):148-53.
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29. Ryan BJ, Coppola D, Williams J, et al (2020). COVID-19 Contact Tracing Solutions for Mass Gatherings. Disaster Med Public Health Prep, 15(3):e1-e7.
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31. Pandey D, Bansal S (2020). Psychological impact of mass quarantine on population during pandemics-The COVID-19 Lock-Down (COLD) study. PLoS One,15:(0):e0240501.
32. Hossain M (2021). Gender differences in experiencing coronavirus-triggered economic hardship: Evidence from four developing countries. Res Soc Stratif Mobil, 71:100555.
33. Herrera D, Serrano J, Roldán S, et al (2020). Is the oral cavity relevant in SARS-CoV-2 pandemic? Clin Oral Investig, 24(8):2925-2930.
34. Sciomer S, Moscucci F (2020). SARS-CoV-2 spread in Northern Italy: what about the pollution role? Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 192:325.
35. Triggle CR, Bansal D, Farag E, et al (2020). COVID-19: Learning from Lessons To Guide Treatment and Prevention Interventions. mSphere, 5(3):e00317-20.
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38. Zhao Y, Wang R, Li J, Zhang Y, et al (2020). Analysis of the Transmissibility Change of 2019-Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia and Its Potential Factors in China from 2019 to 2020. Biomed Res Int, 2020:3842470.
39. Wilder-Smith A, Freedman DO (2020). Isolation, quarantine, social distancing and community containment: pivotal role for old-style public health measures in the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak. J Travel Med, 27(2):taaa020.
40. Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, et al (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. Lancet, 395(10227):912-920.
41. Leung C, Cheng K, Lam T, Migliori G (2020). Mask wearing to complement social distancing and save lives during COVID-19. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 24(6):556-558.
42. Iwasaki A, Grubaugh ND (2020). Why does Japan have so few cases of COVID‐19? EMBO Mol Med, 12(5):e12481.
43. Pradhan D, Biswasroy P, Ghosh G, Rath G (2020). A review of current interventions for COVID-19 prevention. Arch Med Res, 51(5): 363–374.
44. Itiki R, Chowdhury PR (2020). Fast deployment of COVID-19 disinfectant from common ethanol of gas stations in Brazil. Health Policy and Technology, 9:384-390.
45. Fathizadeh H, Maroufi P, Momen-Heravi M, et al (2020). Protection and disinfection policies against SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). Infez Med, 28(2):185-191.
46. Bergman BG, Kelly JF (2021). Online digital recovery support services: An overview of the science and their potential to help individuals with substance use disorder during COVID-19 and beyond. J Subst Abuse Treat, 120:108152.
2. Fan Y, Zhao K, Shi Z-L, et al (2019). Bat coronaviruses in China. Viruses, 11(3): 210.
3. Al-Tawfiq JA, Zumla A, Gautret P, et al (2014). Surveillance for emerging respiratory viruses. Lancet Infect Dis, 14(10):992-1000.
4. Al-Omari A, Rabaan AA, Salih S, et al (2019). MERS coronavirus outbreak: Implications for emerging viral infections. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis, 9 3(3):265-285.
5. Zhou P, Yang X-L, Wang X-G, et al (2020). A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature, 588(7836):E6.
6. Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, et al (2020). A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med, 382(8):727-733.
7. Del Rio C, Malani PN (2020). COVID-19—new insights on a rapidly changing epidemic. JAMA, 323(14):1339-1340.
8. Liu Y, Gayle AA, Wilder-Smith A, et al (2020). The reproductive number of COVID-19 is higher compared to SARS coronavirus. J Travel Med, 27(2):taaa021.
9. Li W, Moore MJ, Vasilieva N, et al (2003). Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus. Nature, 426:450-454.
10. Organization WH (2020). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report–67. https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200327-sitrep-67-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=b65f68eb_4
11. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al (2020). Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet, 395(10223):497-506.
12. Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, et al (2020). Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia. N Engl J Med, 382(13):1199-1207.
13. Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, et al (2020). Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet, 395(10223):507-513.
14. Hu M, Lin H, Wang J, et al (2021). The risk of COVID-19 transmission in train passengers: an epidemiological and modelling study. Clin Infect Dis, 72(4):604-610.
15. Wu F, Zhao S, Yu B, et al (2020). A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China. Nature, 580(7803):E7.
16. Kampf G, Todt D, Pfaender S, et al (2020). Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and its inactivation with biocidal agents. J Hosp Infect, 104(3):246-251.
17. Xu H, Zhong L, Deng J, et al (2020). High expression of ACE2 receptor of 2019-nCoV on the epithelial cells of oral mucosa. Int J Oral Sci, 12:1-5.
18. Wrapp D, Wang N, Corbett KS, et al (2020). Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation. Science, 367(6483):1260-1263.
19. Rothe C, Schunk M, Sothmann P, et al (2020). Transmission of 2019-nCoV infection from an asymptomatic contact in Germany. N Engl J Med, 382(10):970-971.
20. Rader B, Scarpino SV (2020). Crowding and the shape of COVID-19 epidemics. Nat Med, 26:1829-1834.
21. Heymann DL, Shindo N (2020). COVID-19: what is next for public health? Lancet, 395(10224):542-545.
22. Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, et al (2020). Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med, 382:1708-1720.
23. Rashedi J, Poor BM, Asgharzadeh V, et al (2020). Risk Factors for COVID-19. Infez Med, 28(4):469-474.
24. Ai T, Yang Z, Hou H, Zhan C, et al (2020). Correlation of chest CT and RT-PCR testing in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: a report of 1014 cases. Radiology, 296(2):E32-E40.
25. Yang Y, Yang M, Shen C, et al (2020). Evaluating the accuracy of different respiratory specimens in the laboratory diagnosis and monitoring the viral shedding of 2019-nCoV infections. medRxiv, doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.11.20021493.
26. Asgharzadeh M, Valiollahzadeh MR, Poor BM, Kafil HS, et al (2020). Laboratory Diagnosis of COVID-19. Clinical Pulmonary Medicine, 27(5):148-53.
27. Li X, Xu W, Dozier M, et al (2020). The role of children in transmission of SARS-CoV-2: A rapid review. J Glob Health, 10(2): 021101.
28. Golubev AG (2020). COVID-19: A Challenge to Physiology of Aging. Front Physiol, 11:584248.
29. Ryan BJ, Coppola D, Williams J, et al (2020). COVID-19 Contact Tracing Solutions for Mass Gatherings. Disaster Med Public Health Prep, 15(3):e1-e7.
30. Ebrahim SH, Memish ZA (2020). COVID-19–the role of mass gatherings. Travel Med Infect Dis, 34:101617.
31. Pandey D, Bansal S (2020). Psychological impact of mass quarantine on population during pandemics-The COVID-19 Lock-Down (COLD) study. PLoS One,15:(0):e0240501.
32. Hossain M (2021). Gender differences in experiencing coronavirus-triggered economic hardship: Evidence from four developing countries. Res Soc Stratif Mobil, 71:100555.
33. Herrera D, Serrano J, Roldán S, et al (2020). Is the oral cavity relevant in SARS-CoV-2 pandemic? Clin Oral Investig, 24(8):2925-2930.
34. Sciomer S, Moscucci F (2020). SARS-CoV-2 spread in Northern Italy: what about the pollution role? Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 192:325.
35. Triggle CR, Bansal D, Farag E, et al (2020). COVID-19: Learning from Lessons To Guide Treatment and Prevention Interventions. mSphere, 5(3):e00317-20.
36. Choi JY (2020). Covid-19 in South Korea. Postgrad Med J, 0:1–4. doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-137738.
37. Yang Y, Shang W, Rao X (2020). Facing the COVID-19 outbreak: What should we know and what could we do? J Med Virol, 92(6):536-537.
38. Zhao Y, Wang R, Li J, Zhang Y, et al (2020). Analysis of the Transmissibility Change of 2019-Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia and Its Potential Factors in China from 2019 to 2020. Biomed Res Int, 2020:3842470.
39. Wilder-Smith A, Freedman DO (2020). Isolation, quarantine, social distancing and community containment: pivotal role for old-style public health measures in the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak. J Travel Med, 27(2):taaa020.
40. Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, et al (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. Lancet, 395(10227):912-920.
41. Leung C, Cheng K, Lam T, Migliori G (2020). Mask wearing to complement social distancing and save lives during COVID-19. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 24(6):556-558.
42. Iwasaki A, Grubaugh ND (2020). Why does Japan have so few cases of COVID‐19? EMBO Mol Med, 12(5):e12481.
43. Pradhan D, Biswasroy P, Ghosh G, Rath G (2020). A review of current interventions for COVID-19 prevention. Arch Med Res, 51(5): 363–374.
44. Itiki R, Chowdhury PR (2020). Fast deployment of COVID-19 disinfectant from common ethanol of gas stations in Brazil. Health Policy and Technology, 9:384-390.
45. Fathizadeh H, Maroufi P, Momen-Heravi M, et al (2020). Protection and disinfection policies against SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). Infez Med, 28(2):185-191.
46. Bergman BG, Kelly JF (2021). Online digital recovery support services: An overview of the science and their potential to help individuals with substance use disorder during COVID-19 and beyond. J Subst Abuse Treat, 120:108152.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 50 No 7 (2021) | |
| Section | Review Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v50i7.6616 | |
| Keywords | ||
| SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 Transmission Crowding Isolation Quarantine | ||
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Asgharzadeh M, Mahdavi Poor B, Asgharzadeh V, Pourostadi M, Samadi Kafil H, Vegari A, Taghinejad Z, Bairamy A, Rashedi J. Why the COVID-19 Is Not Significantly Reduced in Iran?. Iran J Public Health. 2021;50(7):1303-1310.
