Clinical Manifestation and Epidemiological Finding of Trichomonas vaginalis Infection in Unusual Areas of Body in Neonates: A Systematic Review
Abstract
Background: This study intends to increase awareness on the clinical and laboratory diagnosis as well as health care of newborns with trichomoniasis from infected mothers, to introduce this organism as a respiratory pathogen with lower prevalence in other areas, and to outline its manifestations and symptoms.
Methods: All case report articles in English language regarding the presence of T. vaginalisin unusual areas among infants, which were available in Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, Google scholar, and Web of Science published between 1980 and 2021 were searched and reported by two independent researchers. Titles and abstracts of all articles were reviewed for initial screening.
Results: After searching the articles and evaluating their quality, 9 full text articles were selected. All reported cases were from 8 different cities (4 countries) in the world. In most cases, the parasite was in the respiratory tract, but it was also reported in the brain and urogenital tract. The most common clinical symptom was respiratory distress.
Conclusion: Although the possibility of trichomoniasis infection in unusual areas such as genitals is low, according to the reports collected from around the world, this parasite can also be present outside the genitals. Perhaps, reviewing trichomoniasis along with other diagnoses in these cases may lead to early diagnosis and treatment of the affected neonates.
1. Meites E, Gaydos CA, Hobbs MM, et al (2015). A Review of Evidence-Based Care of Symptomatic Trichomoniasis and Asymptomatic Trichomonas vaginalis Infec-tions. Clin Infect Dis, 15(61): 837-48.
2. Oliveira AS, Ferrão AR, Pereira FM, Mar-tinez-de-Oliveira J, Palmeira-de-Oliveira A (2016). Trichomonas vaginalis: An Updated Overview towards Diagnostic Improve-ment. Acta Parasitol, 61(1):10-21.
3. Cosentino LA, Campbell T, Jett A, Macio I, Zamborsky T, Cranston RD, Hillier SL (2012). Use of nucleic acid amplification testing for diagnosis of anorectal sexually transmitted infections. J Clin Microbiol, 50 (6):2005-8.
4. Rowley J, Vander Hoorn S, Korenromp E, et al (2019). Chlamydia, gonorrhoea, trichomoniasis and syphilis: global preva-lence and incidence estimates, 2016. Bull World Health Organ, 97(8):548- 62.
5. Anh PK, Khanh NT, Ha DT, et al (2003). Prevalence of lower genital tract infection among women attending maternal and child health and family planning clinics in Hanoi, Vietnam. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 34(2):367-73.
6. García PJ, Chavez S, Feringa B, Chiappe M, Li W, Jansen KU, Cárcamo C, Holmes KK (2004). Reproductive tract infections in rural women from the highlands, jun-gle, and coastal regions of Peru. Bull World Health Organ, 82(7):483-92.
7. Lewis FMT, Spicknall IH, Flagg EW, Papp JR, Kreisel KM (2021). Incidence and Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis Infec-tion among Persons Aged 15 to 59 Years: United States, 2018. Sex Transm Dis, 48(4):232-237.
8. Silver BJ, Guy RJ, Kaldor JM, Jamil MS, Rumbold AR (2014). Trichomonas vaginalis as a cause of perinatal morbidity: a sys-tematic review and meta-analysis. Sex Transm Dis, 41(6):369-76.
9. Cotch MF, Pastorek JG 2nd, Nugent RP, et al (1997). Trichomonas vaginalis associated with low birth weight and preterm deliv-ery. The Vaginal Infections and Prema-turity Study Group. Sex Transm Dis, 24(6):353-60.
10. Tompkins EL, Beltran TA, Gelner EJ, Farmer AR (2005). Prevalence and risk factors for Trichomonas vaginalis infection among adults in the U.S., 2013-2014. PLoS One, 15(6):e0234704.
11. Ambrozio CL, Nagel AS, Jeske S, Bragança GC, Borsuk S, Villela MM (2016). Trichomonas vaginalis prevalence and risk factors for women in southern Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo, 22;58:61.
12. Ifeanyi OE, Chinedum OK, Chijioke UO (2018). Trichomonas vaginalis: complications and treatment. Int J Curr Res Med Sci, 10.
13. Patel EU, Gaydos CA, Packman ZR, Quinn TC, Tobian AAR (2018). Prevalence and Correlates of Trichomonas vaginalis Infection among Men and Women in the United States. Clin Infect Dis, 2;67(2):211-217.
14. Van Der Pol B (2016). Clinical and Labora-tory Testing for Trichomonas vaginalis Infec-tion. J Clin Microbiol, 54(1):7-12.
15. Kissinger P, Adamski A (2013). Trichomo-niasis and HIV interactions: a review. Sex Transm Infect, 89(6):426-33.
16. Otgonjargala B, Becker K, Batbaatar G, et al (2017). Effect of Mycoplasma hominis and cytomegalovirus infection on preg-nancy outcome: A prospective study of 200 Mongolian women and their new-borns. PLoS One, 3;12(3):e0173283.
17. Nas FS, Yahaya A, Muazu L, Halliru SAN, Ali M (2020). Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis among pregnant women attend-ing ante-natal care in Kano, Nigeria Eur J Med Health Sci, 2(2), 39-45.
18. Martínez-Girón R, Esteban JG, Ribas A, Doganci L (2008). Protozoa in respiratory pathology: a review. Eur Respir J, 32(5):1354-70.
19. Graves KJ, Ghosh AP, Schmidt N, et al (2019). Trichomonas vaginalis virus among women with trichomoniasis and associa-tions with demographics, clinical out-comes, and metronidazole resistance. Clin Infect Dis, 69(12):2170-6.
20. Rigo GV, Petro-Silveira B, Devereux M, McCann M, Dos Santos AL, Tasca T (2019). Anti-Trichomonas vaginalis activity of 1, 10-phenanthroline-5, 6-dione-based metallodrugs and synergistic effect with metronidazole. Parasitology, 146(9):1179-83.
21. Mendoza-Oliveros T, Arana-Argáez V, Al-varéz-Sánchez LC, et al (2019). Immune response of BALB/c mice toward puta-tive calcium transporter recombinant pro-tein of Trichomonas vaginalis. Korean J Parasi-tol, 57(1):33.
22. Mirasol-Meléndez E, Brieba LG, Díaz-Quezada C, et al (2018). Characterization of multiple enolase genes from Trichomo-nas vaginalis. Potential novel targets for drug and vaccine design. Parasitol Int, 67(4):444-453.
23. Zhang Z, Li Y, Wang S, et al (2020). The Molecular Characterization and Immunity Identification of Trichomonas vaginalis Ad-hesion Protein 33 (AP33). Front Microbiol, 11:1433.
24. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG; PRISMA Group (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA state-ment. PLoS Med, 6(7):e1000097.
25. Riley DS, Barber MS, Kienle GS, et al (2009). CARE guidelines for case reports: expla-nation and elaboration document. J Clin Epidemiol, 89:218-235.
26. Hamilton H, Pontiff KL, Bolton M, et al (2018). Trichomonas vaginalis Brain Abscess in a Neonate. Clin Infect Dis, 66(4):604-607.
27. Bruins MJ, van Straaten IL, Ruijs GJ (2013). Respiratory disease and Trichomonas vaginalis in premature newborn twins. Pe-diatr Infect Dis J, 32(9):1029-30.
28. Trintis J, Epie N, Boss R, Riedel S (2010). Neonatal Trichomonas vaginalis infection: a case report and review of literature. Int J STD AIDS, 21(8):606-7.
29. Carter JE, Whithaus KC (2008). Neonatal respiratory tract involvement by Trichomonas vaginalis: a case report and review of the literature. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 78(1):17-9.
30. Hoffman DJ, Brown GD, Wirth FH, Gebert BS, Bailey CL, Anday EK (2003). Urinary tract infection with Trichomonas vaginalis in a premature newborn infant and the development of chronic lung disease. J Perinatol, 23(1):59-61.
31. Smith LM, Wang M, Zangwill K, Yeh S (2002). Trichomonas vaginalis infection in a premature newborn. J Perinatol, 22(6):502-3.
32. Temesvári P, Kerekes A, Tege A, Szarka K (2002). Demonstration of Trichomonas vaginalis in tracheal aspirates in infants with early respiratory failure. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med, 11(5):347-9.
33. Danesh IS, Stephen JM, Gorbach J (1995). Neonatal Trichomonas vaginalis infection. J Emerg Med, 13(1):51-4.
34. Hiemstra I, Van Bel F, Berger HM (1984). Can Trichomonas vaginalis cause pneumonia in newborn babies? Br Med J (Clin Res Ed, 289(6441):355-6.
35. Wynn A, Ramogola-Masire D, Gaolebale P, et al (2018). Prevalence and treatment outcomes of routine Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Trichomonas vaginalis testing during antenatal care, Gaborone, Botswana. Sex Transm Infect, 94(3):230-235.
2. Oliveira AS, Ferrão AR, Pereira FM, Mar-tinez-de-Oliveira J, Palmeira-de-Oliveira A (2016). Trichomonas vaginalis: An Updated Overview towards Diagnostic Improve-ment. Acta Parasitol, 61(1):10-21.
3. Cosentino LA, Campbell T, Jett A, Macio I, Zamborsky T, Cranston RD, Hillier SL (2012). Use of nucleic acid amplification testing for diagnosis of anorectal sexually transmitted infections. J Clin Microbiol, 50 (6):2005-8.
4. Rowley J, Vander Hoorn S, Korenromp E, et al (2019). Chlamydia, gonorrhoea, trichomoniasis and syphilis: global preva-lence and incidence estimates, 2016. Bull World Health Organ, 97(8):548- 62.
5. Anh PK, Khanh NT, Ha DT, et al (2003). Prevalence of lower genital tract infection among women attending maternal and child health and family planning clinics in Hanoi, Vietnam. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 34(2):367-73.
6. García PJ, Chavez S, Feringa B, Chiappe M, Li W, Jansen KU, Cárcamo C, Holmes KK (2004). Reproductive tract infections in rural women from the highlands, jun-gle, and coastal regions of Peru. Bull World Health Organ, 82(7):483-92.
7. Lewis FMT, Spicknall IH, Flagg EW, Papp JR, Kreisel KM (2021). Incidence and Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis Infec-tion among Persons Aged 15 to 59 Years: United States, 2018. Sex Transm Dis, 48(4):232-237.
8. Silver BJ, Guy RJ, Kaldor JM, Jamil MS, Rumbold AR (2014). Trichomonas vaginalis as a cause of perinatal morbidity: a sys-tematic review and meta-analysis. Sex Transm Dis, 41(6):369-76.
9. Cotch MF, Pastorek JG 2nd, Nugent RP, et al (1997). Trichomonas vaginalis associated with low birth weight and preterm deliv-ery. The Vaginal Infections and Prema-turity Study Group. Sex Transm Dis, 24(6):353-60.
10. Tompkins EL, Beltran TA, Gelner EJ, Farmer AR (2005). Prevalence and risk factors for Trichomonas vaginalis infection among adults in the U.S., 2013-2014. PLoS One, 15(6):e0234704.
11. Ambrozio CL, Nagel AS, Jeske S, Bragança GC, Borsuk S, Villela MM (2016). Trichomonas vaginalis prevalence and risk factors for women in southern Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo, 22;58:61.
12. Ifeanyi OE, Chinedum OK, Chijioke UO (2018). Trichomonas vaginalis: complications and treatment. Int J Curr Res Med Sci, 10.
13. Patel EU, Gaydos CA, Packman ZR, Quinn TC, Tobian AAR (2018). Prevalence and Correlates of Trichomonas vaginalis Infection among Men and Women in the United States. Clin Infect Dis, 2;67(2):211-217.
14. Van Der Pol B (2016). Clinical and Labora-tory Testing for Trichomonas vaginalis Infec-tion. J Clin Microbiol, 54(1):7-12.
15. Kissinger P, Adamski A (2013). Trichomo-niasis and HIV interactions: a review. Sex Transm Infect, 89(6):426-33.
16. Otgonjargala B, Becker K, Batbaatar G, et al (2017). Effect of Mycoplasma hominis and cytomegalovirus infection on preg-nancy outcome: A prospective study of 200 Mongolian women and their new-borns. PLoS One, 3;12(3):e0173283.
17. Nas FS, Yahaya A, Muazu L, Halliru SAN, Ali M (2020). Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis among pregnant women attend-ing ante-natal care in Kano, Nigeria Eur J Med Health Sci, 2(2), 39-45.
18. Martínez-Girón R, Esteban JG, Ribas A, Doganci L (2008). Protozoa in respiratory pathology: a review. Eur Respir J, 32(5):1354-70.
19. Graves KJ, Ghosh AP, Schmidt N, et al (2019). Trichomonas vaginalis virus among women with trichomoniasis and associa-tions with demographics, clinical out-comes, and metronidazole resistance. Clin Infect Dis, 69(12):2170-6.
20. Rigo GV, Petro-Silveira B, Devereux M, McCann M, Dos Santos AL, Tasca T (2019). Anti-Trichomonas vaginalis activity of 1, 10-phenanthroline-5, 6-dione-based metallodrugs and synergistic effect with metronidazole. Parasitology, 146(9):1179-83.
21. Mendoza-Oliveros T, Arana-Argáez V, Al-varéz-Sánchez LC, et al (2019). Immune response of BALB/c mice toward puta-tive calcium transporter recombinant pro-tein of Trichomonas vaginalis. Korean J Parasi-tol, 57(1):33.
22. Mirasol-Meléndez E, Brieba LG, Díaz-Quezada C, et al (2018). Characterization of multiple enolase genes from Trichomo-nas vaginalis. Potential novel targets for drug and vaccine design. Parasitol Int, 67(4):444-453.
23. Zhang Z, Li Y, Wang S, et al (2020). The Molecular Characterization and Immunity Identification of Trichomonas vaginalis Ad-hesion Protein 33 (AP33). Front Microbiol, 11:1433.
24. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG; PRISMA Group (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA state-ment. PLoS Med, 6(7):e1000097.
25. Riley DS, Barber MS, Kienle GS, et al (2009). CARE guidelines for case reports: expla-nation and elaboration document. J Clin Epidemiol, 89:218-235.
26. Hamilton H, Pontiff KL, Bolton M, et al (2018). Trichomonas vaginalis Brain Abscess in a Neonate. Clin Infect Dis, 66(4):604-607.
27. Bruins MJ, van Straaten IL, Ruijs GJ (2013). Respiratory disease and Trichomonas vaginalis in premature newborn twins. Pe-diatr Infect Dis J, 32(9):1029-30.
28. Trintis J, Epie N, Boss R, Riedel S (2010). Neonatal Trichomonas vaginalis infection: a case report and review of literature. Int J STD AIDS, 21(8):606-7.
29. Carter JE, Whithaus KC (2008). Neonatal respiratory tract involvement by Trichomonas vaginalis: a case report and review of the literature. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 78(1):17-9.
30. Hoffman DJ, Brown GD, Wirth FH, Gebert BS, Bailey CL, Anday EK (2003). Urinary tract infection with Trichomonas vaginalis in a premature newborn infant and the development of chronic lung disease. J Perinatol, 23(1):59-61.
31. Smith LM, Wang M, Zangwill K, Yeh S (2002). Trichomonas vaginalis infection in a premature newborn. J Perinatol, 22(6):502-3.
32. Temesvári P, Kerekes A, Tege A, Szarka K (2002). Demonstration of Trichomonas vaginalis in tracheal aspirates in infants with early respiratory failure. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med, 11(5):347-9.
33. Danesh IS, Stephen JM, Gorbach J (1995). Neonatal Trichomonas vaginalis infection. J Emerg Med, 13(1):51-4.
34. Hiemstra I, Van Bel F, Berger HM (1984). Can Trichomonas vaginalis cause pneumonia in newborn babies? Br Med J (Clin Res Ed, 289(6441):355-6.
35. Wynn A, Ramogola-Masire D, Gaolebale P, et al (2018). Prevalence and treatment outcomes of routine Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Trichomonas vaginalis testing during antenatal care, Gaborone, Botswana. Sex Transm Infect, 94(3):230-235.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 51 No 6 (2022) | |
| Section | Review Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v51i6.9652 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Trichomonas vaginalis Neonate Neonates | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Taheri M, Ghasemikhah R. Clinical Manifestation and Epidemiological Finding of Trichomonas vaginalis Infection in Unusual Areas of Body in Neonates: A Systematic Review. Iran J Public Health. 2022;51(6):1201-1209.
